Isiseko Solawulo Olufanelekileyo EMerika

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukuqina kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-United States, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwangabom okulungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya kunye nokukhusela inkululeko. Lo mgaqo wahlula amandla karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo,-legisidi, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nekomiti yokugweba (ukubekwa koxanduva olwahlukileyo, kwaye okubhekele kuqinisekiswe ukuba la masebe angahlolana. Le nkqubo ihlala ibalulekile njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje [[FLT: 0]] umgangatho we-FEderalist nokhuseleko lwabemi baseMelika. [5], , [FLT]] Imfumba ekufuneka yenziwe ukuze kuphelwe inkanuko.] Le nkqubo ihlala ibalulekile njengoko yayinjalo namhlanje ngo1787, isenza isityalo solawulo-demokhrasitiki ye-Melikan

Imvelaphi Yembali Neyolwimi

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente ayizange ivele kubaseki baseMerika. Umnombo wayo wobulumko ubuyela emva kwiGrisi yamandulo neRoma, kodwa eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo yavela kuMthandi wezolwazi wesiFrentshi okhanyiselweyo uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka li-1748 Umoya woMthetho [, Montesquieu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezobupolitika ifuna ukuba amandla afanele aqinisekise amandla. Waqinisekisa ukuba xa uGunyaziso, isigqe, kunye namandla okugweba adiweyo, okanye isigqeba, kulandele ubuzwila.

Ezi ngcamango zavakala kakhulu kuma-America asebenza kwisebe elinye, aye akubone oko ayekugqala njengokuphambana kweBritane kunye nePalamente. Emva kokuphumelela uzimele, amazwana amatsha avavanywa ngezikhulu ezibuthathaka kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho ezomeleleyo phantsi kweMigaqo yokuNceda-okanye . kodwa afumana ukuba amandla okunikela ingqalelo kwisebe elinye nawo adala isiphithiphithiphithi kwaye angafezeki. IConven yoMgatho-siseko ka-waka ka-1787 yayizimisele ukuseka urhulumente olungeleleneyo owathi waphepha ubuzwilanisi bokumkani kunye nokungalawuleki kwendlu yowiso.

Izilawuli ’ Ushicilelo oluluhlaza

Abathunywa abaya kwiNdibano, kuquka uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington, bayila ngenyameko inkqubo yokuhamba ngenqanawa. Bazoba kwiMontesquieu kodwa bongeza ulwahlulo olucacileyo lwaseMelika: inkqubo enzima yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso eyanika isebe ngalinye iindlela zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. [Ku umgangatho ka-Faceralist No., uMadison wakhusela ulwahlulo ngokubonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwamandla kwakungathethi ukuba ukungabikho komntu omnye , yayifuna i-antlukelo olunolwahlulo ukuze isebe ngalinye likhusele ummandla walo.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amandla asemthethweni abekwa kwiBhunga le-bimeral, neNdlu emele abantu kunye neBhunga leNtsimbi elimela amaphondo.
  • Amandla asebenzayo aphathiswa uMongameli omnye, okwaziyo ukwenza ngokunyulu kodwa ophantsi kwemiqathango yowiso-mthetho neyomthetho.
  • Amandla enkonzo [[FUT: 0] anikwa ijaji ezimeleyo, abagwebi bephethe isikhundla ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle.

Esi sakhiwo sasingesosangcinga nje. Abalawuli benza ngabom isebe ngalinye libe netyala ngokwezobupolitika: iNdlu ngqo kubavoti, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuqaleni ukuba imisele yowiso-mthetho, uMongameli kwiElectoral College, kunye nejaji kwiSigqeba somGaqo-siseko ngokwaso.

Amasebe Amathathu Anzulu

Isebe loMthetho: iBhunga njengeSebe lokuqala

Inqaku leSigqeba I limisa iBhunga njengequmrhu lokwenza umthetho. Lahlulwe labangamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli (umelo lwepropati, enamalungu angama- 435) kunye neCathenal (umelo olulinganayo, eneziqu ezibini kwiphondo ngalinye). Esi sakhiwo se-biadral sasingulwahlulo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, kodwa kwakhona sisebenza njengovavanyo lwangaphakathi/umthetho kufuneka udlulise zombini izindlu ngokwemo ofanayo phambi kokuba zibe ngumthetho.

