Unxibelelwano Oluhlala Luhleli Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abemi Nomthetho

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu asiyonto yembali kodwa ngamandla aphilayo, aphefumlayo aqhubeka ebumba isiseko somthetho nesobuntlalo saseUnited States. Emongweni wawo, umthetho wamalungelo abantu wenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, engenakhethe kwimfundo, umsebenzi, izindlu, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, nezinye ezininzi. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olubanzi ngendlela izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezikhusela ngayo abantu kwibutho ledemokhrasi, ukulandelela isiseko sembali, umthetho ongundoqo, ukutolikwa kwemithetho egweba, imingeni ekhoyo, kunye nendima ebalulekileyo yempatho yempatho yezenteleko kwithuba lenkqubela nell

Ukuchaza amalungelo asekuhlaleni ngaphakathi kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni

Phambi kokuphanda kwiimeko ezingqalileyo, kubalulekile ukwahlula amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ukukhululeka kwabemi kungundoqo kukhuselwe ekungeneleni korhulumente, njengokuthetha nonqulo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amalungelo oluntu, ngokubhekiselele kwimbopheleleko elungileyo karhulumente yokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa nokuthintelwa kocalucalulo. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inyanzelisa amalungelo abantu ngemithetho, imiyalelo yabalawuli, kunye nokupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko okungalufuni ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yobuzwe, isiphene, ubudala, kunye, nemithetho emininzi, indlela yokukhetha ngokwesini, kunye nokuzichaza kwabantu ngokwesini.

ISinyusi-Mpanzi seshumi elinesine esiQhubekekayo soKhuselo lukaClaus sisixhobo somgaqo-siseko sokuqinisekisa amalungelo amaninzi asekuhlaleni. Sichaza ukuba akukho rhulumente "uyakugatya kumntu ngamnye ekulawuleni kwakhe ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho" ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa eli binzana ukubetha imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho nokufuna ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda esi siseko somthetho kuyaluxanduva uxabiso lokuba uhlanga lufikile kangakanani yaye kumele luhambe kude kangakanani.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Zembali: Ukusuka Kwinkqubo Yoluntu Ukuya Kwiqela Lamalungelo Abantu

Ukucatshulwa okufutshane kwezona zinto zibangela utshintsho kutyhila ulwalamano olusondeleyo phakathi kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni neenguqulelo ezingokwasemthethweni.

IXesha Lokwakha Kwakhona Nedinga Lalo

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uHlaziyo lwe-13 lweSichibiyelo (1865) lwaphelisa ubukhoboka. UMthetho-Mpanzi we-14 we-1868 wanika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ukhuseleko olulinganayo. UMthetho-Mphetho we-15th walwalela ucalulo lokuvota olusekelwe kuhlanga. Kodwa isithembiso sokuphinda kuvulwe sarhoxiswa ngokukhawuleza yimithetho kaJim Crow, i-paration, kunye nokucinezelwa ngogonyamelo. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi- Pnety v. Ferguson (1870) saluxhasa "6796 kodwa ngokulinganayo" ukumisela amalungelo abantu amashumi eminyaka.

Ukwahlulwa Kwenkulungwane Ye - 20

Iqumrhu lale mihla lamalungelo abantu leminyaka yee-1950 nelee1960 lanyanzelisa inkqubo yomthetho ukuba imelane nomsantsa phakathi kweenjongo zomGaqo-siseko nento eyenzekayo yonke imihla.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ukwahlukana kweentlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke kwaphula iSikhuseli esilinganayo uClaus, kubhukuqa [[FLT:]] Pnethi.
  • Umthetho weCivil Rights ka-1964: Lo mthetho wesizwe walwalela ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, nakwinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Uhlala uwumthetho wamalungelo asekuhlaleni obanzi kwimbali yamaMerika.
  • Umthetho wamaLungelo ka-65: Oku kwenza iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala okungekho mthethweni kunye neminye imiqobo eyenzelwe ukususa abavoti baseAfrika, kwaye kwafuna ulawulo lwamagunya nocalulo lwamagunya karhulumente nembali yocalulo.
  • Umthetho weFair House Act ka-1968: Wadlula emva kokubulala kukaMartin Luther King Jr., lo mthetho walwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhaseni ngemali izindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, kunqulo, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, nakwisini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nobume bemali.

