Ukuqonda Ukwahlukana Kwamandla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya yimfundiso yokwakha eyahlula igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Ngokwahlulahlula iimbopheleleko, le nkqubo yenza isakhiwo apho isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngokwalo lisebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngoxa lihlala linetyala kwamanye. Le ndlela isekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba amandla aphambili akhokelela kubuzwilakhe, kwaye inkululeko igcinwe kakuhle xa kusenziwa umthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, kunye nokucaciswa komthetho kugcinwa ngamaziko ahlukeneyo. Imodeli esesikweni isenza urhulumente abe ngamasebe amathathu: i-ogractical, impant, isebe ngalinye eliphethe ikomiti, amalungu, kunye namandla.

Nangona ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kudumile kakhulu kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, imigaqo yayo iye yamkelwa yaza yalungelelaniswa yidemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele. Le ngcamango asiyongcamango nje engqinelanayo; yinkqubo esebenzisekayo enyanzela intsebenziswano, incoko, kunye nokulalanisa phakathi kwamaziko ahlukeneyo egunya. Kubahlali, bayayiqonda indlela la masebe adibana ngayo ` kwaye ngamanye amaxesha axabana ```abalulekile ukuqonda ukuba amalungelo abo akhuselwa njani kwaye urhulumente usabela njani ekufuneni kukawonke-wonke.

Isebe Elinomthetho: Ukuyila Umthetho Nomelo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisebenza ngokuyila, ukutshintsha, nokulungisa imithetho. E-United States, eli gunya lixhomekeke kwiNgqungquthela, iqumrhu le-bimeral eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeNdlu. Esi sakhiwo se-camber sasingulwano lwamabhongo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwaye sisebenza njengovavanyo lwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo. Indlu, enomelo olusekelwe kubemi, yenzelwe ukuba isondelelene nabantu kwaye inamandla apheleleyo okusungula iindleko zemali. IBhathe, enomelo olulinganayo lwephondo ngalinye, lunika impembelelo epholileyo, epholileyo kwaye lubamba igunya kwisivumelwano sokwenziwa kwemithetho-ratting kunye nokumiswa komongameli.

Ngaphezu kokubekwa komthetho, isebe lowiso-mthetho libonakalisa ukujongana nokugxeka kwesebe eliphetheyo. Ngezokuva, uphando, namandla engxowa-mali, iKhomishini ingahlolisisa izenzo zolawulo, inyanzelise ukuphenduliswa, imisele inkxaso-mali kwiinkqubo elizichasayo. Amandla okungaphembelela abekwe eNdlungwini kwaye avavanywe yiBhunga-magqeba (iyenza ihlole inkqubo yezolawulo oluphezulu nezokusasaza igunya. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuphikisana okunamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kunokuthanda kwenkokeli enye. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, njengamandla oManyene, ukudityaniswa kwamandla olawulo nomthetho-orhulumente kufuneka ikhuselekile, kodwa imbono engundoqo yokusasa igunya ihlala injalo.

Ukuqhelisela Ukuzifica NgokwaseBhayiseli

IBhameralism, ulwahlulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho lube ngamagumbi amabini, luphawu olungundoqo lokwahlula amagunya. Inyanzelisa ukuba kucetywe imithetho yokucacisa imiqobo emibini eyahlukeneyo, nganye inemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Indlu yabameli, kunye namagama ayo eminyaka emibini, ilula ngakumbi ukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ngoxa amagama exesha leminyaka emithandathu yeBhunga anika inkqubela phambili kwaye athatha ixesha elide. Eli lungiselelo linciphisa inkqubo yomthetho womthetho, lithintela okanye lithintele ukungxamiseka okanye umthetho onzima. Ikwakhuthaza ukulalanisa, njengoko omabini amagumbi emele avumelane ngolwimi olufanayo phambi komthetho omthetho obhaliweyo. Ngelinye ixesha agxekwa njengomntu owe-entiliti, i-biralism ikhuselwe nge-proplueveant.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Unyanzeliso nolawulo

Isebe elilawulayo lijongene nokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eliphethwe ngumongameli kwiinkqubo zobumongameli, isebe eliphetheyo liquka isekela lomongameli, ikhabhinethi, kunye nobuninzi bamasebe karhulumente. Umongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente, intloko-ntloko, umphathi-mikhosi exhobileyo, ephethe igunya elibalulekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zelizwe.

