Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkululeko yolwazi (FOI) kunye nokubonakala kwemeko karhulumente kwenza isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi yale mihla. Le nkqubo yomthetho inika abemi amandla okucela nokufumana iingxelo ezigcinwe yimibutho kawonke wonke, ngaloo ndlela inceda ukuba bakwazi ukuxoxa ngoluntu, ukuvelela, nokuphendula. Ngoxa imigaqo exhasa imithetho yeFOI iqwalaselwa jikelele, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyahluka ngokubanzi, kwaye iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ziyaqhubekeka. Ukuqonda le mjaqo-jaho kuyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na umntu onomdla kwindlela umsebenzi ovulekile ngayo noluntu olunokomeleza ngayo ukuphendula kwithuba eliya lisandayo.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yemithetho Yolwazi

Inkululeko Yolwazi (FAI) ingumthetho osemthethweni onika abantu ilungelo lokufumana ulwazi olubanjelwe ngabameli bakarhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba ulwazi luye lwafakwa phantsi kwemvume ekhethekileyo. Okokuqala yamiselwa yiSweden ngowe-1766, imithetho yeFOI ukususela ngoko yasasazeke kumazwe angaphezu kwe-120. Ingcamango engundoqo kukuba ulwazi lukarhulumente lungabantu, kwaye abemi akufuneki bafuneke bathethelele isicelo sabo sokufikelela. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ezixhaphakileyo kurhulumente we-FOI ziquka ukuvalwa kokukhululeka, ukuphendula okumiselweyo, amaxesha azimeleyo, iinkqubo zolawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye nezicelo zokubhenela izicelo ezikhatywayo.

Indaleko Yembali

Umbutho weFOI wangoku waphumelela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iUnited States idlulisa uMthetho wenkululeko yolwazi (FOIA) ngo1966. Lo mthetho waba ngumzekelo kwezinye idemokhrasi ezininzi. Unyaka ka-1990 wabona amaza e-FOI okufumana amaqabane angoomntwana abafana noomatiloshe kwiMpuma Yurophu nase-Latin America njengenxalenye yokutshintsha okubanzi kwedemokhrasi. Ngoo 2000, amazwe anjenge-Indiya (ekunene kuMthetho wolwazi, 2005) kunye neMexico (Ukwamkeleka Okucacileyo nonikezelo kumthetho wolwazi kaRhulumente, 2002) amisela izicwangciso ezinyusemphambili zokuvela okuqhubekayo kwezizwe ezisaphucuka.

Uguqu-guquko lwehlabathi

Phezu kwazo nje iinjongo eziqhelekileyo, imithetho yeFOI yahlukile kakhulu kubungakanani kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Sweden, afumana ilungelo lokufumana amaxwebhu asemthethweni kumgaqo-siseko wawo. Ezinye zixhomekeke kwimithetho emileyo. Ububanzi benkululeko buyahluka: ukhuseleko lwesizwe, imfihlo yobuqu, kunye nenkqubo yokuzikhusela, kodwa ukutolika kwazo kubanzi okanye kunciphile. Amazwe anjenge-New Zealand neFinland asoloko ekhankanywa ngenxa yokungakhululeki kwawo nokugcinwa kwawo okunamandla, ngoxa amanye ejongene nokugxekwa ngokusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho ekufihleni ububi.

Indima Yokubonisa Imbonakalo Kurhulumente

Ubungqina obucacileyo bemeko obubonisa ukuba amagunya karhulumente aqhubana ngayo, abelane ngeenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, anikezele kwiingxelo. Ngumgaqo osisiseko wokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi ngenxa yokuba avumela abemi, intatheli, nemibutho yoluntu ukuba bajonge izenzo zikarhulumente, babhence ihambo evakala, baze babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo.

