Ukwazisa

Ukubekwa kwetyala kwamakhaya kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kumela iintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yomthetho, nganye yenzelwe ukusingatha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zempikiswano kunye nezityholo. Ngeli xesha zombini zisebenza kwiinkundla kwaye zibandakanya imithetho yemithetho ebhaliweyo, iinjongo zazo, imigangatho, kunye neziphumo zokutshona ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda oku kuchasene kubalulekile nabani na onokuba lilungu kwisenzo esisemthethweni, ``````ogqwesa ityala, ummangalelwa,' okanye ummangalelwa-tyala-mntu ngamnye. Eli nqaku linikela ukuthelekiswa okude, ukugqugqithela iinkcazelo ezingundoqo, ukwahlula kwamaqela, amalungelo eeprocedro, nokuqwalaniswa okusebenzisekayo, ukukunceda uphanga amalungelo akho kunye neembopheleleko zakho phantsi komthetho.

Iinkcazelo zekhorali kunye nomahluko ongundoqo

Kuyintoni Ukuxolelwa Kwabemi?

Ukubekwa kweliso kwamakhaya yinkqubo apho amaqela azimeleyo . "amaqela, amashishini, okanye imibutho" ilungisa iimpikiswano kwinkqubo yenkundla. Ezi mpikiswano zibandakanya amalungelo obuqu kunye nezibophelelo ezivela kwizivumelwano, iprojekthi, ii-tort (njengokungakhathali okanye ukuhlambela), iimbambano zomthetho wentsapho, okanye amashishini. Kwimeko yoluntu, iqela eliqalisayo icala libizwa ngokuba likhululwe ngamalungelo obuqu , kwaye iqela elikhohliswayo liyi- intexfentent . Injongo ayiko ukubohlwaya umenzi wobubi kodwa ukulungiselela unyango oluninzi, uninzi lwemali oluqhelekileyo okanye ulungiso oluqhelekileyo lwemali.

Yintoni Ityala Lesaphuli - mthetho?

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho yinkqubo esemthethweni apho urhulumente ("FLT:0] ethatha khona njenge-] `ezisa izityholo kumntu okanye kwiqumrhu elityholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho.] Ityala lithathwa njengelokwaphula umthetho kawonke-wonke olonakalisa ibutho labantu liphela, nokuba ixhoba elithile libandakanyekile. Iqela elimangalelwayo libizwa ngokuba dendendant[[[[FL:3], kwaye ityala liziswa ligqwetha lesithili, umtshutshisi, okanye igqwetha-mthetho ngenxa yemeko karhulumente. Iinjongo eziphambili zikukuphelisa ukuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukubetha abaphuli-mthetho, ukubetha izigwebo, nokukhusela ekukhuseleni kwenkonzo yoluntu, okanye kwisohlwayo, okanye kwisohlwayo, kwisongelo sephondo.

  • Impikiswano yeCivil: phakathi kwamalungu azimeleyo; amayeza aquka umonakalo okanye imiqathango.
  • Ityala elingomthetho: [ imeko ephikisana nomntu ngamnye; isohlwayo siquka ukuvalelwa, iimali, okanye ukuvavanywa.

Injongo yenkqubo nganye

Injongo yokumangalelwa kwetyala loburhulumente kukubuyisela umntu owenzakeleyo kwimeko abeya kuba kuyo ukuba impikiswano ibingayi kubakho, kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngemali okanye ngemiyalelo yenkundla. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa ofumana umonakalo kwingozi yemoto ngenxa yokungakhathali kommangalelwa kusenokufuna imbuyekezo yamatyala ezeza, umvuzo olahlekileyo, iintlungu nokubandezeleka. Ukubekwa kwetyala kwamakhaya kukwanceda ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano, ukukhusela amalungelo empahla, nokucombulula iingxabano zentsapho ezifana noqhawulo mtshato kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukutshutshisa ngezaphuli-mthetho kusebenza ngokuphandle iinjongo zobudlelane. Ijolise ekudizeni abantu nabanye ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqatha, ngokubuyisela iintshontsho kwizaphuli-mthetho apho kunokwenzeka, kwaye ingabi natyala kubantu abayingozi ukukhusela ibutho labantu. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubonisa ukugwetywa kwehambo ethile. Umzekelo, ukunyanzeleka kokuhlaselwa kudlulisela isigidimi sokuba ukuziphatha okunjalo akumkelekanga kwaye kuphumeza iziphumo ezinzulu. Ngoxa amaxhoba enokuthi afumane imbuyekezo njengenxalenye yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, eyona nto iphambili ibhekiselwa kwinkxalabo yabantu, hayi kwintlawulo yobuqu.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Enye yezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo zomahluko phakathi kwamatyala angokwamakhaya nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mgangatho ufuna ukuba ummangali abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba (kuno 50% yamathuba) oko bakuthethayo. Umzekelo, ekuphunyezweni kwetyala lesivumelwano, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba ukungaphumeleli kommangalelwa ukwenza imidlalo kubaluleke kakhulu kunenye indlela yokucacisa.

