Iziqithi zasedolobheni ezishushu (UHS) zixhaphakile kwimimandla yasedolophini ebanzi, apho izibonelelo ezixineneyo, imisebenzi yabantu, kunye nezityalo ezisikelwe phantsi zidityaniswa ukuze zibangele ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu kunabo basemaphandleni angqongileyo. Le nto ayipheleli nje ngokubangela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okupholisa kodwa ibangela ukwanda okunzulu koluntu, ingakumbi kubantu abasengozini njengasebe abadala kunye nabo baneemeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Inkqubo yamanzi inika ubuchule obunamandla nobuphantsi kwezixhobo zokulwa nokunciphisa iUHI yeziphumo ezikhoyo. Ngokudibanisa ulawulo lwamanzi olunemiqatha kunye nokwanda kwamanzi asedolobeni, izixeko ziyakwazi ukupholisa imeko yazo zokulawula, ziphucula ulawulo lwamanzi, kwaye zakha ukuphucula imozulu. Le ngxelo inikeza ubuchule obuphambili emva kwenkqubo yamanzi, ukuhlola iziphumo zemeko-oklek

Ukuqonda Iziqithi Ezishushu Zasedolophini: Oonobangela Nemiphumo

Isiphumo sobushushu basedolophini senzeka xa umhlaba wendalo ugqunywe yimithi, ingca, nomhlaba, kuthathelwa indawo yindawo engangenwa yindawo, ubushushu obungakhuselekiyo obufana ne-asphalt, ikonkrithi, kunye nezinto zokufumbela ezimnyama. Ezi ndawo zifunxa ubushushu belanga ebudeni bemini kwaye zibukhuphe kwakhona njengobushushu ebusuku, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iindawo zasedolophini zifudumale ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziphole kancinci kuneendawo ezisemaphandleni. Ukongeza, ukulahlwa kobushushu obusuka kwizithuthi, iiyunithi zomoya, kunye neenkqubo zoshishino zongeza umthwalo wobushushu. Iziphumo: amaziko esixeko anokuba ngu 1.5.6.55.55°C) kushushu kunemimandla ephakathi emiphandleni, kwaye ukuya ku222° FC (12) eshushu kakhulu ebusuku.

Iziphumo ze-UHs I zanda ngaphaya kobunzima obugqithisileyo. Ungcoliso lobushushu obunyusiweyo bomoya obunyuswe ngokunyusa ukwenziwa kwe-ozone yomgangatho womhlaba, ilungu elingundoqo le-smog. Iheat-ether dingline ngethuba lamaza obushushu obude, neendawo ezifumana imali ephantsi ezisoloko zithwele umthwalo ophezulu ngenxa yokusikelwe umda oluhlaza nendawo yokuhlala kunye namanzi amadala, uxinzelelo olungeluhle lwendawo yokuxhasa umbane nokwandisa ukukhutshwa komoya oshushu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iziphumo ezibangela ukuba ingxaki yengxaki u-UH Ilis ibe yinxalenye yengxaki. Iinkqubo zokunikezela ngamanzi zikwakho: ukujinga okunyuka komjikelo olusuka kwimithombo eluhlaza kunye namanzi aphezulu, anokugutyuliswa ngokugqithisyo kwemichiza nokuncindiswa koxinzelelo lwamanzi.

Indlela Umgaqo - siseko Wamanzi Onokuzithomalalisa Ngayo Iimeko Emadolophini

Inkqubo yamanzi efikelela kwiUHI mitigation ijikeleze imigaqo emithathu edityanisiweyo: ukwanda kokujiya okukhoyo (ukukhupha ipotlasspice), ukwandisa umphunga (ubuchule bokuphefumla) ngomphezulu we-albedo (ubuchule bokuyilungisa) ngezixhobo zokuphatha amanzi, kunye nokusebenzisa i-atrorifini yobuninzi bamanzi ashushu. Ngokudibanisa ulawulo lwamanzi ngeplani yasedolophini, izixeko zingadala imiclive epholileyo. Ngentla ziingcelo ezingundoqo abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baziqwalasele.

1. Ukuveliswa kweZibonelelo eziluhlaza

Izixhobo eziluhlaza zisebenzisa uhlaza, umhlaba kunye neenkqubo zendalo ukulawula amanzi apho ewela khona.

