Imali echaphazelekayo yezobuphengululi imela enye yezinto eziphambili nezintsonkothileyo ezisetyenziswayo koorhulumente besizwe. Kwixesha apho izisongelo zisuka kwiintlaselo zobugrogrisi ezihamba yodwa ukuya kwiziphumo zobugrogrisi ezintsonkothileyo zikarhulumente, ubuncwane obuzinzileyo ngokunempumelelo asiyonkqubo nje ecwangcisiweyo kodwa ngumbandela wokhuseleko lohlanga. Iirhulumente ehlabathini lonke kufuneka zigqibe indlela yokusasaza izimali ezilinganiselweyo kubuchule, ukhuseleko lomda, imisebenzi yomkhosi, iinkqubo zoluntu, kunye nokuphendula kongxamiseko. Ukulingana okungalungelenisiweyo kungashiya i-vneribibita ezibhetyenisweyo, ngoxa ubuchule bokubonelela inkxaso ecwangcisiweyo bungathintela uhlaselo, ukuphazamisa, ukumelana nokuzinziswa kwexesha elide. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo-millorchist projectivesssss, kunye novavanyo olusebenzayo lwezingculo lwehlabathi.

ISicwangciso esiCwangcisiweyo sokuHlanganisa neNkxaso yeQumrhu

Imali esebenzayo ethintela ubunqolobi ayenzeki ngengozi. Ifuna uvavanyo olulungelelanisiweyo oludibanisa uluvo lolusongelayo nolwabelo lovimba, ukuqinisekisa ukuba idola ngalinye elichithwayo liqhubela phambili injongo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esinjalo, inkxaso-mali inokuba yeyokusebenza, eyahlulwe, okanye eqhutywa yiphulo eligosayo kwezobupolitika kunokuba isetyenziswe.

Uvavanyo kunye nokubeka iliso kwisisongelo

Isiseko soluvo lwazo naziphi na iindleko zokothintela ubuphene luluvavanya olungqongqo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baphawule ezona zisongelo zinokwenzeka neziyingozi kakhulu, baze banike oovimba bobugrogrisi ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuquka ukuhlalutya ubuchule kwiinkqubo zobugrogrisi, ukuqwalasela iprojekthi ye-intanethi, ukuvavanya ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziyingozi, nokuqonda iindlela zobuchule zotshaba. Iinkqubo zovavanyo zengozi, ezifana ne-U.S. ISebe lokhuseleko loMgangatho wokhuseleko lwaseMouse, okanye ummandla woncedo we-United Kingdom uthelekiso lwamacandelo nemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ubuchule bubonisa ukunyuka kwezisongelo ezikhoyo kunye nokuxhasa iinkqubo zengingqini ezichasana nobuchule obuchasanayo, ngokokubonakala njengendlela yokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwelizwe, ukhuseleko lwamazwe angaphandle.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukukhusela Nokusabela

Uxinzeleleko oluqhelekileyo ekuthinteleni ukuxhathisa kwezee-robics lulungele ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kothintelo--------ukuyeka ukuhlasela ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, kwaye ukusabela okulungele ukudambisa umonakalo. Ukuthintela kubandakanya ubuchule bobuchule, ukukhangela, kunye neenkqubo zokulwa. Ukuphendula kubandakanya iinkonzo zongxamiseko, ukulungiselela, kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo. Zombini zibalulekile, kodwa umlinganiselo wazo ogqibeleleyo uxhomekeke kwimeko engqongileyo. Ilizwe elijongenesantya esiphezulu sohlaselo esincinci lifuna ukukhuselwa okuninzi, lonkqeqeqele, lonkqenkqeza ekuthinteleni okukhawulezileyo, lonkqeqele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela. UK, umzekelo, ukwandisa izinto zalo ezingundoqo zokukhusela inkqubo ebumeni, inxalenye ye-CONTEST, elizimisele ukuyeka ekubeni abantu bangaba ngamaphekula. Okwangoku, ukhuseleko olugqithisileyo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemicinezeleleka kwezo ezithenezo ezithene.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zokuRhweba

Imali echasene nezobuphekula ihamba kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, kodwa edityanisiweyo. Indawo nganye ithetha ngesigaba esahlukileyo sebhayisekile esongela ubomi, ukusuka ekufumaneni kwangoko ukuya kulawulo lweziphumo.