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina uxhomekeke kwityala lommangalelwa, kwaye umgangatho uphezulu kakhulu: ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungqina kufuneka beyiseke ukuba akukho mathandabuzo asengqiqweni engqondweni yomntu onengqondo ethetha ngetyala lommangalelwa. Lo mlinganiselo usezantsi ubonakalisa iziphumo eziqatha zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukuphulukana nenkululeko. Inkundla ephakamileyo ye-U.S. igxininise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba lo mlinganiselo ubalulekile ekukhuseleni abantu abamsulwa kwinkolo ephosakeleyo. Ayiqinisekangagqibekanga, kodwa ke ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina obufunekayo nakweyiphi na indlela esemthethweni.

  • [[UMTHL:0] ICivil: Ukuqwalasela ubungqina (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo).
  • Icala eliphakathi: Ngaphezu kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni (ukungaqiniseki).

Iindidi Zomzekelo

IKlasta yaBantwana iquka ububanzi boluhlu lweendidi zemeko:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano: Inkqukumbelo yesivumelwano, ukungahlawuli, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukwenza.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxelo yeTort: umonakalo wobuqu, ukunyeliswa, ukumeneza, ukungakhathali, imveliso.
  • Impikiswano ye- ye-Properthity:[ Imigca ebambeneyo, ukungavisisani kwengingqi yendawo, izingxubusho ezilula.
  • Umthetho wosapho: uqhawulo-mtshato, ulawulo lomntwana, ukukhulisa umntwana, inkxaso yomtshato.
  • Ilitha yeshishini: iimbambano zecandelo loshishino, izenzo zokwabelana, ukuphazamisana kwempahla yengqondo.

Ukugwetywa kwetyala kusigubungela izityholo ezibalwa njengezigwebo, iimpazamo, okanye iimpazamo:

  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi: ukubulala, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqithisileyo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubusela, i-arson, ukonakalisa.
  • ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe-langa: Uqhatha, ukurhwebelana, ubusela begama.
  • Amacala eziyobisi: I-EXIF, ukurhweba, ukwenza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umthetho wePublic: I-DUI, ihambo engalungelelananga, ukuphambuka.

Ngoxa ezinye izenzo zinokubangela ukuba kubekho ityala lolwaphulo - mthetho (umz., ingozi yeDuI ebangela umonakalo), iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni azifani.

Iipati -

Kwisingqiniso sasekuhlaleni, amaqela ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Ummangalelwa uqalisa isuti, kwaye uyaphendula. Kusenokubakho abamangalelwa abaninzi okanye abamangalelwayo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha amaqela esithathu ayadityaniswa. iqela ngalinye lithwala iindleko zalo ngaphandle kokuba kusebenza umthetho oshenxiswayo okanye ilungiselelo lesivumelwano.

Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente usoloko eliqela elingumtshutshisi. Ummangalelwa ngumntu omangalelweyo okanye umbutho. Amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho awangomaqela asemthethweni kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona anokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxelo zezenzo zexhoba okanye ukurhoxiswa. Umtshutshisi umela urhulumente, kungekhona ixhoba, nto leyo enokubangela ingxalabo ukuba ixhoba linqwenela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo.