Ingqungquthela ibala amandla, kuquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwelizwe, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa imikhosi, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Phantsi kwe-Idict ne-Claus Efanelekileyo (Icandelo 8, Claus 18), iKhomishini ingenza yonke imithetho eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo [[[FLT:]] yokuthwala amandla ayo adwelisweyo.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Ingcebiso Ngequmrhu

  • Ingqungquthela iphanda izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva kunye neepopona.
  • Imithetho-siseko: Indlu ingamtyumba uMongameli, abagwebi, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente ee- Isizathu, Isinyobo, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye nezisemgqomeni. Indlu yendlu ibamba ityala ukuvalela ityala okanye ukukhulula.
  • I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: Indlu yeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli weKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe, kunye noonozakuzaku, kwaye ivumela izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • [[UMTL:0]Control yePulese: iKongress iyodwa efanelekileyo imali(*) akukho mali inokuchithwa kuTshelo lweNdawo ngaphandle komthetho.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: uMongameli noLawulo

Inqaku lesibini levestis igunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza igama elineminyaka emine ecaleni koMongameli onguMongameli. UMongameli uyintloko karhulumente, umphathi-mikhosi kwintloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye ujongene noxanduva lokuba iMithetho ibulawe ngokuthembekileyo. Isebe eliphetheyo liquka iNdlu yeMpu emhlophe, amasebe eKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi azimeleyo asebenza iinkqubo zorhulumente.

UMongameli ’ amagunya aquka ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, izivumelwano (eziya kuthotyelwa yiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso), ukuxolela amatyala karhulumente, nokukhupha izigwebo zenkundla ephakamileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umlinganiselo wegunya elilawulayo uye wakhula (ngokungafaniyo kwimicimbi yangaphandle nakukhuseleko lwesizwe). Noko ke, inkqubo yokuhlola iqinisekisa ukuba amandla omongameli akaze apheleli ngokupheleleyo.

Amagqabantshintshi Kumphathi

  • I-Veto Engasebenzisiyo: Congress zingayigqitha iveto engumongameli ngesibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Izibopho ezinkulu zifuna imvume yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi (ukuba iNdlela yokusebenza iyala umtyunjwa, umongameli makakhethe omnye.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphulo: Oomongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump kabini) baye baphenjelelwa yindlu; uRichard Nixon warhoxiswa phambi kokuba angayityisi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impinda yeJudicial: Iinkundla zingabetha izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla okulawula entengiso: Ingqungquthela ingawasusa amanyathelo okulawula akhatyiweyo ayichasayo.

Isebe Lejaji: ISihlabo Esizimeleyo

Inqaku III lidala iNkundla ePhakamileyo lize livumele iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba imisele iinkundla ezisezantsi. Abagwebi boManyano bakwizikhundla zabo ngexesha ithetha ubomi obulungileyo, ithetha ubomi ngaphandle kokuba icetyisiwe kwaye igwetyiwe. Le nkululeko yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bangagqiba amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakumGaqo-siseko, hayi kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko kwamanye amasebe.

Ijudiary ’ umsebenzi ophambili kukuchaza imithetho kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Esona sixhobo sinamandla singulo [[FLT: 0] uhlolo olukwiziko lomthetho . . ligunya lokuvakalisa izenzo zeBhunga okanye isebe eliphetheyo elingavumelaniyo. Eli gunya alibhalwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lamiselwa ngumzekelo wembali [FLT:] [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [183]). IJastic Marshay Mars yavakalisa ukuba ilo lilo liphondo nomsebenzi wesebe lokugweba lomthetho uthetha oko kuthethwa ngumthetho.[FLT:] [FFF]