  • uphahla oluluhlaza – Umaleko wezityalo eziphezu kophahla olufunxa amanzi emvula, olunika ukujikeleza, lupholise imvulophu yokwakha. Uphahla oluluhlaza lunganciphisa amaqondo obushushu ophahla ngo-30-60°10°F (17-33°C) xa kuthelekiswa nophahla oluqhelekileyo olumnyama.
  • Izitiya kunye neeseli zebhayoloji – Shallow, ivelise uxinzelelo lwengqondo oluqokelela amanzi oqhwithela, luwuvumele ukuba ungene ufunxe izityalo. I-evapotlansss ukuphuma kwezi mpawu zithoba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izakhelo ezinokusetyenziswa - iindledlana ezivumela amanzi adlule, zinciphisa umphunga nokugcina amanzi ngaphantsi komhlaba. Njengoko amanzi eguquka ahambe kumgca othe tyaba nakumgangatho osezantsi, ipholisa umphezulu.
  • Imithi ye-Urban kunye nemithi yendlela – iMithi inika umthunzi nomphunga osuka emanzini. Ukutyala ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ezitratweni nakwindawo yokupaka imoto kunganciphisa ubushushu basekuhlaleni ngo-2/9°F (-12/5°C).
  • Amadama acocekileyo kunye namachibi agcinwe ngaphakathi – ezi mpawu zokugcina amanzi azilawuli nje kuphela amanzi oqhwithela kodwa zinika ukuphola ngokujiya kunye nokutshintshiselana ngobushushu beradiation.

Imithetho egunyazisa okanye enika izibonelelo eziluhlaza zophuhliso olutsha, iindawo zokumisa iimasti, kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke zinzima. Ngoku izixeko ezininzi zifuna ipesenti ethile yengingqi engachaphazelekiyo ukuba iphinde iphele ngokugqunywe kophahla oluluhlaza okanye izitiya zemvula. Ii-Rebate, iibhonasi ezixineneyo, kunye nemali-mboleko yokuthenga impahla yesichotho zingakhuthaza abanini-mpahla ukuba bamkele la manyathelo.

2. Ukunweba Kwamanzi Asedolophini

Amanzi anobushushu obukhethekileyo obukhethekileyo, okuthetha ukuba anokufunxa ubushushu obuninzi ngaphandle kokwenyuka kobushushu obuphawulekayo. Emini, iziqu zamanzi zisebenza njengokuzika kobushushu; ebusuku, zikhupha ubushushu obugciniweyo ngokuthe ngcembe, zikhupha iqondo lobushushu elimanzi. Amajelo, amachibi, amachibi, imithombo, kwaneempawu zamanzi ezikhanyisayo zingawunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umphumo we-UHI kummandla wazo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokwandisa amanzi akwidolophu kuquka:

  • Ukuvulela amanzi endalo eenqanawa – izixeko ezininzi zingcwabele okanye zijelise imijelo; ukukhanya (ukufihla nokubuyisela) kungenza iipaseji ezihamba emgceni zokupholisa.
  • Ukuguqula amachibi asedolophini kunye nezitya zokuhlambela eziziintloko – Ezi zisebenza iinjongo ezimbini zokulawula nokupholisa. Umzekelo, iBisan-Ang Mo Kio Park eSingapore yaguqula umjelo wecondel enziwe ngomlambo, inciphisa amaqondo obushushu ajikeleze umhlaba ngamaqondo aliqela.
  • ukuseka imithombo ehonjisiweyo kunye neenkqubo zokuntywilisa - Kwizikweri zikawonke-wonke, ezi mpawu zinika ukuphola okukhawulezileyo. Ipolicies ingafuna iimpawu zamanzi kwimimandla emitsha okanye kwizakhiwo ezintsha.
  • Ukukhusela nokwandisa indawo egudileyo – iWetlands inika umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo womphandle wamanzi kunye nohlaza, inika iqondo eliphezulu lokuphefumla.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amaqumrhu amanzi amele alondolozwe ukuze kuphephe ukukhula kweealga kunye neengxaki zeengcongconi.