Iingenelo Zokuba Nqikelelo

  • Ukuthemba kunye noMthetho: Abami basenokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba bathembe oorhulumente abavulekileyo ngemisebenzi nezigqibo zabo. Imiqondiso ecace gca yokuba amagosa akananto afanele ayifihle kwaye akulungele ukuqwalaselwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukunganyaniseki okupheliyo: Xa isivumelwano sikarhulumente, uqingqo-mali, kunye neenkqubo zokufumana imali zifumaneka ekuhleni, amathuba okunyoba nokunyoba nokunganyanzeliswa kogcino-lwazi luncitshisiwe. Amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi anxibelelene nomgangatho wokonakala osezantsi kumazwe afana neGeorgia ne Estonia.
  • I-IMM i-Inkonzo zikaRhulumente: Ukubonakala gca komoya kwenza ukuba kuphawulwe umsebenzi obekiweyo kunye nengxelo yommi, enokuthi iqhubele phambili ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo engcono. Umzekelo, ukupapasha uvavanyo lwezikolo kunye nomlinganiselo wokwasulelwa zizibhedlele kunika amandla abantu ukufuna inkqubela phambili.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isabelo esithe gqolo: abemi abafundekileyo baxhotyiswe ngcono ukuba babendakanyeka kukhangelo lukawonke-wonke, bagqabaze ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo, kunye nevoti kwimiba entsokothileyo. Ukubonakalisa gcatha kuyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi yokwahlukana.

Ukubonakala Ngaphaya Kwe-FOI

Ngeli xesha imithetho yeFOI isisixhobo esingundoqo, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kubandakanya ukutyhilwa, iintlanganiso ezivulekileyo, izibheno ezibhenqisayo, ingxabano-ngquzulwano yemithetho efuna umdla, kunye nemigaqo yokuvulela impempe. Imeko-bume yokuvula ivulekile ifuna ubuchule obuninzi obusebenza kunye. I-FOI isebenza njengesiseko esifanelekileyo, kodwa ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo engqinelanayo, inokuba yinkqubo evuselelayo, ecothayo kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yokuvula incokola.

Imigaqo Engundoqo YeFOI Nokubonisa ngaphaya Kwendlela

Imigaqo emininzi ikhokelwa kukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo kwemithetho yeFOI kunye nocwangciso olubanzi lokubonisa imbonakalo. Le migaqo inceda ekucaciseni amalungelo neemfuno zoorhulumente nabemi.

  • [[NTL:0] Ubuninzi bolawulo: Oorhulumente kufuneka baqale ngokufuna ukuba yonke inkcazelo ifikeleleke. Ukukhulula kufuneka kuchazwe kancinci kwaye kubekwe phantsi komdla kawonke-wonke kunokuba kusebenze okulungileyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imali ePhondo ePhondo: Kunokuba ulinde izicelo, amasebe kufuneka asoloko epapasha ulwazi olungundoqo olufana noqingqo-mali, uphicotho-zincwadi, izivumelwano, kunye namaxwebhu enkqubo. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kubafaki-zicelo kwaye kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
  • Amalungelo okwazi: Abami akufunekanga baboniswe umdla othile okanye imfuneko yokufumana ulwazi. Ilungelo lisehlabathini lonke kwaye liseyamntu wonke, hayi nje ezo zichaphazelekayo ngqo kwisigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] UTshintsho lwexesha: Ukulibazisa kulula ukubeka phantsi ixabiso lolwazi. Imithetho yeFOI kufuneka inike imiyalelo esengqiqweni yexesha elimelwayo (ngokuqhelekileyo 20-30) nezongezelelo kwiimeko ezithile kuphela. Amaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo kufuneka ajonge ukuthobela.
  • I-Access e- Engenakufumaneka: I-Fores ayifanele ibe ngumqobo. Iingingqi ezininzi zivumela uhlolo lwasimahla lwamaphepha kwi Internet kwaye zinika irejista yexesha loqhamo okanye lokukhangela ixesha kwiimeko ezinzima. I-waiver yezakhono zoluntu ziqhelekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda ezimeleyo: Ukukhanyela ukufikelela kufuneka kubhenekwe kumzimba ozimeleyo − njengokhomishinari wolwazi okanye ombudsman/ngaphandle kombutho owenza ukwala. Uhlolo lwejaji kufuneka lufumaneke njengendawo yokugqibela yokucela uncedo.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nemithetho YeFOI Nokubonisana Ngokucace

Nakubeni kuxhaphakile ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yeFOI, imiqobo ephawulekayo inciphisa impembelelo yayo. Le mingeni isuka kwiindlela zokuphepha ezisemthethweni nokuchasa kwemithetho kwizithethe nezopolitiko.

Iintshaba ezigqithiseleyo

Oorhulumente bangakhulula iindidi ezibanzi zolwazi, ezifana "nokhuseleko lwesizwe," "iimfihlo zezentengiso," okanye "iingxoxo zezentengiso," ngaphandle kothetheleleko olungqongqo. Xa iimvume zisetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni, banokukhusela ukuziphatha okubi kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke. Ngokomzekelo, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa izibhengezo zokhuseleko lwesizwe ukufihla ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu okanye ukonakala.