Ubuntlola nobuninzi

Ubuntlola buyintlukwano ephambili yokuphikisana nobugrogrisi. Ukufumana iteknoloji ephikisana nobugrogrisi babantu (i-HUMINT), imiqondiso yobuntlola (i-SIGINT), kunye nobuchule bekhompyutha kuvumela amaqumrhu ukuba afumane amaqhinga, ajonge iziphumo zokukrokreleka, aphazamise imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphazamisa kunye neenkqubo zokuphazamisa. Ukuxhasa inkxaso kuxhaswe nokuqeqeshwa kobugcisa bokuhlola, ukufunyanwa kobugcisa (umz., i-dronatellite, i-tellite, ulwazi-fiki, ulwazi lweqonga lweqonga), kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yiU.S. Umbini woluntu, ofumana amawaka ezigidi zeerandidi eenjiweyo ngeminyaka yonke ukwenzela imisebenzi echasene nolawulo lwe-Groputting. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi olunelisa ulwazi phakathi koomeli bezizwe ngezizwe. Ingxelo ye-9/11 yengxelo yeziphumo zeengxaki zobugropulbhusayithi yemali, kunye nezo zoshishino zemali.

Ukhuseleko noMda

Ukukhusela imida yesizwe ligumbi lezixhobo ezichaseneyo. Ukuxhasa okuqulathe imiqobo ephathekayo, iinkqubo zovavanyo lwebhayoloji, ubugcisa bokuhlolwa kwemithwalo, kunye nabasebenzi bezokhuselo lwemida. Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwemida luyalela izinto ezibalulekileyo , ngokukodwa, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokukhusela abakhweli ngaphambi kovavanyo lwe-U.S. Inkqubo yokubhabha ekhuselekileyo ukuya kusetyenziso lwezikhuseli-moya kunye nokuqina kweengcango zegumbi. Emva kowama-2006 uqweqweqwe lwebho lwebhobho lwebhosi kwi-UK, oorhulumente behlabathi lonke bafake ibhanki kwizixhobo eziphambili zokhuselo. Uqingqo-bhal-bhal-mali kufuneka baqhelane kwiinkqubo ezintsha ezisetyenziswayo ukuhlasela okanye ukuhlasela, njengee-drons, ikhokelele kuphando lokufumana ii-drobistrion kunye nobugcisa.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu nokuLatha

Amandla anzima odwa akanako ukuboyisa ubugrogrisi. Ukuthintela iqhinga elide kufuna ukuhlangabezana nezizathu ezisisiseko zokwenza izinto: ukwahlukana, izikhalo, iingcamango ezigqithisileyo, kunye nokuthotywa kwentsebenziswano. Iinkqubo zomanyano zoluntu zakha ukuthembana phakathi komthetho kunye nabemi abambalwa, zikhuthaza ukuxelwa kwehambo yokukrokra, kwaye zinikela ezinye iingxelo zemali ezithelekelelayo zobugxwayiba. I-UK’Stects sheagement shorts, izikolo, kunye nenkxaso-ooferalitisss. Ngokunjalo, i-Danish "Aarhus Model" inika uqeqesho kunye nokuphuma kwenkqubo yokushiya abantu amaqela anochukutyekelo olugqithisileyo. Ezi nkqubo ziphantsi ngokuthe kratya kwamandla xa kuthelekiswa nemisebenzi yomkhosi okanye ubukrelekrele, kodwa iimpembelelo zazo zinzulu kakhulu, izikolo, izikolo, kunye nezikolo ezithiyo ezithi zezo ezingezi zezo ezingezi zemali ezingezi.

Ukuphendula ngokweeMbali

Phezu kwayo nje imigudu engcono yokukhusela, ukuhlasela kusenokwenzeka. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abaphendula kuqala, izibhedlele, kunye nezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zilungiselelwe ukusingatha iziphumo zokophulwa. Ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yokuxhasa ukuhlasela kwamapolisa, umlilo, kunye nabasebenzi be-EMS ekulweni nentsebenziswano, ingqokelela yeenkxaso zonyango kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela izifo (umz., ukuhlasela kwemichiza okanye kwemichiza), kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yezehlo zokuyalela. Emva kohlaselo lwamashishini eNtshona Koloni, iKenyanzelela ngamandla ekuphuculeni amandla ayo okuphendula kwezixhobo ezilwa nobuchule obukhethekileyo bobugcisa kunye namaziko okulungele ukulungele ukulungele ukulungele ukulungele ukunceda. Inkxaso inkxaso iquka uphando oluqhelekileyo, njenge-U. "Bona Into, Sitsho into, inyathelo lokuqala, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwecandelo loshishino-omatshini abasebenzisana kwimeko yongxashosho.

Iinkqubo Neengxaki Zokuhlahlela Uqingqo - mali

Ukuyila uqingqo-mali oluchasene nobunqolobi oluhambisana nezinto eziphambili zesizwe kufuna iinkqubo ezimandla. Noko ke, kwanezona zicwangciso zifanelekileyo zinokuphenjelelwa kukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo-nkqubo, iingcinezelo zobupolitika, kunye nemiqathango yoovimba.