3. Amazwe akwindawo ehamba emanzini axhobisayo kunye nokulungisa

Imithi ye-turf eqhelekileyo ifuna umlinganiselo omkhulu wokunkcenkceshela kwaye inika inzuzo encinane enxulumene nokuphola okungalinganiyo, okungalinganiyo nokungalinganiyo kwamanzi. I-Xeriscaping-irferant, izityalo zomthonyama kunye nokunkcenkcelela okusebenzayo, kunye nemfuno yamanzi. "Ii-Las Vevans / inika ints ngexesha lokunika ukuphola. Kuloo zixeko zidityaniswe nakweyo ezifayiyo ezifana [[FLT] kunye nezityalo ezikhuselweyo eziboniswe ekuthobeni kobushushu obukwintlango obukwi-2-FFFFFFF].[FLT]

Iziphakamisi zamanzi zingadlala indima engundoqo ngokunikezela ngethala lamanzi, ukuphinda afakwe uhlahlo-hlelo lomthetho, kunye noncedo lobugcisa ngokuyila ukwakhiwa kwelizwe. Ukongeza, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ingafuna ukuba uphuhliso olutsha luquke ipesenti encinane ye-xeric conduit, ingakumbi kummandla oshushu.

4. Ulawulo lwamanzi adityanisiweyo kunye nenethwekhi yokupholisa

Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi nganye, izixeko zingazalisekisa izisombululo zesithili seslingani. iinkqubo zokupholisa ze-Diologian ezisebenzisa amanzi aphinda-phindiweyo okanye ukungcola okuhamba emanzini amdaka njengendawo epholisa izakhiwo zinganciphisa ubushushu obupholileyo obukhutshwa kwi-dolophana. Ngokufanayo, i-aquifer ther aright cool bugcina amandla [[AZIT]] [[FLT]] asebenzisa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ukugcina nokukhulula amandla ashushu, anika ukufudumala nokuphola. I-policis exhasa amalungelo amanzi okutshintsha ujikelezo lwendawo ejijojojo kunye nokuvuselela amanzi okufudula inqaba anokunyusa inzuzo.

Ulawulo lwamanzi anyibilikileyo lukwathetha ukudibanisa ukubanjwa kwamanzi oqhwithela ngobushushu. Amaqula okuthamba amanzi emvula, ukuba asetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela okanye ukuthambisa ngaphandle, ukwandisa ukufuma nokuphola kwasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo ze-grayter zinganika amanzi okuxhasa uhlaza oluluhlaza ngexesha lokoma, kuqinisekiswe ukuba izityalo nomhlaba zihlala zimanzi kwaye kupholile naxa kungekho mvula imvula ihlayo.

Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo nokuxhotyiswa koomatshini

Ukuguqulela inkqubo yamanzi kwinyani kufuna ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, inkxaso kawonke-wonke, kunye nenkxaso exhasiweyo. Ukufikelela okunempumelelo kubandakanya oku:

  • Imirhumo yezemali eluncedo enetyala - amadolobha amaninzi ahlawula izinto ezisekelwe kwindawo engangenwa yiyo. Ukubolekisa ngetyala lokufakelwa kwezixhobo eziluhlaza kunika intshukumisa yemali ecacileyo. Umzekelo, iPhiladelphia ityala umrhumo wesichotho kwaye ivumela izikwelo zophahla oluluhlaza, imiyezo yemvula, kunye nolwakhiwo lwesakhiwo, ukwandisa ngaphezu kwe-$40 ezigidi ngonyaka ukwenzela ukutyala okuluhlaza.
  • Ikhowudi yokwakha eluhlaza kunye nokubeka izalathiso ngaphezulu – ukutshintsha uphahla oluluhlaza okanye iimpawu zamanzi kwinkqubela-phambili entsha enkulu inokuba ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Umanyano lwePPPs oluzimeleyo – abaphuhlisi bangazahlula iindleko zolawulo lwamanzi oqhwithela ngokwakha iimpawu zamanzi kawonke-wonke okanye izithuba eziluhlaza ukwenzela ukutshintshisana ngeebhonasi zoxinaniso.
  • [[NTL: 0] amaqhina akwimiqobo kunye nempembelelo yemekobume amaqhina – amaTyele angakhupha iqhina ngokungqalileyo ukwenzela imisebenzi yezibonelelo eziluhlaza, kunye nezibuyiselo ezibotshelelwe kwiziphumo ezinokusetyenziswa njengeqondo lobushushu okanye umthamo wokukhupha.
  • Isicwangciso sezentengiselwano kunye nemeko zinika [ - Iinkqubo ezifana ne-Arhente yoKhuselo lwemekobume ye-U.S. ye-] Water Infractive and Resilience Action Plan [ kunye ne-European Union 's Confectiveation Programtection Programtection [] inikezela ngezimali zezisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo.
  • ukudibana komjelo kunye nofakelo lwe-common - i-Pricies ezimisela utyalo lwemali kwingeniso ephantsi kunye nobushushu obungakheka ngokulinganayo ngeli xesha upholisa isixeko. Ucwangciso lokuqeqesha uphahla oluluhlaza kunye nogcino longezelelo lwexabiso lezoqoqosho.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Izixeko Zikhokele

