Isiseko Esisemthethweni: Abavumi Kuphando Lomphathi Welizwe

Uphando lwamakhaya kwiimbambano ezibambeneyo zengingqi, ludla ngokufuna ukufikelela kwiindawo zokuhlala zabucala, ukuphanjwa kwamaphepha, okanye ukuhlolwa kweemeko zempahla. Ngaphandle kocwangciso olucacileyo lwezomthetho, ezi zenzo zophando ziyingozi ekungcoleni ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ekuphangeni nokuxhuzula okungekho mthethweni. Imfuneko isebenza njengendlela enzima, iqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho, abaphathi bemithetho, okanye amagosa emithetho esemthethweni phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente alingeneli kwi-ofisi ye-ofisi yempahla ngaphandle kokungamelani kwe-mthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimfuno zemithetho elawula uphando olungekho mthethweni kunye nemicimbi engondle efuna ukukhusela amalungelo asemthethweni kunye nemicimbi yamaqela onke asekuhlaleni.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yabo Baxhasa Umthetho

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lumisela imfuneko esisiseko yokuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kube sengqiqweni kwaye kuxhaswe ngokuqhelekileyo yisiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngenxa enokwenzeka. Ngoxa ukulungisa kusebenza ngokucacileyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, imigaqo yayo ibhekisa kwizenzo zoburhulumente xa kuqukwa. Kumongo womnini-ndlu, uphando oluninzi luqhutywa ngamagosa agunyazi-mthetho, abaqeqeshi bezindlu, okanye kwanamagosa amapolisa asabela kwizikhalazo ezinokungenwa ziziphumo ezinokwenzeka.

Yintoni Ebangela Uphando Lwamakhaya Lungabi Namvuzo?

Isiqinisekiso singuxwebhu olusemthethweni olukhutshwa ngumgwebi okanye imantyi ongathathi-nxaxheba onika umphandi amandla okungena kwimpahla yangasese, efuna ubungqina, okanye athabathe izinto eziyimfuneko ekucingelweni ukuba ziyaphulwa. Kwiimpikiswano zomnini-khaya, imiyalelo iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukuhlola iiyunithi eziqeshiweyo ukuze kufunyanwe impilo kunye nokuphulwa kwekhowudi yokhuseleko, ukuqokelela ubungqina bomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni (ngokufana nokuvunyelwa okanye ukuveliswa kweziyobisi okungagunyaziswangagunyaziswanga), okanye ukufumana indawo ekulahlwa kuyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo ethile ukuze kuphengululwe kwaye kubhalwe izinto okanye iimeko ezimele zisetyenziswe okanye zibhalwe.

Kunini Xa Kufuneka Abavuzi Bobundlobongela Kuphando Olunamandla?

Abaphandi abanakunkqonkqoza nje kumnyango wengingqi kwaye bafune ukungena ngaphandle kwegunya elisemthethweni. Umthetho jikelele ngowokuba imvume ifuneka phambi kokungena kwindlu yabucala yendlu yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, iimeko ezininzi ezichaziweyo zibangela oku kuyimfuneko:

  • Impumelelo yohlolo olungelulo olukhoyo: Umnini-ndlu angacwangcisa uhlolo ngesaziso esisengqiqweni (umzekelo 24-48 yeeyure phantsi kwemimiselo emininzi karhulumente), kodwa ukuba ugobe olawulayo, umninindlu akanakungena ngenkani. Umphengululi wengingqi osebenza kwigunya lendlu okanye ummeli wesixeko kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso solawulo sokunyanzela ukungena.
  • Ukukhangela ubungqina bokwaphulwa kwerenti: Xa umphandi ekrokrela umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni ofana nabahlali abangagunyaziswanga, ihambo enxulumene neziyobisi, okanye umonakalo wempahla ngaphaya kokuxinana nokukrala okuqhelekileyo, imvume iyafuneka ukuba umxhasi akavumi. Oku kukhusela umxhasi ekuphandeni ngokugqitha kwesizathu.
  • Uhlolo lonyanzelo-mthetho: Izixeko ezininzi ziqhuba uhlolo ngamathuba ezinto zokuqesha zengozi zokhuseleko (indawo zokuphuma emlilweni, imiba yombane, ukungumba). Ukuba ukufikelela kuyakhatywa, isiqinisekiso sokuhlolwa kolawulo siyafuneka, sixhaswe kukubonisa ukuba uhlolo luyinxalenye yenkqubo yokugcinwa kobundindindi.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwempahla: Ukuba umphandi ufuna ukuba nobungqina (umz., izixhobo ezingekho ngqiqweni, amaxwebhu angqina ukwaphulwa kwekhowudi), isiqinisekiso kufuneka sigunyazise ngokucacileyo ukuxhuzula.
  • Uguqulo olubandakanya iindawo ezabelweneyo: iindawo eziqhelekileyo ezinjengeepaseji, amagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba, okanye amagumbi okugcina izinto azisoloko zilindele into enye eyimfihlo. Noko ke, ukuba indawo itshixiwe okanye isetyenziswa kuphela yi-10', isiqinisekiso singafuneka.