Umthetho ochaza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu

Ukuqonda imithetho engundoqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukusebenzisa okanye ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964: ICernerstone

Isihloko II solu luhlu lokwaliwa kocalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke (iivenkile zokutyela, iiholo zemidlalo). Isihlomelo VI VI sisithiye sona sicetyiswa kakhulu ekufumaneni inkxaso-mali yemali. U-VII ngumthetho ocetyiswayo owenzelwe ukukhusela ukucalucalucalulo ngekhethe lemisebenzi, imibala, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa nokukhathazwa ngokwesini) kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. Ngo-202020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo e Bostock v. Clayton County

AmaMerika AnoMthetho (ADA) Weminyaka yowe - 1990

IADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo ngabantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu, kuquka imisebenzi, izikolo, ezothutho, iindawo zikawonke wonke kunye nezobucala ezivulekileyo.

Ucalucalulo lweNtlalo kuMthetho woMsebenzi (ADEA) ka-1967

Lo mthetho ukhusela abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu ekukhetheni abaqeshi, ekunyuseni, ekuhlawuleni, ekuhlawuleni, nasekusebenzeni. IADEA ibonisa ingqwalasela yokuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo bajamelana nocalucalulo olukhethekileyo yaye amava afanele axatyiswe ngaphezu kobudala.

UMthetho Wezindlu Omhle NeziHlomelo Zawo

Ngapha koko, iFair House Act ngoku igubungela ukukhubazeka nokungalingani (iintsapho nabantwana). Kwakhona iyalwalela ukhuthuzo localulo, uqheliselo lokuboleka (ukudityaniswa), kunye nemithetho yokuhlanganisa ewahlulayo amaqela akhuselweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ucalucalulo lwezindlu luhlala lulolona hlobo luqhubekayo lokungalingani.

Indima Yendlu Yoonozakuzaku Ekuchaseni Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Ngoxa izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziwisa imithetho, iinkundla ziyayichaza, ziyayandisa yaye maxa wambi ziyimisela imiqathango. Iisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo siye sanegalelo ekuchazeni umlinganiselo wokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu nasekusabeleni kwimigaqo etshintshayo yentlalo.

Amatyala Awongezelelekileyo

  • i- Virginia (1967): Ukudityaniswa kolawulo oluvaliweyo kumtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umtshato lilungelo elingundoqo.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] iV. IReed (1971: Ixesha lokuqala iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise uKhuselo olulinganayo u-Clause ukubetha umthetho owakhetha amabhinqa.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015): umtshato osemthethweni owenziwe wafana nowobunyani kwilizwe lonke, ulawula ukuba ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata linwebela kwizibini ezifanayo.
  • [FLT]Bostock v. County [2020]: Isihlomelo se VII soMkhuseli ku LGBTQ+ abasebenzi, isigqibo sophawulo lwemisebenzi elinganayo.

Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Zezeejaji

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zakutshanje ziphakamise inkxalabo phakathi kwabaxhasi bamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, Shelby County v. Horer (2013) yagatya ifomu yangaphambili yoMthetho wamaLungelo, ekhokelela kwimiqathango yomgangatho wokuvota. Ukutshintsha kweNkundla kuyaqhubeka kuphembelela amatyala abandakanya uphengululo, ukukhulula konqulo, namalungelo okuvota. Uhlaziyo lwangoku, ACLU kunye [FLT:] ne[FLT:] Ukhuselo lomthetho lweNkqulu lweNto yokhuselo [[FLT:]]

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Kukhuseleko Lwamalungelo Abemi

Nangona kukho imigaqo esemthethweni, ucalucalulo nokungalingani kusekho kwibutho labantu baseMerika.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Emva konyulo lwama-2020, amatyala amaninzi amisela imithetho ethintela ukufikelela kovota, kuquka iimfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID yomvoti, ukucuthwa kovoti kwangethuba, ukuhlanjululwa kovoti, nemida kwii-posi ezikhoyo. La manyathelo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto achaphazela iqaqobana, ingeniso ephantsi, kunye nevoti abaselula. UMthetho we-John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act, ojolise ekubuyiseleni iimfuno zovoti, uvale kwiBhunga, ushiye amazwe ekhululekileyo ukubeka imiqobo.

Utshintsho Lokwenziwa Komthonyama Nobupolitika

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngowama-2020 kwabangela imibhiyozo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwesizwe lonke ilizwe ngelizwe, kufunelwa isiphelo sokuphelisa ubuhlanga kunye namandla agqithisileyo. Ngoxa i-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act ingazange iphumeze umthetho wesizwe, amanye amazwe aye amisela iinguqu ezinjengokuvinjelwa kwemida, ifuna iikhamera zequmrhu, kunye nokudala iibhodi zolawulo lwabezoburhulumente. Noko ke, ukwahlukana kweentlanga ekubambeni, ukuvalelwa, nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuyaqhubekeka.