Ukukhusela umphathi onegunya ukuba angabi namandla kakhulu, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubeke imida. Ingqungquthela kufuneka igunyazise ukuxhaswa kwemali kwiinkalo zolawulo oluphezulu, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka iqinisekise ukubekwa kwee-ofisi ezininzi. Ijaji yegunya ingahlola izenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko kwaye ingakhupha imiyalelo egqitha igunya lomthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko. Isisongelo sokungathobeli sikwalele kwigunya lolawulo oluphezulu, iqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kakubi okunzulu komthetho kusenokungaqukwa. Ngaphandle koko, uvavanyo oluphezulu lwale sebe langoku luye lwakhula kakhulu ngokomlinganiselo nangomlinganiselo, lungaqhushukumi, luqalisa impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nokungalawuleki kwemithetho ephakamileyo nemfuneko engakumbi. Kwi-democracrackity, iziko ezininzi, iziko ezizimele zokhuseleko kunye neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni zoluntu ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqhubeke ulawulo-mthetho lungacalucalucalucalucalucalucalu-lucalucalu-lulo.

Indima yeKhabhinethi neyoManyano

Iqumrhu, eliyilwe ngoonobhala abaphambili kumasebe aphetheyo, licebisa umongameli lize liphumeze inkqubo ethile kwiindawo ezithile ezinjengokukhusela, ukulondoloza imali, kunye nempilo. La masebe ngawawo ngokwawo alawulayo alawula imithetho esetyenziswa ngemigaqo, ukuhlolwa, kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kufuneka ukuba abathunywa abanjalo bahambisane nemiqathango ecacileyo yemithetho kunye nemiqathango elungele ukuchongwa kwemithetho.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Nokugwetywa

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye lisebenzisa okusesikweni. EUnited States, ijaji yesizwe ikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, enesiphelo sentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo zisingatha amatyala amakhulu, kuquka iimbambano zamakhaya, amatyala, kunye nemingeni kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Eli gunya lejaji liyenza isebe lejaji libe ligosa-qhinga eliphetheyo.

ABagwebi benkqubo karhulumente bamiselwe ubomi, phantsi kokuziphatha okuhle, okubakhuselayo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye kubavumela ukuba bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakuluvo oluqhelekileyo. Le nkululeko ibalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu nokuxhasa umthetho. Noko ke, indima yejaji ayinakubekwa ngomqathango; ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukunyanzelisa imithetho yayo kwaye iyakwazi ukugqiba ngeemeko ezikhoyo okanye iimpikiswano. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kulondoloza umlinganiselo ongowona ubalulekileyo: ijajingalulo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokuxhasa umthetho, kodwa ayinakuqalisa okanye iphumeze imicimbi yayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa intsebenziswano yesebe eliphetheyo.

Iingqinipho nolungelelwano: Ubuchule Bokulawulana

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano zizixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezenza ukuba isebe ngalinye likwazi ukuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla awaphelelanga kwingqungquthela yalo. Umongameli uyakwazi ukumisela umthetho weveto, kodwa iKhomishini ingawulawula umgangatho ongaphezulu kunye nama-3-3 abaninzi kuzo zombini iigumbi. IBhunga kufuneka liqinisekise ukumiselwa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-rayftive, inika iziqhobosho ezithe ngqo kwigunya lolawulo lolawulo. Ijajidicaria iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ezingagunyazizo, kodwa umongameli omisela abagwebi kunye neNxatyiso-mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba zingqinelane, ngoxa iBhunganelo-mthetho nezivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho-siseko linokuguqula ukunikezelwa kwemithetho.

Ezinye iingqikelelo ziquka amandla okungacengi, amandla owiso-mthetho engxowa-mali, nendima yomphathi-mandla njengegosa eliyintloko, elimisela ukulawulwa kombutho-ngqungquthela kwimisebenzi yomkhosi. Le nkqubo ikwabonakalisa uhlolo olungacwangciswanga, njengoluvo lukawonke-wonke, uphando lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo, kunye namaqela ezobupolitika, anokuthi athintele ukuqhatha naxa inkqubo esesikweni ingaqali. Le nkqubo yokuhlola ibangela ukuphakama okunamandla apho isebe ngalinye limele linxibelelane kwaye lisebenzisane neenjongo zalo. Umzekelo, umgaqo wesigqeba-mali kamongameli unokuba noluvo lwawongaluvo, kwaye ukuba uhlaze, iBhunga lungawudlulisa umthetho othetha inkxalabo yenkundla. Le nkqubo yokuzinzisa.

Imizekelo Ebonisa Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

  • I-Veto Police: uMongameli uAndrew Johnson's we-veto ye-Cuvil Rights Act ka-1866 wayengachaziwe yiBhunga, ebonisa ubungangamsha bowiso-mthetho phambi kokuchaswa kwegunya eliphetheyo.
  • [[NTLALA: 0] Impinda yeJodicial:[ Kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabethelela imithetho elawula ubuhlanga, imongamele yombini iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nezolawulo ezixhase i-paramente.
  • Unikezelo: iiNkokeli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke bajamelana neengxoxo ezingeyonyaniso, ebonisa amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okugcina umphathi onegunya ebeke ityala ngokuxhatshazwa.
  • Iziqinisekiso zedabi: Ukuchaswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo eninzi kwimbali yonke kwadala ulungelelwano lwengqiqo yejaji.