IQumrhu: iiV. Uphando lwamaqumrhu

Abaphengululi abaqeshwe ngumninindlu abafuni mvume kuba bengengobadlali bakarhulumente. Uhlaziyo lwesine luthintela kuphela ihambo karhulumente. Noko ke, ukuba umhloli wabucala uthatha inyathelo ngokubhekiselele kumgaqo womthetho okanye ngenjongo yokunceda uphando lukarhulumente, izenzo zabo zingagqalwa njengesenzo sikarhulumente, ngaloo ndlela zixhobisa iimfuno zemvume. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abemi kunye nabameli babo kufuneka baphephe ukubandakanya ukugcinwa komthetho ngendlela ephazamisa inkqubo yomthetho.

Iimfuneko Zokufumana Umenzi Wophengululo Wamakhaya

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sophando lwengingqi yengingqi yengingqi kulandela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo efana nemvume yolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa eneemeko ezisemgangathweni zobungqina. Iimfuno ezintathu ezingundoqo zingu unobangela ongenakugwetywa, affidavit, kunye [[FLT:]] nohlolo lwe-dicial .

1. Unobangela ofanelekileyo kwimo yengingqi yengingqi

Undoqo ocacileyo kuphando lwabemi awufuni bungqina obungenakuphikiswa. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala kunye neemeko, ukuba ulwaphulo luye lwenzeka okanye ubungqina bokwaphulwa bukhona kwindawo ekumele kuphengululwe kuyo. Umzekelo, isikhalazo esikhoyo ngokuzingisisa, sidibene nokungavumi komninindlu ukunyanga, sisenokunika umhloli wezindlu isizathu esilindelekileyo sokufuna isiqinisekiso sokuhlola indlu. Umgangatho usezantsi kunobungqina obucacileyo nobeyiselayo.

Imithombo eqhelekileyo yezizathu ezilindelekileyo kwimpikiswano yomnini-ndlu iquka:

  • Izikhalazo ezingqongqo zibekwa kwigunya
  • Ukujonga ngaphandle kwepropati (umz. umonakalo wokwakha obonakalayo kwisitrato)
  • Inkcazelo evela kumangqina athembekileyo (ooommelwane, abaqeshi bangaphambili)
  • Iingxelo zohlolo ezingaphambili ezibonisa ukwaphulwa okuziphindaphindayo
  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (77%) lubonise ukuba

2. IAffidavit: Isiseko sesicelo esivunyiweyo

Umphandi kufuneka alungiselele i-affidavit − a isifungo sengxelo ebhaliweyo − enikela isiseko esiyinyaniso sesizathu esinokwenzeka. I-affidavit kufuneka iquke:

  • Inkcazelo yepropati nendawo yayo (idilesi, inani leyunithi, iincopho zonikezelo)
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ubungqina obukhethekileyo bafunwa (umz., “ubungqina bokuvunywa kombane okungekho mthethweni” okanye“ imibhalo enxulumene nokungagunyaziswanga”)
  • Imbali echaza ukuba ngabakho, echazwe ngokusengqiqweni nangexesha
  • Oyena mntu unguye umphandi negunya lakhe lokuthatha
  • Ingxelo engavunywanga ngumnini-ndlu okanye enye into engekho phantsi komthetho ayisebenzi
  • Izakhelo zexesha ngexesha isiqinisekiso sizakwenziwa (ngoko kwi 10-14 iintsuku)

I-affidavit kufuneka ikhutshwe okanye ifungwe phambi kwejaji. Iingxelo zobuxoki zingakhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina netyala loluntu lomphandi.