Ukulungelelana

Imali edityanisiweyo esetyenziswa ngamasebe amaninzi e-U.S.Ii-National Counter Debutrony Center (NTC) ukhuseleko lwelizwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, impilo, kunye nemfundo, phakathi kwezinye. Ngaphandle kokusebenza ngokunempumelelo kwentsebenziswano, izimali zingalinganiswa, zibekwe kakubi, okanye zidityaniswe. Amazwe amaninzi aye aseka imizimba elungelelanisiweyo, njenge-U.S. Contidentivation Develoption Corbition Center (NTCC), okanye i-UK’s Office for Security and Conterruption (Orrorpsism), ukuqinisekisa ukulungelelanisa nokuqinisekisa ukulungelelanisa uqingqo nobuchule obumanyeneyo. Izenzo eziphambili ziquka ukuhlola ukusetyenziswa kweminyanzelo yemisebenzi elungelelanisiweyo ediyo. [FLD: 0]

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Ukholoso lukawonke-wonke lubalulekile ekuxhaseni inkxaso-mali ebambene nezobugrogrisi. Izakhono zilindele ukuba ii-dola zabo zerhafu zisetyenziswe ngokunempumelelo kwaye inkululeko yabemi azincanywa ngokungeyomfuneko. Iindlela zokubonisa ukubonakala ngaphaya kwengqondo ngaphaya komthetho. (ezifana nokugwetywa koqingqo-mali okupapashiweyo, ukungalawulwa yikomiti yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokuziphendulela ngokwayo) nokuqinisekisa ukuba kumeleke. [[FLT.0] EECD] umsebenzi woqingqo-mali [[FLT] unika imigaqo-mali ecacileyo esetyenziswayo [[[FLT] [irf:1] elandelwayo] xa kuxelwa iindleko zokhuseleko. Noko ke, ukuchasana kwemisebenzi yohlalo lwe-mthetho ludlalwano-ok-ogrogription, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Grogentialtiesctialtiestial.

Ukuthetha Neengxaki Zecebo

Akukho rhulumente unobuxhakaxhaka obungenasiphelo. Kwanamazwe afumileyo ajongene nokuthengiselana phakathi kobuphekula kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili ezifana nokunyamekela impilo, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo. Amazwe asakhasayo, ngokukodwa, ayazama ukunikezela ngemali yokhuseleko ngoxa ethetha ngobuhlwempu kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokungakumbi, ubugcisa bomhlaba wonke kunye nenkxaso-mali bunganceda ekunciphiseni iindleko zeebhulorho. Umzekelo, iUnited Nations-Troristism Center (UNCT)[FLT] [[FLT] ibonelela uncedo lobugcisa nolwando olukhoyo lwamalungu. Ngokubhekele phandle, oorhulumente bayakwazi ukunciphisa iindleko-ogravieting zixhobo zobuntrac, ukubhaliswa, okanye ukuncedisana nezixhobo ezinxulumene nezixhobo (glog.)

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Izifundo Ezivela Kumazwe Ahlukahlukeneyo

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe athile aye avelisa ngayo inkxaso yawo echasene nobunqolobi kusinceda siqonde oko kunokwenziwayo nemigibe eqhelekileyo esifanele siyiphephe.

Iqhinga Elibalaseleyo LeeNgingqi ZoBukumkani

ICANDELO I-UK’SCONTEST, eyapapashwa okokuqala ngo- 2003, yenye yezona zicwangciso zehlabathi ezibanzi eziphikisana nobugrogrisi. Ilungelelaniswe malunga neentsika ezine: landela (ukususa imisebenzi yobugrogrisi), Khusela (ukuyeka ukwenziwa kwepropati), Ukukhusela (ukuzixhasa), kwaye Lungiselela (ukuqinisekisa ngempumelelo), kwaye Lulungiselele (ukuqinisekisa). Ukuxhasa kuxhotyiswe ezi ntsika ezisekelwe kwiinkcaso zomngcipheko kunye nezinto eziphambili ezibekwe yi-Oficile ye-Ofisi yokhuseleko kunye ne-Troscorism. Umthetho we-UK owabiwe ngexesha eliqhelekileyo, ufumana iziphumo ezithe rhoqo, i-Rhulumente ye- $1.3 yezigidi zokwahlula ukusetyenziswa kwe-RGOPT, kunye nokusetyenziswa koncedo oluthe kokugqibela. [5]

Indlela Ephangaleleyo YamaSirayeli

I-Israel ijongene nemeko engaqhelekanga nengapheliyo esongelayo, ehamba ngohlaselo lobugrogrisi oluvela kumacala amaninzi. Imodeli yayo echasene nobugrogrisi igxininisa ukudibana kwenkqubo yomkhosi, ubukrelekrele, amapolisa, kunye namacandelo angathathi-nxaxheba. I Shin Bet (ubunt) kunye nokusebenza kwe-IDF ekwazi ukujikajika-jika okunokufumaneka ngokukhawuleza ekuphenduleni izisongelo. Isifundo esingundoqo sakwaSirayeli sibalulekile kwizinto zobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxhaka bezixhobo zobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhaka be-xhakaxhaka-xhaka-xhaka, kwaye inika i-liso eliphambili kukhuselo oluphambili olunobuchule phakathi kwezixhobo ezimasikizi, ukuqokelelwa, ukuthotywa kwezixhobo kunye nokuxinga, ngaphandle kokulingwa kwe-bronga kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokungxamisekileyo kwamanye amazwe.

