Indlela Yetyala Elisemthethweni: Ukusuka Ekuphathweni Ukusa Ekugwetyweni Kwokugqibela Kumthetho Wamakhaya Nasezaphuli - mthetho

Uhambo lwetyala elingomthetho ukusuka kwimposiso yokuqala ukuya kwinkqubo yokugqibela umgwebo yinkqubo elawulwa yimithetho ecwangcisiweyo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Nokuba ingxubusho ivela kwisivumelwano esaphukileyo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo, indlela ibandakanya amacandelo ahlukeneyo abonisa indlela ekwalathiswa ngayo ubungqina, iimpikiswano, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuvezwe ubulungisa. Ukuqonda le ndlela iyimfuneko kubafundi bomthetho, iingcali zomthetho, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba inkqubo esemthethweni. Eli nqaku linikela inyathelo elihamba-etheth-ethetho, ingxubuzo zendlela zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchaza iimpikiswano ezingundoqo kunye neembali eziphambili.

Isiseko samatyala asemthethweni:

Ityala ngalinye liqala ngempikiswano engokwasemthethweni. Uhlobo lwempikiswano lumisela enoba iphantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni okanye wolwaphulo-mthetho. Zombini ezi nkqubo zisebenza kwinkundla enye kodwa ngokusisiseko zineenjongo ezahlukeneyo, amaqela, kunye nemilinganiselo engqinayo.

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni: Ukusombulula iimpikiswano zabucala

Umthetho wamakhaya usingatha iimfazwe phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abahlukeneyo, amashishini, okanye imibutho. Izenzo eziqhelekileyo zamakhaya ziquka ukwaphula isivumelwano, ukungxwelerheka komntu, iimbambano zempahla, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho weentsapho enjengokuqhawula umtshato okanye ukugcinwa kwabantwana. Injongo yetyala lamakhaya kukungasohlwayi kodwa ukunikezela ngemali ebohlwayweyo okanye umyalelo (umyalelo wenkundla wokwenza okanye ukuyeka into ethile). Ummangalelwa, ozisa ityala, uthwala umthwalo wokuqinisekisa imeko yabo [[FLT:]]

Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho: Ukukhusela Uluntu

Imigaqo yezomthetho ekwalelweyo ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye ucwangco. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lusukela kwizaphuli-mthetho ezincinane ukuya kwizenzo ezinzulu ezinjengokuphanga, ukuhlasela, okanye ukubulala. Urhulumente ``ngomtshutshisi'' uchaza ityala elichaphazelekayo. Injongo sisohlwayo: intengo, ukuvalelwa, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Ngenxa yokuba izibonda ziquka ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, umtshutshisi kufuneka abonise ukuba unetyala [[[FLT:]], umgangatho ophezulu kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ngokumsulwa de agwetywe enetyala.

Ibhayisikile Yobomi Betyala Lasekuhlaleni: Ukusuka Kwisikhalazo Ukusa Kumgwebo

Inkqubo yokucalucalula yenzelwe ukunika amacala omabini ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuchaza imeko yawo.

Ukukhalaza

Ityala liqala ngokusesikweni xa i-paltiff ifakela i- complant ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu luchaza iimbambano ezibunyani, iingxelo ezisemthethweni, kunye nenkululeko efunwayo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sicelwe ukufikelela kwimfuno zentengiselwano, kuquka ulawulo kunye nendawo. Umzekelo, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano kufuneka kucaciswe izifungo, indlela ummangalelwa awaphula ngayo, nendlela eyaphulwa ngayo, kunye neziphumo zomonakalo.

2. Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Xa isikhalazo sifakiwe, i-paltiff kufuneka ifumane ikopi kummangalelwa kunye ne-arhents(a isaziso esifuna ummangalelwa aphendule ngexesha elichaziweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 21 ukuya kumashumi amathathu). Inkonzo kufuneka ilandele imithetho engqongqo: ingaphathwa ngenkqubo yomncedisi, umxhasi we-ofisi, okanye iposi eqinisekisiweyo, kuxhomekeke kulawulo. Ukuba inkonzo ayifanelekanga, ummangalelwa angacel ’ umngeni igunya lenkundla phezu komntu wakhe.

3. Impendulo yomKhuseli neNtshukumo eQaphelayo

Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule kwisikhalazo. Isibongozo esiphambili yimpendulo , apho ummangalelwa avuma okanye aphikise ityala ngalinye. Impendulo ingaphakamisa ukhuseleko lokuvuma (umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, umlahli) okanye ikhawulela ummangalelwa afake intshukumo yokugxotha, ephikisa ukuba nokuba yonke into ekumangalelwayo iyinyaniso, iyasilela ukuchaza isizathu esisemthethweni.

4. Ukufunyanwa Kwale Nto: Ubungqina Obucacileyo

Ukufunyaniswa kwento yeyona imo yogcino-mali inde neyona ibalulekileyo. Iipariti zitshintshisana ngenkcukacha eziyimfuneko kwityala ngezixhobo ezininzi:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Ukwakhiwa: ubungqina bomlomo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo, namagqwetha akhoyo, ebhalwe ukusetyenziswa kamva.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, izivumelwano, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zogunyaziso: iingxelo ezithi iqela elichasayo livume okanye likhanye, lixinzelele imiba yokuvavanywa.

Ukuvubukulwa kwamacala omabini kuqinisekisa ukuba anokufumana izibakala, kunciphisa ukumangaliswa ekucinyweni. Ukungavisisani neembopheleleko zokufumana kunokukhokelela ekuvunyweni, kuquka ukugxothwa kweziphakamiso okanye ukhuseleko.

5. Intshukumo neNgqungquthela zangaphambi

Izahlulo zefayile zingathatha inyathelo ukusombulula imiba phambi kokuvavanywa. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo:[[FT:1] Impikiswano yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho. Ukuba livunyiwe, ityala liphela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo wokufumana: Ifuna ukugcinwa kwetyala lokufumana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intshukumo zokwahlula: Ukuvavanya ukungenwa kobungqina obungobuchule.

Iingqungquthela zangaphambili kunye nejaji zilawula ucwangciso, uphando olunokwenzeka, kunye nokuthetha ngemiba ecacileyo.

6. Ukuvavanywa: Ukuboniswa kobungqina nempikiswano

Ukuba ityala alipheli okanye aligxothwa, liqhubekelwa kwityala. Ityala elininzi labemi liyityala lebheri (isigqibo esingujaji), kodwa naliphi na iqela lisenokufuna inkundla echophela amatyala ukuba ngaba libandakanya amatyala asemthethweni (umz., ukwenzakala kobuqu). Ityala liqhubeka ngokwezigaba:

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza imeko yalo.
  • Umzekelo-ngecala- kwi-Chieef: unikela ubungqina --oobhontsi, amaxwebhu, umboniso(/ kwaye ummangalelwa anganqamla-i-examine.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umzekelo we-Chief: uthethelela unika ubungqina; i-placttiff inqamleza-i-equamine.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Izishwankathelo kunye noluvo lokugqibela.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiyalelo esetyenziswayo (ukuba kuchongiwe ityala labachopheli-tyala): Ijaji ichaza umthetho osebenzayo kwiqumrhu labachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Deberation kunye neSigwebo: Ijaji (okanye ijaji) ifikelela kwisigqibo.

Umthwalo wobungqina kwiimeko zabemi [1] ukuqwalasela ubungqina . . .I-incopho ye-asttiff ukubonisa ukuba uguqulelo lwezehlo lufaneleke kakhulu kunolungekhoyo.