Ukulibazisa Neenkqubo

Amasebe amaninzi eFOI atsala nzima ngemiqulu ephezulu yezicelo kunye noovimba abalinganiselweyo. EUnited States, amasebe esizwe ayene-e-pareji yezicelo ezingaphezu kwe-100 000 ezilindeleyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Ukungabikho kolwazi

Abemi basenokungawazi amalungelo abo okanye indlela yokwenza izicelo ezisebenzayo. Amagosa karhulumente asenokungakuqeqeshi ukuthatha i-FOI yaye ngokungaqondanga anikeze iimpendulo ezingaphelelanga. Kumazwe angafundanga kangako okanye angafumani ntlawulo luninzi kwi-intanethi, amanani anokungakufumani kakuhle ukufumana inkcazelo.

Umnqweno Wezobupolitika

Ukukhululeka kudla ngokubonwa njengesisongelo ngamagosa angoongangamsha. Ngaphandle kokhokelo olunamandla nesithethe sokubona ngaphaya, imithetho yeFOI iba ziileta ezifileyo. Oorhulumente basenokungavumi ukuqokelela imibutho yooveleli, ukudlulisela imigaqo engqongqo, okanye ukuphindezela kwabo bacela iinyaniso ezingathandekiyo.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwasemva kwe-9/11 ikhokelele ekunyukeni komfihleko kwidemokhrasi ezininzi. Iinkqubo zolawulo-mthetho lweMisa kunye neenkcazelo ezibanzi zolwahlulo lwezinto ezicel

Uphando lwemeko lokufakelwa kwe-FOI okuNempumelelo

Uhlolisiso lwemizekelo yehlabathi lubonisa indlela amazwe awahlukeneyo aye ahlangabezana ngayo nezi ngxaki aze afumane inzuzo yokubona.

I-Sweden

Inkululeko ye-Sweden yoMthetho we-Press (17766) ngumthetho wokuqala we-FOI wehlabathi. Imisa ilungelo elisemthethweni lokufumana amaxwebhu asemthethweni kwaye iyalela urhulumente ukuba abeke imfihlo ngaphaya kokukhululwa komthetho. Abemi baseSweden kunye neentatheli bafumana yonke into rhoqo ukusuka kwimizuzu yekhatheminali ukuya kumaphepha karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Impumelelo yale nkqubo isekelwe kwizithethe ezinamandla zenkcubeko zokuvula izithuba zomntu ozimeleyo olawulayo.

I-United States

I-US Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) iye yasisisixhobo esinamandla sobulindi bobuphandi. Ukutyhilwa okungacacanga okuye kwabhencwa nguFOIA kubandakanya amaPhepha ePentagon, imisebenzi yokuthuthumbisa yolawulo lwamaTsh, kunye nento ebizwa ngokuba "Nqaka, Don’t Tell" kulalanise. Izicelo zikarhulumente zibhenca iinkqubo zokuhlola indalo, ukuphamba, kunye nokuchitha umkhosi kwi-paperties. Ngoko ke, inkqubo iyabandezeleka kwimiba yogcino-mthetho yexesha elingapheliyo kunye nento esoloko ikhuthaza utshintsho. I-FOIA Develoption Act yonyaka ka-2016 yaqinisa ukubekwa kwemiqatha yokusebenza nokusetyenziswa kobugqeqeshosho kwabelwa kwe-ogractivel-oktiestices" ngokomgalelo olufunekayoyo.

I-New Zealand

UMthetho woLwazi oluPhathiswa (OIA) ka-1982 usebenza kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente kwaye uquka uvavanyo olunamandla loluntu olunomdla. INew Zealand iyadunyiswa ngenxa yolwamkelo lwayo oluphantsi namaxesha okusabela afanelekileyo. Uhlolo lwe-ewebsite ze-Ombudsman kunye nenkcubeko ye-odocle kwi-ombutho karhulumente luye lwayimisela umzekelo. Isigqibo sika-Ombudsman ka-2010 sokukhupha amaphepha ekhankani kwinkqubo yemayini ethanda ingcuthekiselwayo kwana kwimibandela echukuxabileyo yezobupolitika.