ILos Angeles, eKhalifoniya

Los Angeles ifumene ubushushu obukhulu kunye nembalela, inyanzelisa isixeko ukuba sifumane iPlaneyinginging [[FLT: 0] i-Urban edibanisa ulawulo lwamanzi. Isixeko sifuna zonke izakhiwo ezintsha ziquke uphahla olupholileyo (olumhlophe okanye olukhanyisayo) kwaye zinikela iindidi zokutshayelela ukutyala imithi kunye nezitiya zemvula. L.A. umgangatho woMlambo iRevitation[ iprojekthi yokubuyisela iikhilomitha ezingama-5 zomlambo kunye nendawo ehlala kuyo edaliweyo, isenza ipalikelele ehamba amanzi avuthuzayo. Kudala iziphumo zibonisa ukuhla kobushushu obubuyiselweyo.

I-Singapore

I-Singapore isoloko ichazwa njengemodeli yokudibanisa amanzi nobushushu. [[FLT:] Isebenza, Intle, Icocekile Amanzi [ABC Amanzi] inkqubo iguqula imeya zekonkrithi kwimijelo yendalo kunye namadama. I-iconic ilawula uphahla oluluhlaza lwendawo entsha yezindlu zikawonke wonke kwaye ifake i-100% s''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' isebenzisa isityalo samanzi samanzi kunye namanzi avulwelweyo ukufunxanisa ii-Superties kunye ne-fservatorss, idala imicliti epholileyo nakwimeko ezikwitropile. Isixeko-sichoko sikwaneengu-100% zibonise imbonakalo yamanzi e-Put-Chene.

IMelbourne, eOstreliya

Icebo lokulawula amanzi edolobheni iMelbourne Iqhinga leFowuthi kunye [FLT]] ne[FLT] eyintethayo icebo lokupholisa isixeko ngo-4°C ngo-2040. Isixeko sitshayele imithi engama-700,000 kwaye sisebenzisa amanzi avuthuzayo ukuwankcenkceshela ngexesha lehlobo elomileyo. Kukwafuneka ukuba zonke inkqubela ziphumele kwiprojekthi ezitsha ezisedolophini (WSSC) ezidiliya, ezidiliye zilungele imvula, kunye nokuvumba kwamanzi. [[FLT:] iPaki yeWet[FLD] [FLD] [FLD]

ICopenhagen, eDenmark

Emva kwelifu elikhulu e-20, Copenhagen yalungisa inkqubo yayo yokuthambisa amanzi obushushu ngemiqathango engqondweni. Isicwangciso soLawulo lwe-Coluburbrest siguqula izitrato, izikweri, kunye neepaki zibe zizitya zokuhlambela zamanzi zokwexeshana ezisebenza njengendawo yokupholisa uwonke. Izindlu ezifana i-Engablen igcina iimitha ze-kyubhikhithi, ngelixa umphezulu wamanzi kunye nolwandle okuthe tyaba zinciphisa ubushushu basekuhlaleni ngexesha lobushushu bobushushu bobushushu. Isixeko sisebenzisa umxube wophahla oluhlaza, kunye namachibi amatsha kwimimandla yaso.