3. Uhlolo lomthetho noXhobo

Ijaji engondilele ihlola isicelo kunye ne-affidavit. Ijaji ingabuza imibuzo, icele ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, okanye ikhanyele isiqinisekiso ukuba umba olindelekileyo akanele. Ukuba ijaji yanelisekile, ikhupha isiqinisekiso, esimele sivakalise:

  • Idilesi kunye nendawo eza kuphengululwa
  • Izinto okanye iinqobo ezisenokukhangelwa
  • Ixesha lokwenzeka komsebenzi
  • Ixesha eligunyazisiweyo lokwenziwa kwe nkonzo (ngokoqobo iwindow elinganiselweyo, umzekelo, iintsuku ezisixhenxe)

Kwezinye iindawo, imfuneko zolawulo zohlolo lwezindlu zingakhutshwa ngokusekelwe “kumgangatho osengqiqweni wokukrokrela” kunokuba kubangele okunokwenzeka, ingakumbi xa uhlolo luyinxalenye yenkqubo yokulungelelanisa ukugcinwa komsebenzi. Noko ke, intsingiselo ifuna ukuboniswa koonobangela abanamandla ukukhusela imfihlo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha imvume ingumthetho ongagqibekanga, iqela elimisiweyo livumela abaphengululi ukuba bangene kwiqela labaphathi ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuqonda ezi zimvo zibalulekileyo kuba ukuxhomekeka kuzo ngokungafanelekanga kungaphumela kubungqina obungakhutshwanga kwaye bubhenca umphandi kwimiba esemthethweni.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umninindlu unika ngokuzithandela imvume yokungena, akukho mvume ifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka ibe yeyakwanu, ekrelekrele, neyokuzithandela. Uphandi kufuneka afumane imvume ebhaliweyo naninina kunokwenzeka. Umnini-ndlu akanakuvuma ukungena kwiyunithi ye-arhente (ngaphandle kwengingqi eqhelekileyo okanye kwimeko zongxamiseko), kuba umnini-ndlu akanamdla wobuqu kwindawo aqeshiweyo xa isebenza. Ngoko ke, umnini-ndlu akanakuvuma ukukhangela iindawo eziqhelekileyo okanye iyunithi eshiyishiyileyo okanye ehlawulwayo.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Imeko ezingxamisekileyo ezisongela ubomi, impilo, okanye ukhuseleko zisenokuthethelela ukungena ngaphandle kwesizathu. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Umlilo, igesi evuzayo okanye isikhukula
  • Iingxelo zogonyamelo olusemnyango
  • Izixhobo ezibonisa ukukhutshwa kwemibhobho okanye izinto eziyingozi
  • Ukujongwa kwelungu lemali kwingxaki yempilo

Ingxamiseko kufuneka ibe yeyokwenene neyangoko. Abangenisi-lwazi abanakwenza ungxamiseko ukuze baphephe ukufumana isiqinisekiso.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba umphandi usemthethweni kwindawo apho angabona khona ubungqina bokwaphulwa kwemithetho (umz., ngefestile esuka kwindlela kawonke-wonke okanye ngexa isendawo eqhelekileyo), bangenza ngako oko kuhlolwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Noko ke, oku akugunyazi ukungena kwipropati ukuze ufumane imboniselo engcono. Imbono ecacileyo isoloko isetyenziswa ukuxhasa izicelo ezigunyazisayo kamva.

Iinkqubo zohlolo lolawulo

Abanye oomasipala basebenza iinkqubo zohlolo olucwangcisiweyo lwezindlu zokuqesha. Phantsi kwezi nkqubo, uhlolo luqhutywa kucwangciso okanye kumgaqo wobundindi (umz., zonke izakhiwo ezingaphaya kwesizukulwana esithile). INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni iinkqubo ezinjalo zingaqhuba iimvavanyo ezingagunyaziswanga ukuba umnini wendawo okanye umphangi unikwe isaziso esisengqiqweni kwaye inkqubo igunyaziwe ngomthetho. Noko ke, ukuba ukungena akuvunywanga, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sifunyanwe. Camara v. Court (1967) ne[FLT] i-FLT] inikwe isaziso esifanelekileyo kwaye isixeko seSeart [FT:] [FT:2]].1967]

Iingcamango Zokwenza Uphando Ngaphantsi Kwendlela Yomvuzo

Xa imvume ikhutshwe, umphandi makalandele imigaqo engqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphendla kuhlala kusemthethweni. Ukusilela ukwenza oko kungaphelisa isiqinisekiso kunye nalo nabuphina ubungqina obuqokeleliweyo.