Iinkqubo ze-DHS ne-Grant eUnited States

EUnited States, inkxaso-mali echasene ne-Urban Areats Security Initive (UHS) isasazwa ngemijelo emininzi, neSebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS) njengelungu lokuqala elilungiselela urhulumente kunye nokulungiselela indawo yasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-State Homeland Security Grant Program (SGP) kunye ne-Urbates Areares Security Initive Initive (UASI) inika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ezingamawaka eerandi zeerandi ee ephezulu emalini kubaphendulayo abasebenzi abachazi be-acinezelicalucalucalu-m. Abahlaluli be-odttudia abatheli be-oth be-octiveries [FFO:] [FLD1] abagxeki benconywa ngokugqithisa kakhulu kwemicinelo oluphambili lobupoliti ye-U.

Ukukhupha impumelelo nokuzivumelanisa nezisongelo ezigubungelayo

Ukunikela imali linyathelo lokuqala; oorhulumente kufuneka balinganise ukuba loo mali iphumeza iziphumo kusini na. Isisongelo sobuphekula sinamandla, kwaye amaqhinga emali kufuneka aguquleke ngokufanelekileyo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ukuchaza "impumelelo" ekuchaseni ubunqolobi kunzima. IiMetrics ezifana nenani leentlaselo eziphazamisekileyo, ezithintelweyo, okanye izicwangciso ezifunyenweyo ziluncedo kodwa zingalahlekisa. Ukwehla kohlaselo kungabonakalisa ukuthintelwa okusebenzayo /okanye utshintsho olulula kwindlela yokuchasana. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali echongiweyo kunokunqanda ezinye iintlaselo kodwa kungazalisa uqingqo-mali ngaphandle kwempembelelo ekhoyo. Uqheliso olulungileyo lubandakanya umxubeko wemixubeko we-e-e-equantitit kunye neempawu ezibonisa ukuma kakuhle: ukubanjwa nokukhokelwa yingxelelwa, ukurhoxiswa kumaqela angenamsebenzi, uvavanyo loluntu, kunye nokungagqibeleli koo kujongo emva kwemisebenzi. UK lungaqinisekisa ukubukelelwa kwendlela ezizimeleyo kunye ne-U. URhulumente ye-oventi ye-ontathenti yogcino-ontali exhasa iimali kunye nolungiso ezithenwayo.

Impembelelo Yezobugcisa Nezisongelo Zesibeleko

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye bawalungisa wombini amaqhinga kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nee-robithi. Ukuhlasela kwe-cyber okuneenjongo ezibukhali, iinkqubo zemali, okanye iinkqubo zorhulumente , kuyinkxalabo ekhulayo, ifihlwayo umgca phakathi kobugrogrisi kunye nobuchule be-intanethi karhulumente. Ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali ngoku kubandakanya ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, ubuchule bobugcisa, ubuchule bokunxibelelana kwamanani, kunye nokujongwa kwemiqathango efihlakeleyo. Ukunqanda ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokunxibelelana. Kodwa ezi zixhobo zifuna ukukhuselwa koqoqosho oluphezulu noqeqesho oluqhubekayo. [FUP]

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Ukuxhaswa Nokuzivelisa Ngobuchule

Imali esebenzayo echasene nezobuphengululi ayilinganiswa ngobungakanani boqingqo-mali kodwa ngobuchule bokulwabelwa kwayo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqhubeke belungisa uvavanyo lwabo lomngcipheko, bephucula umanyano lwezibonelelo, begcina ukukhanya, baze balungelelanise neengxaki ezintsha. /ukuba zisuka kwiingcamango ezigqwethekileyo, amandla ekhompyutha, okanye abadlali abanobuchule bomntu omnye. Imeko evela kwi-UK, e-Israel, kunye ne-United States ibonisa ukuba akukho nto i-e-e-andlel-efacestyracy; ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka liyimisele inkqubo yemali ebonakalisa ukuchanabeka okusisongelo, umongo wezopolitiko, kunye nokungagobelwa kwemiqatha. Noko ke, imigaqo eqhelekileyo iyavela ekuthinteleni kakuhle kokusabela, okusekelwe kwimingcipheko yezobupolitika, kunokubekwa kokhuseleko, nokuncitshiswa kweziphumo zemali ezikhoyo zamazwe athe athe abaphathi bezolawulo.