I-India

Ilungelo lolwazi (RTI) loMthetho wama-2005 unike izigidi zama-Indiya aqhelekileyo amandla okufuna ukuphenduliswa. Abaxhasi beenkonzo zobuGcisa baye bavumbulula ukunganyaniseki kwimisebenzi kawonke-wonke, ekunikezelweni komxhesho, nakwiikomishini yesikolo. Iikomyutha zenkcazelo zikarhulumente zinikela izibheno ezikhawulezileyo, kwaye umthetho uye wakhuthaza umthetho ofanayo eBangladesh, eNepal, naseSri Lanka. Noko ke, izisongelo nxamnye nabaxhasi be-RTI kunye ne-bycuscracrates zihlala zixhalabisa okona.

I-Mexico

UMthetho Jikelele waseMexico we-Transparency and Access to Public Information (2015) wadala inkqubo enamandla yokubonisana kwesizwe. Umthetho unika izindululo eziqhubela phambili ukupapashwa kweendidi ezingama-80 zolwazi lukarhulumente, ukusuka kwimivuzo ukuya kwizivumelwano. ISiko seSizwe se-Istatimente yokubonisa ngaphaya, i-Accession to Information and Personal data (NAI) ijonge ukuthotyelwa kokuthobela ngokwahlukileyo kwaye ifakelwa kweemali ezithenjiweyo. Esi siseko sifak'unegalelo ekuncitshisweni kokonakala.

Iimfundiso Zokwenza Imbonakalo Icace Ngemithetho YeFOI

Ukulungisa iingxaki ezichazwe ngasentla nokuqinisekisa impembelelo yeFOI, oorhulumente nebutho labantu bangasebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ezivunyiweyo.

Utshintsho lwamanani

Iindawo ezikwindawo ezisecaleni zokunikezela nokulandelela iFOI zicela ukunciphisa ukulibaziseka kunye nemiqobo esezantsi. Utyhilo lwengingqi ye-intanethi yedata eqhelekileyo . "ii-bdidget, i-oct, i-application, i-access" inyusa inani lezicelo zabantu ngabanye. Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-alytictics kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa kolwazi lunganceda abaqulunqi, i-redctal, kunye nokukhupha amaxwebhu ngendlela elula ngexa ukhuseleko lwemfihlo. Imigangatho yogcino-lwazi iqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi olukhutshwayo lulula kwaye luyafumaneka.

Isivalo sediski eSebenzayo

Kunokuba lilinde izicelo, amaqumrhu kufuneka apapashe inkcazelo enomdla woluntu. Imodeli "IDisclorence on Creation" eyamkelwa zezinye iingxelo ze-US ifuna ukuba nayiphi na ingxelo efuna ukuthunyelwa kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza. Oku kugcina oovimba, kukhusela ugcino-mali, kwaye kubonisa ukuzibophelela ekukhululekeni.

Uqeqesho nokwakhiwa komsebenzi

Abasebenzi bakarhulumente bafuna uqeqesho olubanzi kwimisebenzi yeFOI, kuquka indlela yokubona ukukhulula, izicelo zenkqubela, kunye nokusingatha izibheno. Imibutho yezentlalo-ntle kufuneka iqhube amashishini abemi ngendlela yokufaka izicelo ezisebenzayo kwaye isebenzise ulwazi olufunyenweyo. Ukhuseleko lwe-Whisletpixer kunye nemijelo yokubika ekhuselekileyo i-FOI ngokukhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baphumele phambili.

Ulawulo oluzimeleyo

Ikhomishini ezimeleyo yolwazi enegunya lokuphanda izikhalazo, ukukhupha izigqibo ezibophelelekileyo, nokumisela imiyalelo iyimfuneko. Ukubonelela nokukhusela kwezi ziqumrhu ngokwezobupolitika makuqinisekiswe. Uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo lokungqinelana nokuqulunqwa kwemiqathango yemisebenzi yezemali ludala ukuphendula kwabameli.

Iphulo lokulumkisa uluntu

Abemi abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo e-FOI. Isikhokelo esilula, ii-grafis ze-intanethi, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu zingayitshintsha loo nto. Ukukhuthaza iFOI ukuba ifumane imfundo yesikolo naleyo yezemfundo yasekuhlaleni kwakha iinkqubo zombutho zexesha elide zorhulumente okhululekileyo.