7. Isigwebo kunye nentshukumo yasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kwi komiti yokwahlulela [[FLT: 0] ibonakalisa isiphumo. Ukuba i-Flactff iphumelela, umgwebo ukhankanya ukukhululeka: umonakalo wemali, i-injucation, okanye ugwebo olucacileyo. Iqela elilahlekileyo lingafaka ifayile yesiphelo seposi sovavanyo:

    [[FLT:][FLT:][5] [FLT]] [[FLT:]] [4] UMthatho womgwebo womgwebo weVerdictive (JOV):[2] [2] Iziphumo ze-ALT][FFFFF:6] [FT] [5]

    8. Isibheno

    Iqela elilahlekileyo linelungelo lokubhenela umgwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; kukuphinda kuhlolo lwengxelo echongiweyo ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenzekile ngokucalula isiphumo. (iqela elinomtsalane) lifakela iifayile ezithi ziphikisane kafutshane iimpazamo, kwaye inkundla ejongene netyala isenokuqinisekisa, ukubuyisela, okanye ukuphinda ilungise ityala ukwenzela ukuqulunqa okuthe kratya. Izibheno ezininzi zigqitywe yiqela labagwebi, kwaye inkundla ephakamileyo okanye ekwinkundla yequmrhu igosa igosa ityala.

    Ibhayisikile Yobomi Bezaphuli - mthetho: Ukusuka Kuphando Ukusa Kwisibheno

    Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya urhulumente osebenzisa amandla akhe ukunyanzelisa imithetho. Le nkqubo iquka ukukhusela okungakumbi kummangalelwa, kuquka ilungelo lokucebisa nokuchasa ukucalucalulwa.

    1. Uphando Nokubanjwa

    Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqala nge- i-arhente ngamagosa omthetho. Baqokelela ubungqina ngodliwano-ndlebe, ukukhangelwa, isiqinisekiso, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-onesi. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho unobangela osengqiqweni, inkolelo yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye orhanelwayo u-"igosa elinokwenza ukhuthulo [.

    2. Ukuqinisekisa ngesigqibo

    Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina kwaye ugqiba ukuba ungenza na iifayile ezisemthethweni . Uxwebhu olurhabaxayo(a sikhalazo, ulwazi, okanye ukumangalela) luchaza umthetho wesigebengu otyholwayo owephulweyo. Kwiijaji ezinzulu, ijaji enkulu ingakhupha ityala emva kokuva ubungqina bomtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi unelungelo lokula ukumangalela, ukunciphisa izityholo, okanye ukufuna ezinye iinkqubo ezifana nokuzilungisa.

    3. Imbonakalo yokuqala nolungelelwaniso

    Ummangalelwa uvela phambi komgwebi wembonakalo ye- ephakathi kweeyure ezingama-48 zokubanjwa. Ijaji yazisa ummangalelwa wamacala, ichaza amalungelo, kwaye imisela ibheyile okanye iimeko zokukhululwa. I-argegiment[, ummangalelwa ungena isibongozo: unecala, okanye akanatyala (unomphikisi). Isibongozo esimsulwa sikhokelela kwintshukumo eqhubekayo; isibongozo esinetyalayo singaphumela kwisigwebo esikhawulezileyo.

    4. Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

    Ngokufana namatyala asekuhlaleni, ukufunyanwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kuvumela ukukhusela ukubukeza ubungqina betyala, kuquka iingxelo zamapolisa, iingxelo zamangqina, kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo. Ukhuseleko lunelungelo lobungqina bokukhuthuza phantsi Brady v. Maryland[. Iintshukumo zangaphambi kwetyala zingathetha:

    • [[UKUFUTHO: 0] Uxinzelelo lobungqina: Ukuba ufumene ukuchasana noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine (ukukhangela nokuxhuzula okungenangqiqo).
    • I-Dismosisdal yetyala: Ukunqongophala kwesizathu esilindelekileyo okanye umgaqo wesiphene.
    • Unyanzelo lwabaKhuseli okanye amabala:[[Umthetho 1] Ukuphepha ikhethe.