Ukumisa nokuphunyezwa

Izakhono zisebenza kuphela ngexesha lasemini ngaphandle kokuba ijaji igunyazisa ukukhangela ebusuku ngenxa yosizathu esilungileyo. Umphandi kufuneka enze isiqinisekiso ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye nakweyiphi imeko phakathi kwexesha iframe ekhankanyiweyo (ngokufuthi 10 iintsuku). Ngexesha lokungena, aphengululi kufuneka azichaze, anike isiqinisekiso, kwaye avumele osebenza okanye ohlalayo afumane ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuyifunda. Kwimeko apho ikhampathili ingekho, umphandi angangena kodwa ashiye ukhuphelo lwesiqinisekiso nerisithi yempahla ebanjiweyo.

Umda Wokukhangela

Ukukhangela kufuneka kugcinwe ngokungqongqo kwimimandla kwaye izinto ezidweliswe kwisiqinisekiso. Ukuba imvume igunyazisa ukuhlolwa kwegumbi lokuhlala ukwenzela iimpawu zokungunda, umphandi akanakuvula iidrowa zedrowa kwigumbi lokulala ngaphandle kobulungisa obubongezelelekileyo. Ukuba ubungqina bolwaphuko olwahlukileyo bufunyaniswe ngokucacileyo, kungabhalwa, kodwa ukwandisa uphendlo ngaphandle kwemvume entsha kuyingozi. Abaxhasi mababhale yonke inyathelo: thatha iifoto, bhala ii-ags, kwaye ufumane izityikityo zamaNgqina ukuba kuyenzeka.

Ukuhlonela Amalungelo Abasebenzi Ebudeni Bokufuna

Abaphandi kufuneka baphathe abaqeshi ngentlonelo kwaye baphephe umonakalo ongafanelekanga kwimpahla. Ukuba izitshixo kufuneka zophulwe ukuze ufumane ungeno (umz., xa umphandi engekho), kufuneka akhusele indawo emva koko. Abaphandi banelungelo lokuqwalasela ukukhangela kodwa akufunekanga baphazamisane. Nayiphi na impahla ebanjweyo mayikhutshwe, kwaye ikhankanye kufuneka ifumane ukhuphelo lwalo ludwe. Uphandi kufuneka kwakhona anikezele ulwazi malunga nendlela yokukhuphisana nolu xwebhu okanye ukuphazanyiswa.

Izenzo ezingcono zophando kwityala leLonderMonde-Tenite

Ukunamathela kwizenzo ezingcono akukhuseli nje kuphela ingqibelelo yophando kodwa kukwanciphisa ukuchanabeka okusemthethweni. Imigaqo elandelayo ibalulekile:

  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Rhoqo ufumana isiqinisekiso xa uthandabuza. Ukuba kukho ukungaqondakali nokuba umahluko uyasetyenziswa kusini na, funa isiqinisekiso. Iinkundla zinokuxhasa uphendlo oluqhutywa phantsi kogunyaziso lwejaji kunelo oluxhomekeke kumahluko othandabuzekayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Gcina uxwebhu olucokisekileyo. Shicilela isiseko sesizathu esinokwenzeka, amanyathelo athathwe ukufumana isiqinisekiso, inkqubo yonikezelo, kunye naluphi uthungelwano nengingqi. Olu xwebhu luxabisekile ukuba uphendlo luceliwe.
  • Ulungelelwaniso nesiluleko somthetho. Abasemagunyeni bezindlu kunye namasebe okugcinwa kwekhowudi anabo kwindlu-yasemgangathweni esemthethweni abanokujonga izicelo phambi kokuzithoba. Sebenzisa.
  • Jonga ubumfiliba bomntu ophangaleleyo. Musa ukumema amatheko awongezelelekileyo (umz., iindaba, abamelwane abanomdla) ukuqwalasela ukukhangela. Nciphisa inani labantu abakhoyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iprojekthi yengingqi ngolwazi olucacileyo. Chaza injongo yokufuna, igunya elisemva, namalungelo abo. Umxhasi akafane afake ityala.
  • Sebenzisa iikhamera zomzimba okanye ushicilelo lwesandi (apho kusemthethweni). Ukushicilela ukuphunyezwa kogunyaziso kunika ingxelo enenjongo kwaye kungathintela ukuziphatha okubi okanye izityholo zobuxoki.
  • ufuno lwengxelo ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. lulibazisekile okanye lungaphelelanga iingxelo lungenza buthathaka ityala lezenzo zonyanzelo-mthetho okanye lukhokelele ekuphoseni ixesha elimiselweyo lokuqulunqwa komthetho.