Imeko Yembali: Ukusuka Ekukhanyiselweni Ukuya EmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

Imvelaphi yokwahlulwa kwamagunya ikwi-Expression, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu kaBaron de Montesquieu. Umoya woMthetho (1748]), iMontesquieu yaphikisa ukuba inkululeko inokuba ikhuseleke kuphela ukuba umthetho wesigqeba, onegunya, kunye namagunya okwahlulela agcinwa ahlukene. Iingcamango zakhe zabunjwe yisifundo sakhe somgaqo-siseko weBritane, awathi wawancoma ngorhulumente wayo oxubeneyo, nangona wabhibhida ezinye iinka ezithile. I-Melika, ingakumbi uJames Magnesson noAlexanders Hamilk, zaphenjelelwa kakhulu nguMontesquieu. Kulo lwamasebe athenjiweyo, naliphi naliphi na isebe elitsha. [FLD:]

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. we-1787 wasebenzisa le migaqo ngokudala amasebe amathathu alinganayo anendima ezahlukeneyo kunye namagunya angenanayo. Abafaki-nkqubo bakuphepha ngabom ukwahlukana okunyulu, beqonda ukuba ulwahlulo olupheleleyo lungasebenzeki. Endaweni yoko, badibanisa amagunya `ii-veto', icebiso kunye nemvume yeNdlu yeeNtsimi, icebo lobomi bamasebe eGawulayo, okanye ukuyila inkqubo apho amasebe anokuhlolana khona. Kwiinkulungwane, esi siseko siye savela ngokuqheliselana, imizekelo, isiseko somongameli, kodwa ezinye izicwangciso zesiseko sihlala sihleli singenabucala. Ezinye ii-democracticism, njengeFransi phantsi koMthetho-5 kunye noMthetho-Oqinile waseJamani, zikho ukutshintsha ngendlela ebonakalisa ngayo imbali nemeko yezobupolitika.

Iingenelo Zokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunika iingenelo ezinzulu ngaphandle kokuthintela ulawulo. Okokuqala, kukhuthaza ukukhuselwa nokucokiseka ekulungiseni umthetho. Ngenxa yokuba irejista kufuneka ihambe kumagumbi amaninzi kwaye iphile kwi-modeli, kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba iqwalaselwe ngenyameko kwaye ibonakaliswe imvume ebanzi. Okokugqibela, [[FLT:] ikhusela amalungelo ngamanye [ ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ithile enokuthi ingakwazi ukumisela inkululeko ngokulula; umthetho ocinezelayo unakho ukudluliselwa yiBhunga okanye uphazanyiswe yinkundla. [FLT:]

Ukongezelela, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuyakhuthaza ukuthotywa kunye nokulalanisa. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo amele asebenzisane namasebe mancinane anokusukela iinkqubo ezigabadeleyo ezingekho nkxaso. Inkqubo ikwanikezela [ ukusebenziseka [ ngokuthintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo olunokuyonakalisa uqoqosho okanye ilaphu lentlalo. Kumaxesha engxaki, ukuxilonga kwendlela eyakhelwe kwinkqubo kungacotha imicimbi engxamisekileyo, ivumele ukuba ingxubukiso nocaciso. Ngexa oku kukhe kukhokelela kwi-gridro, kukwaqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingundoqo azikwenziwa ngumntu omnye okanye amaqela angavavanywanga.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kujongene neengxaki ezininzi zexesha elinye. Parisan Charative ingenza i-griplock yowiso-mthetho, apho iBhunga lisilela ukwenza umsebenzi kwimibandela ecinezelweyo, linyanzelisa umphathi onegunya ukuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yegunya kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo ukumisela inkqubo. Oku kutshintsha kungenza umahluko phakathi komthetho nokugcinwa komthetho, ukuphakamisa inkxakeko malunga nempatho yempatho yempatho. Ngokufanayo, isenzo sobugqeba somthetho ] apho iinkundla zichaza umGaqo-siseko ngeendlela ezibona ukwenziwa ngabanye njengomthetho omtsha kunokutolika umthetho okhoyo, ukupheka izityholo ezithiweyo ezithiweyo ezithiweyo zirhwanga igunya lomthetho.