    Inkundla ikwacwangcisa iinkomfa zangaphambi kwetyala ukuxubusha ngezicelo.

    Ukufumana ibhatyi

    Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho `angaphezulu kwama-90%' lugqitywe nge- i-emphaating. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala (ngokufuthi kwi-okanye elincinci) xa enikwa isigwebo esincitshisiweyo okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo. Kufuneka ijaji iqinisekise ukuba isicelo sazi, sokuzithandela, kwaye sixhaswa ngesiseko esiyinyaniso. Nangona ingxubevange yokucelela izicelo i-mentel i-nkqubo kwaye inqanda ukungaqinisekwa kwetyala.

    6. Ukuvavanywa

    Ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka, ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni lokuchophela ityala (ngaphandle kwetyala elincinane). Ityala lilandela isakhiwo esinye esifakwe icandelo njengetyala lamakhaya(ingxelo ezivulayo, intetho yobungqina, iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela, imiyalelo, kunye nesigqibo. Umahluko ongundoqo:

    • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuvunywa kweNqanawa: Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala; ingtshutshiso kufuneka yoyise lo mba.
    • [[UMTL:0] Ukwahlula uthandabuzeko olusengqiqweni: Umgangatho uphakame kakhulu kunakwimeko zabemi. Abalawuli kufuneka baqiniseke ngokuqinileyo ukuba banetyala; nawaphi na amathandabuzo afanelekileyo afuna ukuxolelwa.
    • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene Ukuhlala Ethulile: Ummangalelwa akanakunyanzeleka ukuba anikele ubungqina; abachobi abanako ukuzoba isigqibo esibi ngokuthula.

    7. Isigwebo neSigwebo

    Isigqibo esimntwiswano siyafuneka kumatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba ufunyaniswe engenatyala, ummangalelwa ukhululwe ngetyala kwaye akanakuphinda abekwe kwityala (ingozi ephindwe kabini). Ukuba unetyala, ijaji iqhubekela kwi- imvume yokuvala ityala[. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kuqwalasela imiba ye-state, ukuququzelela okanye ukuvala iziphumo, iingxelo zexhoba, kunye nengxelo yokuphengulula okukhoyo. Ityala linokuquka ukuvalelwa, ukuhlawulwa, ukuqulutywa, ukuqukwa, ukuqukwa kwenkonzo yoluntu, okanye umququququ.

    8. Isibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcukacha

    Ummangalelwa angabhenela kwityala okanye isigwebo. Isibheno sibhekisa kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni, ezinjengemiyalelo engachanekanga yabachopheli-mgwebi, ukuvunywa kobungqina obungalunganga, okanye ubungqina obunganele. Ukuba isibheno asiphumeleli, ummangalelwa angafuna isikhuseli-sokulungisa somnqamlezo [ (iindawo ehlala ii-corpus) kwinkundla yombuso okanye yesizwe, ukunyusa ukuphulwa komthetho-siseko (umz., uncedo olungaphumeleliyo lwesiluleko). Abatshutshisi jikelele abanakumbhexeko i-Igalelo ye-Ivovovolute kodwa bangabhena kwimi ethile yangaphambi kovavanyo.

    Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwenkqubo Yabemi Nezaphuli - mthetho

    Umthwalo Wokungqina

    Owona mahluko ungundoqo ngumthwalo wobungqina. Iimeko zabemi zifuna ukuqwalasela ubungqina (ngaphezu kwe 50% kunokwenzeka). Iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zifuna ubungqina ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeko obusengqiqweni[, umgangatho osondeleyo obonisa umgangatho othe ngqo wokulahlekelwa yinkululeko.

    Izahlulo kunye nomelo

    Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, amaqela angoorhulumente abathathi-nxaxheba bazimeleyo, kwaye bamangalelwa ngokufihlakeleyo.