Ucelomngeni Nokucingwa

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yamanzi isondela kwiUHI ithembisa, ucelomngeni oluninzi kufuneka lucocwe:

  • [[UMHLA] Indlala ye- – Kwimimandla eyomileyo, ukusebenzisa amanzi ukupholisa makulungelelaniswe nolondolozo. Ipolitiki kufuneka imisele imithombo yamanzi engangeni ngendawo efana namanzi aqhotyoshelweyo, amanzi angwevu, kunye namanzi atshayelweyo.
  • Umthwalo ongundoqo – izibonelelo eziluhlaza kunye neempawu zamanzi zifuna ukuqhubekeka. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali enikezelweyo kunye nomthamo kamasipala, iinkqubo zingasilela, ezikhokelela ekuqhambukeni kweengcongconi okanye ekukhukuliseni.
  • I-enzame eziguquguqukayo – imbalela egqithisileyo okanye imvula eninzi ingacinezela iinkqubo zendalo kunye nezijijelwayo. Izicwangciso ezinokusebenza ngokuguqukayo phantsi koludwe lweemeko zibalulekile.
  • Inkxalabo ezithe tye - iingenelo zokupholisa ezisoloko zifumaneka kwimimandla etyebileyo kuqala. Ipolitiki kufuneka ijolise ngabom kurhwebo olushushu lwamaqela ukuze iphephe ukwandisa izahlukano ezikhoyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] imiqobo yomthetho kunye nemithetho-siseko - amalungelo amanzi, intsebenziswano enqamlezayo ekwandiseni (umz., izinto eziluncedo emanzini, amasebe epaki, amasebe okucwangcisa) kunye nemithetho ephelelwe lixesha ingacotha ukuzalisekisa. Amandla omkhosi avumela kunye nokulungelelanisa umsebenzi anganceda.

Icala

Njengoko imozulu isanda, imfuneko yokukhutshwa kwe-UHI ngokunempumelelo iya kukhula kuphela. Iziphumo zokuqalisa ukudibana ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ucwangciso-mabala-olwenziwe nge- – Isebenzisa i-tellite yomzobo wobushushu, i-IoT, kunye nemo yemozulu ukuchonga i-hotsps kunye nongenelelo lwexhoba. Izixeko ezifana IMaiami-Dade County[ ngoku isebenzisa ukuthambeka kobushushu ukudiza ukukhokela inkxaso yemali.
  • Iinethwekhi zezibonelelo eziluhlaza-luhlaza – zidibanisa uphahla oluluhlaza, iipaki, iindawo ezingamaxhadi, kunye nemizimba yamanzi eziqhubekayo zinyusa iziphumo zokuphola kwaye zinika indawo yokuhlala yokunxulumana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abaphathi abasebenzayo --Ukwenza iinkqubo zamanzi njengovavanyo olusetyenziswayo, ngokuhlola kunye nokulungisa okusekelwe kwiziphumo ezijongiweyo.
  • Ikomyunithi ye- – Abahlali abajikelezayo kuyilo lweempawu zamanzi kunye nezithuba eziluhlaza baqinisekisa ukuba izithethe kunye nobuphathi bexesha elide.
  • [[NTLA:0] Udibaniso ngezenzo zobushushu – inkqubo yamanzi kufuneka ilungelelaniswe nezilumkiso zempilo kawonke-wonke, iindawo zokupholisa, kunye nokungena kubemi be-riski ngexesha lamaza obushushu.

Isiphelo

Iziqithi ezishushu zasedolobheni lucelomngeni olucinezelayo lwemekobume kunye nezempilo kawonke-wonke, kodwa inkqubo yamanzi inika inkxaso esebenzayo, izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo. Ngokukhuthaza izibonelelo eziluhlaza, ukukhuthaza imimandla yamanzi angasebenzi kakuhle, nokudibanisa ulawulo lwamanzi kwimiqathango yesithili kunye namanzi ashushu, amadolobha anganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo amaqondo obushushu ngexesha elinye, umgangatho womoya, nobunjani bobomi. Uphando lweLos Angeles, iMelbourne, neCopenhagenhavie lubonisa ukuba ezi ndlela azikho kuphela kodwa zibangela ingeniso eninzi, kodwa zinyusa inzuzo yexesha elide xa zithenjiwe. Abenzi bemiqatha kunye namaplani kufuneka basebenzise i-inshorensive, abasebenzisanayo ngoku, ngoku, ukususa imiqobo, kunye nokwenziwa kwangaphambi kokulawula kwe-Rhoverse.[3]