Olunye ucelomngeni lululo olukhulayo lwezwe lolawulo. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo anjengendawo yokusingiseleko yezokhuseleko okanye i-Secreties kunye neKhomishini yokuSebenza yoMsebenzi wezomthetho, i-Exchange, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba ngeendlela ezingangeni kakuhle kwimodeli ezintathu ze-branch. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukuqokelelwa kwamandla angacaciswanga kwi-bugrafini kunciphisa ukubuyiselwa koxanduva kunye nolwahlulo lwamandla. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxakeka kule mbambano ebandakanya imfundiso engeyo kunye namandla okususwa kweentloko zeziko. Ngokubhekele phakath'ukunyuka, ukunyuka kwexesha lokuhlola, ukuququluphala. [FLT:] kunye nemiyalelo yokhuseleko oluphakathi kolawulo lwe-FLT: [FFFF]

Ekugqibeleni, ukwenziwa kwengqungquthela kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zingenza kube nzima ukwahlukana kwamandla. Xa izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zibeka iUnited States kwiinkqubo ezithile, zinganyanzela imigaqo-mthetho yasekhaya kunye nokwenza isigqibo somthetho. Ukudibanisa phakathi korhulumente norhulumente kongeza olunye umaleko wobuntlola, njengoko imimiselo karhulumente ibonakalisa ukwahlukana kolawulo lwamandla kodwa isenokunika igunya ngokwahlukileyo. Nganye kwezi ngxaki zifuna ukuphaphaphamisa kwaye, maxa wambi, utshintsho lokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukuba injongo yokuqala yokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa akulahlekanga.

Umahluko Okhoyo Ehlabathini Lonke: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kwinkqubo Ezahlukeneyo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akungomzekelo omnye-olinganayo. kwiinkqubo zobuchule obukhoyo, njengaleyo eseUnited Kingdom, Canada, nase Indiya, umphathi onegunya ukhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye unokususwa ngevoti engenantembelo. Oku kudityaniswa kwamandla kwenza urhulumente onamandla ngakumbi kodwa kufuna ezinye iindlela zokuhlola, ezinjengejiko olunamandla nomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo onamalungelo aqinileyo. imi-preidmi] e-presesssssss [[Foct:3], njengolawulo lwe-Folf5, umongameli onyuliweyo kunye nomphathiswayo, ukudala i-palamentellime, ukudala ulawulo olunolwahlukeneyo olunolwahlulayo "ulawulo olunolwahlulo olunolwayo" xa kulawula amaqela e-mthetho-ogne.

Kwinkqubo zogunyaziso, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusoloko kusesikweni. UmGaqo-siseko ungadwelisa amasebe amathathu, kodwa ekusebenzeni amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye iqela, kwaye iinkundla kunye nemithetho yowiso-mthetho zisebenza njengezitampu zerabha. Ukuthelekisa ezi nkqubo zibalaselisa indlela ulwahlulo lwamagunya olungeyolungiselelo lokwakha nje kodwa umkhwa ophilayo oxhomekeke kwimpucuko yezobupolitika, kumthetho, kunye namaziko azimeleyo. Umgangatho wesizwe ehlabathini lonke uyaqhubeka ucombulula ii-checkss kunye nolungelelwaniso lwazo ezintsha, ukusuka ekuchongeni ulawulo lwezigciko lweziquququ ukuze kuphelwe iiprojekthi ezijonge ukuphelisa ukuthemba okukhoyo kwimibutho.

Uqukumbela: Ukulondoloza ungqinelwano

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusengundoqo wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Ngokwahlula igunya phakathi kwemithetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye namasebe ejaji, kuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekunikezeleni amandla okunikela ingqalelo nokuyisebenzisa kakubi. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisa ngakumbi olu khuseleko, iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye linokuba netyala kwabanye. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuye kwabonakala kunamandla anamandla ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko ngoxa kulondoloza injongo yalo. Abemi abaqonda le nkqubo baxhotyiswe kakuhle ukuqaphela izisongelo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi nokufuna ukuba iinkokeli zabo zihlonele imidalingo yomgaqo-siseko.

Njengoko imingeni inyuka kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu — ukusuka ekuhlalisweni kwemimandla ukuya kulawulo lwehlabathi lwengcinezelo , kwaye, apho kuyimfuneko khona, ihlaziywa. Injongo ihlala injalo: ukukhusela nokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya likarhulumente. Ngokufunda okudlulileyo nokubandakanyeka kwintetho kawonke-wonke, singaqinisekisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuqhubeke kuphumeza indima yawo ebalulekileyo kuluntu lwaseluqulwini lwedemokhrasi. Kuninzi uhlalutyo, abafundi bangahlola .S. umGaqo-siseko kwiNational Archives[FLT:[FL:1]], [FLT] [FLT2]] [FULT]][FULT][FUT][FUT][3]