Imiphumo Nemali

Iziphumo zokwenziwa kwetyala lamakhaya ziquka imbuyiselo yemali okanye imiyalelo elinganayo. Umchasi unokunikwa iziphumo zokonzakalisa (ukugquma ilahleko yokwenene), isohlwayo (ukusohlwaya ihambo ephosakeleyo nokuthintela abanye), okanye ilahleko egama (imifanekiso). Amayeza angenakuguqulwa aquka imiqathango (ukuyalela iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza okuthile) kunye nokusebenza okuthile (ukuzama ukuphelisa iqela ukuzalisekisa isivumelwano). Isohlwayo samakhaya asigqalwa njengesohlwayo ngengqiqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye akukho mngcipheko wokubanjwa.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izigwebo zezaphuli-mthetho zinokuba kukuhlawuliswa kobomi. Izigwebo zingaquka intlawulo, ukulungiswa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuvavanywa, ukuvalelwa endlwini, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni ngamalungelo okuvotayo, ubunzima bokufumana umsebenzi okanye indawo yokuhlala, ukugxothwa kwemibutho engeyoyayo, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemvume yoogqirha. Kwaneengcwabo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingekho mthethweni zinesidima neziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo wesohlwayo uxhomekeke kulwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba.

Amalungelo Ale Mithendeleko

Kukubekwa kwetyala kwamakhaya, omabini amaqela anelungelo lokunikela ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, amangqina anqamlezayo e-examine, kwaye aphikisane netyala lawo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuphendula kwisikhalazo, uphakamise ukhuseleko, kunye nefayile ephikisanayo. Akukho lungelo kwigqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla kwiimeko zabemi; amaqela angazimela okanye aqeshe icebo. Imithetho yeDiscove ivumela amacala omabini ukufumana ulwazi olunxulumene netyala elinye nelinye.

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselwa ngokusemthethweni yaye akhulu ngakumbi. Amalungelo angundoqo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukuthula (Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu) – ukungangqinelani okanye ukuzifaka ityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukuya kucebisa (Uhlaziyo lwe-Ixth) – ukuba akakwazi ukufikelela kwigqwetha, omnye kufuneka amiselwe.
  • [[UMTHET:0] Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelikawonke-wonke liqumrhu labagwebi abangakhethiyo (Uguqulo lweziphene).
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukujamelana namangqina (Uhlaziyo lonyaka) nokufumana amangqina ukuze afumane inkoliseko kabani.
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini (Uhlaziyo lweFith) – akunakuzanywa kabini kulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuselo ekuphandeni okungaqikeleliyo nokuxhuzula [[FT:1] (Umphetho wesiThathu) – ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungakhutshwa.

La malungelo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ukho ngokusesikweni nokuthintela abaphangi.

Umelo olusemthethweni neendleko

Ngelixesha amaqela ezimela ngokwawo kwimiba yamakhaya ( ipro se), kusoloko kucetyiswa ukugcina igqwetha, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima. Ii-athorney kwiimeko zabemi eziqhelekileyo ezithe zaxatyiswa ngeyure okanye ukusebenza ngentlawulo egunyazisayo (ukufumana ipesenti yochaphazelo). Iimali zomthetho zingaba ngqiqweni, kwaye iqela elilahlekelwayo alifane lifuneke kangako ukuhlawula iindleko zomvuzo. Kubantu abambalwa, kunganzima ukufumana.

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, izibonda ziphezulu kakhulu, kwaye uMphengululo weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika icebiso. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanamali yegqwetha, inkundla kufuneka imisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke okanye icebiso elabelweyo. Abakhuseli boluntu basoloko bexinezelekile, kodwa banikela ingqwalaselo ebalulekileyo. Abameli abaqesha icebo labo lobuqu banokuba nenkxalabo engakumbi kwicebo labo lokuzikhusela kodwa bathwale imali. Ubuncwane bomtshutshisi (o, iingcali ze-paransic, iingcali ze-paralegali) banokuyigqitha kakhulu inkxalabo yomkhuseli woluntu, besenza inkxaso ephambili kwinkqubo yobulungisa.