Ukuzimela - geqe Kwezogwebo Nemida Yako

  • [[UMTL:0] ISindululo kunye noQinisekiso lweNdlu yeQela: uMongameli umisa abagwebi, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iyabaqinisekisa,/ukuvelisa icebo lentlabathi yezobupolitika.
  • Ulawulo lomthetho-siseko we Juriscion: Ingqungquthela ingachaza kwaye ibeke umda wolawulo lwetyala eliPhakamileyo (ngokungaxhomekeki komGaqo-siseko).
  • Isiphumo: [ Abagwebi bangasuswa kwinkqubo efanayo yokunganyuki njengoMongameli, nangona inqabile kakhulu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ingcebiso kuMphathiswa: Ijaji ayinawo amandla okunyanzelisa imithetho yayo; ixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukuphumeza imiyalelo yenkundla.

Iindlela kunye nolwamkelo kwi misebenzi: Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyonto nje ecingelwayo; isebenza imihla ngemihla kubomi belizwe. Qwalasela ezi meko zembali nezexesha langoku:

Amandla Eveto Nemida Yawo

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhupha amatyala angama-635 ngexesha lobungangamsha bakhe, obona bukhulu bawo nawuphi na umphathi oyintloko. Noko ke, iKhomishini ingaphezulu kakhulu ngu 9 kuphela kwezo zivetoes. Ngokwahlukileyo, uMongameli Gerald Ford vhato wakhupha amatyala angama-6 kwaye waba ngu-12 kangangomaxesha, ebonisa ukuba xa iBhunga linokuthanda kolawulo olwaneleyo, lingakoyisa ukuxhathisa kwegunyaziso. I-veto ngokwayo inguvavanyo olungalunganga, kodwa isisongelo sokuzikhulula sidala igxaso esinelisayo eso mithetho yemithetho elawulayo.

Impinda yogwebo: [[UMTL: 0] Morbury kwaye Ngaphaya

Ngaphandle [-Marbury v. Madison, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabetha phantsi amakhulu emithetho yesizwe neyombuso. Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], iNkundla yavakalisa ukuma kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ukurhoxa kwesizwe, ukugatya isebe lowiso lwemithetho-mthetho ̱ ukuvunywa kwangaphambili kwemvume yamaziko awohlukeneyo. [[FLT]] United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [5] [10], uMongameli onyanzelwe yinkundla u-197], uGempetho lwezomthetho onyanzelweyo, ukugatya kwakhe ilungelo elipheleleyo lolawulo lwezomthetho-ogqalise. [VT] [5]

Isiqinisekiso: Uphando Olupheleleyo

Ukuququzelela ngumGaqo-siseko ’ ukhetho lwenyukliya ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya okanye kokugweba. Le ndlu iye yawacenga amagosa karhulumente kwizihlandlo ezininzi, kodwa ngoomongameli abathathu kuphela abatyunjwayo baza bavavanywa kwiBhunga: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (209 kunye no-2021). Akukho nanye eyagwetywayo ``Indlu yeBhathenti''') eyasilela ukufikelela kumda wesibini-3. Noko ke inkqubo isebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla nendlela yokuziphendulela uwonke wonke.

Imiyalelo yegunya neNkqutyana

Abalawuli basoloko besebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli ukufikelela iinjongo zabo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama ̱ uKhuseleko lweNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBuntwana (DACA) inkqubo yolo cwangciso yasinda kwiingxaki ezininzi ezisemthethweni, kodwa yaxhobisa iNgqungquthela ukuba iqwalasele utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko wokufuduka. UMongameli Donald Trump Ù ukuhamba kwacetyiswa kwaza kwaxhaswa ngokungentla yiNkundla ePhakamileyo .[FLTM] v. Hawaii[FLTY:1] (2017]). (2017). Umongameli uJoe Biden Ù ucwangciso lokuhlawulela abafundi lokuxolela lwasohlwaywa yiNku.BBB.[FLP]

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubalulekile

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukulondolozwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokusasaza amandla kumaziko amaninzi, inkqubo yenza kube nzima nakweliphi na iqela okanye uninzi ukuba lunyanzele ukuba lumisele ngokwalo. IBhili yamaLungelo //iIziphetho zokuqala zeshumi, zidibanisa ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olufana nenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, kodwa loo malungelo awanawo amandla ombane ngaphandle kweenkundla ezizimeleyo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho emele idlulisele imithetho ngokucace.