    Iziphumo Nezicombululo

    Ukugwetywa kwamakhaya kuphumela kumonakalo wemali, kwimithetho, okanye ekupheliseni. Iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikhokelela kwisohlwayo: ukubanjwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukukhohliswa, ukukhutshwa, okanye ukufa kumatyala okubulawa. Ummangalelwa-tyala wasekuhlaleni ofunyaniswe engenakuvalelwa entolongweni, kodwa ummangalelwa onetyala ufunyanwe enetyala ngenxa yesohlwayo sikarhulumente.

    Ulungiso lwendawo oluchaseneyo nolwandle

    Zombini ezi nkqubo zikhuthaza ukucombulula ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Amatyala amakhaya adla ngokuzinziswa ngokunxibelelana okanye ngokupheliswa kweyelenqe (ukuququzelelwa, ukukhutshelwa). Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho axhomekeke ekucebiseni ngesicelo, esimele sivunywe enkundleni kwaye kufuneka akhusele amalungelo ommangalelwa.

    Enye impikiswano

    Iimpikiswano ezininzi zamakhaya azize zifikele ekucinyweni kuba amaqela ebandakanyeke kwi ukuphendula okanye [[FTLT:2]] ulwahlulo. I-Media ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elingathathi cala linceda ukuhlaziywa; umlamleli akanyanzeli sigqibo. I-Arbitrotion isesikweni kakhulu: umququzeleli uva ubungqina kwaye ukhupha isidibanisi okanye ibhaso. Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna amaqela ukuzama ukuzama phambi kokuvavanywa ukunciphisa iityala.

    Indima YaBagwebi Nemibhiyozo

    Abagwebi bayalilawula ityala, balawule kwiinkalo, baqinisekise ukuba kuthatyathwe gwenxa. Kwizibhedlele zokuvavanywa, ijaji igqiba umthetho nenyaniso. Kumatyala abachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bamisela izibakala (ukunganyani, ubunzima bobungqina), kwaye umgwebi uyalela ngomthetho. Inkqubo yabachopheli-mthetho yisiseko somthetho oqhelekileyo, inika igalelo loluntu kunye nokuxilonga igunya likarhulumente, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

    Ukubaluleka Komelo Olusemthethweni

    Ukugawulwa kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngaphandle kwegqwetha kuyingozi kakhulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba bayayiqonda imithetho ye-procedro, imithetho yobungqina, kunye neenketho ezifanelekileyo. Bayakwazi ukubona imiba yomthetho, iingxoxo zobugcisa, ukukhusela amalungelo abaxhasi, nokuxoxa ngeziphumo ezintle. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumelelwa okusebenzayo akuncedi nje kuphela. Kumthetho-mthetho, nangona kungaqinisekiswanga, ukuqesha igqwetha elinobuchule kusoloko kusebenza ngeziphumo ezingcono.

    Isiphelo

    Indlela yetyala elingokwasemthethweni ukusuka ekufakeni ityala ukuya kwisigwebo sokugqibela lulandelelwano olulungiselelwe ngenyameko lokulinganisa impumelelo elungileyo. Enoba kumongo woluntu okanye wolwaphulo-mthetho, iqonga ngalinye, ukufunyanwa, ukuthatha inyathelo langaphambili lovavanyo, ukuvavanywa, kunye nesibheno [“ukuqinisekisa injongo eyahlukileyo. Ukuqonda le ndlela kuxhobisa abafundi bezomthetho kunye noogqirha abanolwazi ukulungiselela imiqobo ye-proceda, ukuxhasa ngokunempumelelo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphumele okusesikweni. Abo banomdla ekuhloleni, oovimba abasuka kunyaka ophezulu, kwi-[FLT: 0] [FLT]] iCornell Information Information Information Institute onforementations [[[FLT1:]], inikela iNxulumano ye-Melikano ye-Melika isikhokelo sendlela yokusebenza kweenko yezonga.[FLT]