Ukujongana nomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba Neenkqubo Zokuhlaziywa

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uneendlela zokuphanda kunye nezibonelelo zokuphaphazela ezithi zisetyenziswe okanye zinwenwe kuMphetho-mvakalisi wesine. Amanye amazwe, njengoKhalifoniya neNew York, anokhuseleko olunamandla olufihlakeleyo. Umzekelo, “Ukulindela Okufanelekileyo Kwemfihlo” kweKhalifoniya kusenokufuna isiqinisekiso sovavanyo lolawulo kwanaxa umthetho wequmrhu uvumela ukungena okungena ngokomthetho phantsi kwenkqubo yohlolo. Ii-Pintegiontator kufuneka ziqhelene nomthetho nemithetho engqalileyo karhulumente wawo.

Imithetho elawula uLondolozo lweMbali

Umthetho omninzi unemithetho echaza ilungelo lokungena kubanini-mhlaba kunye nabaphandi. Ngokwesiqhelo, le mimiselo ifuna isaziso esibhaliweyo (iiyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-48) phambi kokungeniswa kohlolo olungelulo oluqhelekileyo. Noko ke, le mimiselo ayilusebenzisi uqinisekiso ukuba i-amentant ayivumi. Abaxhasi kufuneka bajonge umthetho-womnikazi (umz., [[FLT: 0]] iCernell Information yeQuery yolwazi lwezenkcazo ye-onkcelele ye-onkcelele yengingqi ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-indawo ye-injini ye-indawo.)) ukwenzela izimfuneko ezithile kunye nemithetho yokungena.

Imiphumo Enokubakho Yokwaphula Iimfuno Ezingummangaliso

Ukuba umphandi uphanda uphanda ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ugqithe umlinganiselo wesiqinisekiso, ubungqina obuqokelelwe bungacinywa nakweyiphi na inkqubo yomthetho okanye yolawulo olulandelayo. Abasebenzi bangawafaka amatyala amalungelo abantu phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo1998 ngokuchasene nabaphandi ngabanye kunye namaziko abo aqeshiweyo, befuna umonakalo wokuphengulula ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, abaphengululi bangajamelana nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yetyala okanye ukuziphatha okubi okusemthethweni. Indlela engcono yokuphepha ezi ziphumo kukubambelela ngokupheleleyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo kwaye xa bethandabuza, xa bebuza umphathi okanye igqwetha.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno eziqinileyo ekuphandweni kwabemi kwiimpikiswano zamakhaya zabemi abahlala apho. Inkqubo yokufumana isiqinisekiso sobugcisa obufanelekeyo asiyomiqobo nje; zizinto ezisisiseko zokukhusela ezisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko. Ngokuqonda xa imvume ifuneka, indlela yokufumana enye, kwaye oko kungasetyenziswayo, abaphengululi bangawuqhuba kakuhle umsebenzi wabo ngexa behlonela imfihlo kunye namalungelo abo asemthethweni. Inkqubo yokufumana isiqinisekiso sokufumana i-authority, ukwenziwa kwento enokwenzeka, ukuzoba nento ecwangcisiweyo, ukuzoba nesiqinisekiso sokufumana imvume yomthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ezisekelwe kwizinto ezingundoqo ziyenzeka. Kuba abaqeshwa, ukwazi amalungelo abo, kuyabanceda ukuba bacel ’ umngeni wokufuna nokugcina amaphepha etyala. Ekugqibeleni, ukufikelela okulungelenelisa imfuneko ezifanelekileyo kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo nokuthemba ngakumbi kwimithetho yezindlu.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komdlalo phakathi komthetho-mnini-khaya kunye nokukhangela kunye nokuxhuzula, bona i U.S. Isebe lokhokelo lobulungisa kwiSihlalo sesine soMthambeko kwimo yezindlu kunye HEUD Fair House kunye neZibonelelo ze-Octive ezilinganayo. Ezi mithombo zinika umxholo owongezelelekileyo kwimigangatho esemthethweni elawula ufikelelo kwimisebenzi yokuqesha.