Ucalucalulo Lomsebenzi Kwimeko Entsha Yezoqoqosho

Ukwanda komsebenzi we-gig, ukuqeshwa kwe-algorithiki, kunye nokujongwa emsebenzini kuye kwadala iindlela ezintsha zocalucalulo. Imithetho-mthetho iyakwazi ukuphinda-phinda ikhethe lomntu, ngaphandle kwabathathi-nxaxheba abasekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubufanasini. I-Ulinganiselo lwe-Octive Opportountion Commission (EOC) iqalisile ukuphengulula le miba, kodwa umthetho wangoku awulungelelaniseki kakuhle kwizigqibo zobuntlola obungeyo. Iwebhsayithi ye-EOC inikela ukhokelo ngendlela yokuzichaza ngayo izikhalazo zefayile.

Ukungalingani Kwezindlu Nezoqoqosho

Izithuba zobutyebi ezikhuselwe kukungaqiniseki nokuboleka ityala zithetha ukuba abantu abambalwa basenemiqobo ebalulekileyo kumnini-khaya nakwizindlu ezizinzileyo. Ukhuthuzo lususa iindawo zexesha elide zabemi, kwaye amaqondo okugxothwa kwelizwe ahlala ephezulu. UMthetho weFair Howard Hosson anamandla, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kuxhomekeke ekuvavanyweni ngokuqhubekayo nasekuhlaziyweni kwezindlu ezizinzileyo.

Umahluko: Ukubethana kakhulu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu udla ngokuphatha iindidi ezikhuselwe ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa abantu ngabanye bacalucalulwe ngaxeshanye ngenxa yeempawu ezininzi. Umzekelo, ibhinqa eliNsundu lisenokujamelana nobuhlanga kunye nobufanasini, obuchasene nocalucalulo olujongene namabhinqa amhlophe okanye amadoda antsundu. Iinkundla bezingakhawulezi ukuvuma "amacandelo" amatyala, kodwa uphando lwakutshanje olungokwasemthethweni kunye neminye imithetho ephantsi iyavuma ukuba ucalucalulo lufuna ukucalucalulo oluphinda-calulo olungo lufuna ukucalucalulo olungo olusemthethweni.

Amasebe azimeleyo anjenge Isebe leSebe lezempilo kunye neSebe loluntu lamaLungelo aMasipala ngokuqhubekayo aqwalasela iziphumo zokudibana kwemingxuma xa ephanda izikhalazo, ingakumbi kwizicwangciso zempilo.

Indima yamaPhondo ekugunyazisweni kwamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Imithetho inamandla ngendlela ekwandiswa ngayo. Amaqumrhu amaninzi asekuhlaleni abekwa ityala lokuphanda izikhalazo, ukumisela imithetho nokulandela ukukhutshelwa kwetyala.

  • IKhomishini Yomsebenzi Elinganisiweyo (EOC): inyanzela imithetho yengingqi yocalulo lwemisebenzi. Ngo-2023, yafumana ityala elingaphezulu kwama-80 000 yaza yakhusela amakhulu ezigidi kwimali yokukhulula amaxhoba.
  • [[NT.:0] ISebe leJaji (DOJ) Amalungelo angaphakathi Ukwahlulwa: IZiphonononga uphando oluziziko kwisebe lamapolisa, ukumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, ukunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota, kunye nocalucalulo olunesiphene.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yaMalungelo oMsebenzi (OCR): ISihlomelo VI (uhlobo lombala wesizwe), iSihlomelo IX (sex), neCandelo 504 (ukuphumelela) kumaqumrhu emfundo ukufumana imali yesizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe lezindlu nophuhliso lwezibhaka-bhaka (HUD): Inyanzelisa uMthetho weFair House Act ngokuphanda, ukuhlanganisa, kunye ne-odola ye-DOJ.

Ngokufuthi la maqumrhu axhomekeke kwizikhalazo ezivela ebantwini, yaye ukwazi indlela yokufaka isikhalazo kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufumana ukhuseleko olusemthethweni.

Ukukhuthala, Imfundo, Neengcambu Ezineengcambu

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni akunantsingiselo ukuba abantu abakwaziyo okanye abakwazi ukufikelela kuzo.