Indima Yebhokhwe

Kumatyala oluntu nawezaphuli-mthetho, elinye iqela lisenokuba nelungelo lokuchophela ityala, kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo. Kwisindululo soluntu, iSihlalo sokuHlaziya seSebendeli siqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala karhulumente abandakanya ama-2020, nangona iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zilandela imithetho efanayo. Iintlanganiso ezikwityala lamakhaya zidla ngokuqukwa namalungu amathandathu kwanamatyala alishumi elinesibini, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, izigqibo azifuneki zidibane; i-atmajentity (umz.5/9/12)

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, uMthetho-mthetho weSithandathu uqinisekisa ukuba ityala letyala elinzulu (abo bagwetywayo ngeenyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu). Abachopheli-tyala badla ngokuqukwa ngamalungu alishumi elinambini, kwaye isigqibo kufuneka sidibane ukuvalela amatyala onke karhulumente nakwiimeko ezininzi zikarhulumente (ngaphandle kwemithetho yephondo engeyoyantlukwano yequmrhu lorhulumente ebanjelwe ngokungenatyala [[FLT: 0]] Ramos v. Louisiana). Ummangaleli unakho ukurhoxa ityala lejaji yejaji kwaye akhethe ibhele ukuba agwebe phambi komgwebi. Indima yomgwebi imele ukugqiba ukuba ungabi natyala kuthandabuza ngoku, ngoxa abagwebi begwebi.

Inkqubo yezibheno

Amatyala oluntu nawezaphuli-mthetho avumela izibheno, kodwa inkqubo nezizathu zokwahluka. Kwisibheno samakhaya, iqela elithile lingabhenela kumgwebo wokugqibela okanye kwimiyalelo ethile ephakathi kwetyala. Izibheno zibekwe kupheleliselwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni okanye kwimposiso ze-processiste, hayi iimpikiswano ezizinyani ngaphandle kokuba zikho ngokucacileyo. Umfaki-zicelo kufuneka afake isaziso sesibheno kunye nezishwankathelo, kwaye inkundla yenkundla ihlola ingxelo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala. Ityala lidla ngokungabi nasizathu sokubhenela kwisigqibo esingangeni tyala ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini, kodwa lingabhena kwimithetho ethile yangaphambi kwetyala (umz., ukucinywa kobungqina) kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo. Izibheno zezaphuli-mthetho zisoloko zijolise ekuphulweni komGaqo-siseko, imiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-mthetho, ukungabuniki bungqina, okanye ukugwetywa kwetyala. Ukuba isibheno siphumelele, ukuthembeka kungatshintshwa okanye kumiselwe ukuvavanywa okutsha. Iziphumo zePost-vias (ias corpus) zikwakho nakwe kwezinye iimeko.

Ukuwohloka Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Isenzo sinokuba yimpazamo yamakhaya kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo ebangela ingozi kululwaphulo-mthetho (i-DUI enomonakalo ongomzimba) kunye ne-tort (iglice). Ixhoba loluntu linokumangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo, ngelixa urhulumente egweba ngokungekho mthethweni. Iziphumo zizimele: ummangalelwa angafunyanwa engenatyala ngokwetyala kodwa ebekwe kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni ngenxa yoxanduva olusezantsi lobungqina `O.J. Simpson ngumzekelo ophambili.

Ukongezelela, amatyala amakhaya angaquka [ isohlwayo xa ihambo yommangalelwa imbi okanye ingakhathali. Ngelixesha isohlwayo sisemntwini, asebenza injongo yokususa ityala ngokubohlwaya imposiso kunye nokuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwexesha elizayo. Amanye amaphondo avumela umonakalo owenziweyo okanye iziphumo ze-actriteorysting kwiintlobo ezithile zeemeko (umz., i-antixrentix okanye ikhuseli). Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kuba isiganeko esinye sisenokubhenca iqela kwiziphumo ezininzi ezingomthetho, nganye ngemiqathango yayo, kunye neziphumo zayo.

Isiphelo

Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ziindlela ezingokwasemthethweni ezihlukeneyo ezineenjongo ezahlukeneyo, imilinganiselo, amalungelo, kunye neziphumo. Abantu ngabanye ababandakanyekileyo kulo nawuphi na umbandela womthetho kufuneka bazibone ezi zinto zahlukeyo ukuze bakhusele izilangazelelo zabo ngokufezekileyo. Ukuba ucinga ukumangalela, ukujamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho, izigqibo ezichaziweyo zifuna ulwazi lwezo zombini iinkqubo. Ukubuza ngesiluleko somthetho esinamavavava, igqwetha-mthetho okanye igqwetha lengcali lolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka likwazi ukukhusela iziphumo ezilungileyo kunye nelahleko yobomi. [FLT: [FFF:], kunye nokhokelo lwe-[5]