Ikamva Lemithetho YeFAI Nokulungelelana Korhulumente

Iinkalo eziliqela ziya kubumba inkululeko yolwazi nenkululeko yokubona izinto kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Uvulo lobuxhakaxhaka--moya

Ubuchule bokwenza, umatshini, kunye nomatshini wokusebenza, zinika amathuba amatsha okutyhilwa nokuqinisekiswa kweerekhodi zikarhulumente. I-Al inganceda ekuchazeni ulwazi olungenamkhethe, ngeli xesha izivumelwano ezibukhali zinokuqinisekisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi lupapashwa ngexesha. Noko ke, oorhulumente kufuneka bazilinde nxamnye "nokuhlamba okuvulekileyo"---------------------------------------opha okungaveliyo oku kufihla ukubonakala ngexa ufihla ulwazi olunengthsusoluntluntswana.

Ukuphelisa Ulindelo Loluntu

Izizukulwana ezitsha ezikhuliswe kwi-intanethi kunye nakuhlaziywa kwezobuzwe zilindele ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kulwazi lukarhulumente. Imfuneko "yokubonakala ngokuphandle" iza kunyanzela oorhulumente ukuba basebenzise iindlela ezisetyenziswayo nezisetyenziswa ngumsebenzisi wokutyhilwa. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, impilo yoluntu, kunye nemicimbi yamalungelo abantu iza kubangela ukuba abemi bafune ukufumana iingxelo zokuchaphazeleka kwemekobume, ugcino-lwazi lwezifo, kunye neengxelo zezenzo ezizizo zobudlelane zamapolisa.

Imigangatho yomhlaba wonke nokuphendula

Amaqumrhu ehlabathi jikelele afana neOuble Governmental Staveneship (OGP) neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo akhuthaza imisebenzi engcono. Malunga namazwe angama-80 ngoku anenxaxheba kwi-OGP, eqhuba iinjongo ezomeleza i-FOI kunye nolawulo. Unyuko lwemida enqamlezayo kunye nokungahlawuli irhafu kufuna imigudu yokubonisa umhlaba wonke, efana nokubhalisa kobumnini kunye nokutshintshisana ngokuzenzekelayo kolwazi lwerhafu.

Ukulungelelanisa Imicimbi Yakho Nokukhululeka

Ubuninzi obukhulayo bogcino-lwazi lobuqu olugcinwe ngoorhulumente budala uxinzeleleko phakathi kokubonakala ngaphaya kwamalungelo obuqu. Imithetho ye-FOI ifuna ngokukhulayo ukuquka imigaqo yokukhusela ugcino-lwazi, efana nokuchaza ulwazi lobuqu ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Imimiselo emitsha njenge-General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) iye yaphembelela indlela amagunya karhulumente anokuzisingatha ngayo izicelo ze-FOI ezinokubandakanya ugcino-lwazi lobuqu.

Ukuxhathisa kunye nokuchasana komqolo

Asizizo zonke izimvo ezikhuthazayo. Oorhulumente abagunyazi basebenzisa uphando lwamanani kunye nezisongelo ezingokwasemthethweni ukuphelisa ukubonakala. Kwabanye oorhulumente bolawulo-lwazi, iinkokeli zekhompyutha ezilawulayo ziye zahlasela iziqu zolawulo oluzimeleyo kunye noondaba. Ukuthethelela amalungelo eFOI kuza kufuna ukuphaphamela kunye nezenzo zoluntu.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwenkululeko yolwazi kunye nokubonakala ngokucacileyo korhulumente kukokubini kusisakhiwo esisemthethweni nexabiso ledemokhrasi. Imithetho yeFAI inika umatshini wendalo wokufikelela kwiirekhodi ze-octives, ngeli xesha ukubonakala kuyinto ebanzi eyenza loo mithetho ibe nentsingiselo.

Kodwa imithetho iyodwa ayinele. I-FOI esebenzayo ixhomekeke kudityaniso lomthetho onamandla, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, ukuxhasa ngemali eyaneleyo, ukuphanda kwabantu, kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika. Uphando oluvela eSweden, e-United States, e-Indiya, naseMexico lubonisa ukuba impumelelo inokwenzeka, kodwa kwakhona iingxaki zishiyekile . "kukuxhathisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe ngokuchasene nolawulo lwezikhundla. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye nolindelo lukawonke-wonke wonke lumele luqhubeke lutshintsha uqheliselo lwalo lwabo lokubonakala ukuze kuhlangane nemfuno yabemi abanolwazi. Kuphela ngemigudu eqhubekayo isithembiso senkululeko yolwazi sinokufezeka, kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente umkhonzi wabantu akasayi kulawulo lwabo kwaye akakho inkosi yabo.