Iintlangano ezingundoqo zokwabelana

  • Inkululeko yengingqi yeMelika (ACLU): Ilipastias ezimatyala angokomthetho amalungelo abantu kuzo zonke iindawo, ukusuka ekuvoteni ukuya kumalungelo okuzala, kwaye inika abantu ubuncwane obusemthethweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] [I-NAACP] INgxowa-mali yasemthethweni neyoMfundisi: ijolise iliso kubulungisa bobuhlanga, imfundo elinganayo, utshintsho lobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho, kunye nokusesikweni kwezoqoqosho.
  • [[UMTL:0] IZiko loMthetho wesizwe waMabhinqa: abaxhasi bokulingana kwe-injini ngokwesini kwimfundo, emsebenzini, nasempilweni.
  • Imali yamaLungelo eDisimali yemfundo neNkcitho (DREDF): Imisebenzi ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokusemthethweni nangotshintsho lwenkqubo.

Imfundo Yasekuhlaleni Yaye Wazi Amaphulo Amalungelo Akho

Ukunika abantu amandla ngolwazi ngamalungelo abo kukukhusela ucalucalulo. Imibutho emininzi yenza "Yazi Amalungelo Akho" kwiindawo zokusebenzela ezisezikolweni, kwiindawo zomsebenzi, nakumaziko asekuhlaleni. Imixholo iquka indlela yokusebenzisana namapolisa, into omawuyenze ukuba ujongene nomsebenzi okanye ucalucalulo, nendlela yokuvota ngokukhuselekileyo. Ii-adirective kunye ne-linelines zikwanika ulwazi olufikelelekayo kwabo bangenakukwazi ukuya kumntu ngamnye.

Ubugcisa, Imfihlelo Nokudibanisa Amalungelo Abantu

Inkulungwane yama-21 iye yazisa ucelomngeni olungazange lubonwe kumalungelo abantu. Ubugcisa bunganika amandla kwaye busongele ukulingana.

  • Uphando lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokwazi ubuso zineempazamo eziphezulu kubantu abanombala, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekisweni nasekubanjisweni kobuxoki. Izixeko ezininzi ziye zakuvala ukusebenzisa kukarhulumente obu bugcisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] ucalucalulo lwe-Algarithmith ekubolekeni, ekuqesheni, nakuhlalisa: iinkqubo ze-III eziqeqeshwe kugcino-lwazi lwembali zingaqhubekisela phambili ucalucalulo. I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureaution kunye namanye amasebe ahlola indlela yokulawula "ibhokisi emnyama" algorithm.
  • I- iindawo ezifihlakeleyo zobuqu: uluntu oluchanekileyo lusoloko lujoliswe kulawulo logcino-lwazi kwaye luphantsi kokhangelo olungenazintloni. I-ACLU ne-Electronic Foundation Foundation ixhasa ukukhusela amalungelo asekuhlaleni njengenkupho yamalungelo abantu.

Abenzi bomthetho baqalisa ukuphendula. Ama-odoli anjengeKhalifoniya neColorado angenise imithetho ebanzi yasese, kwaye umthetho wesizwe usaqhubeka uxubusha ngengxoxo. [[FLT: 0] I-Electronic Frontier Foundation[[FLT: 1] ilandela le miba ngokusondeleyo.

Ukupheliswa Kwamalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni eUnited States ayinxalenye yobume bamalungelo abantu behlabathi jikelele. Ubhengezo lwehlabathi Lonke lwamalungelo abantu nezivumelwano ezifana noMvumelwano Wezizwe Ngezizwe OngokwaManywili nawamaPhondo lumisela imilinganiselo eyazisa umthetho wasekhaya. Ngoxa i-U.S. ingasamkelanga zonke izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, maxa wambi abameli basebenzisa imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe ukunyanzela utshintsho. Umzekelo, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zakhupha iingxelo ngocalucalulo lobuhlanga nogonyamelo lwamapolisa eUnited States, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongapheliswanga Wokukhusela Amalungelo Abemi

Ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwezomthetho kwibutho lolawulo-bume kuyinto ebalaseleyo neqhubekayo. Ukusuka kuMgaqo-siseko nakwimimiselo ephawulayo ukuya kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla weentlangano zobugcisa kunye nabantu abalwela amalungelo alinganayo, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo alinganayo kufuna ukuhlala kuqwalaselwe. Ubugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kweemeko-bume zezobupolitika, kunye nokungaguquguquki kuvavanya amandla emithetho ekhoyo. Kodwa izixhobo zokuxhathisa nokulungisa zisekho: iinkundla, umthetho, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nezenzo zotyani. Ngokuqonda iziseko ezisemthethweni nokuhlala benolwazi ngeengxaki zangoku, ummi ngamnye unokuba negalelo kwisazi semibambo ende yokusesikweni. Umlo wezombini awenzi, kodwa umthetho uhlala ukho omnye wezona zinamandla ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngesidima naphantsi kokwalingana komthetho.