Abemi bangacell ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente kwinkundla karhulumente. Ukuba umthetho waphula umGaqo-siseko, ijaji isenokuwuphelisa. Ukuba ulawulo oluphezulu lusebenzisa kakubi igunya lalo, iinkundla zinganika imiqathango emiselweyo. Le nkqubo inika amathuba amaninzi okulungisa, ukusuka ekuvoteleni abameli abatsha ukuya kwiNgqungquthela yokucela izingxengxezo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula nokukhupha ityala

Isebe ngalinye linezikhuthazo zokubukela amanye. Iindlebe zolawulo lombutho-mthetho zibhenca amanyathelo aphezulu; amajelo eendaba afihla zombini; kwaye uwonke-wonke unokuvota amalungu eBhunga okanye uMongameli. Oku kuvela kwakhiwe kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Imfuneko yokuba zombini izindlu zeBhunga zivumelane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho unyanzeleke kwaye uvumelane.

Ngaphezu koko, ulwahlulo lwamandla lucotha phantsi ukwenza isigqibo ngokungxama. Njengoko uAlexander Hamilton waphikisayo kunombolo enguNo. 73, amandla eveto anceda ukumiswa kwemithetho esekelwe kwimposiso zokwexeshana. Le ndlela yokuyila ingumqondiso, hayi isiphene.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Nangona sele kudlule iinkulungwane ezimbini, kunzima ukuqonda ezi ngxaki ukuze silondoloze le nkqubo.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kolawulo oluPhezulu nokukhula koBurhulumente boLawulo

Ukukhula kwequmrhu lesizwe kusibekele mfiliba imigca phakathi kwamasebe. Amasebe azimeleyo anjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), amagunya eeNzalo ne-Exchange (SEC), kunye neFederal Reserve Cevolution i-quasi-legistive (ulawulo), i-quasi-extive (ulawulo), kunye ne-quafisi-judicial (ukhuselo lokhuseleko), aphikisa ukuba oku kusebenza phakathi koomeli kuchasene nolwahlulo lokuqala lweziko. Inkundla ephakamileyo ityhalela emva kwiimeko ezifana [[FT:].[5] i-ithroffias. [up] inkcelo yoncedo oluphezulu, i-Chadroupt processionstions processionertiesties proces proces [f]][5]

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Iparisan polantification iyakwazi ukuguqula inkqubo i’ ihlola iincam ezisebenza kakuhle zokulawula. Xa elinye iqela lilawula iNdlu emhlophe kunye nenye elawula iKhomishini, iziphumo zemithetho-mthetho zisoloko zivala. Inkqubo yoqinisekiso yabagwebi kunye namasebe aphetheyo i-mineine ibanengxabano engapheliyo, kunye nezinye iinyanga okanye iminyaka elindileyo ukwenzela ukuvota. Le rock iphazamisa uluntu kwaye inokuphelisa ukholo kumaqumrhu edemokhrasi. Noko ke, inyanzelela kwakhona ukunikezela xa kungxamiseko-"engozi ezingxamisekileyo"ezinje ukuwa kwemali ka-2009/injini ye-19 .[10] Isenzo se-CHOVD ibirtarian.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yogwebo

Ijaji ithe yaba yindawo yedabi elinobuhlanga. Amadinga angokwesivumelwano, afana noqinisekiso oluxoxiweyo lweJaji uAmy Coney Barrett ngo-202020, athe andisa ingqiqo yokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo liqumrhu lezobupolitika. Ukubiza ukupakishwa kwenkundla, imida yegama, kunye nolawulo olukhudlwana lubonisa ukukhutshwa konxunguphalo olukhulayo ngeNkundla i’ ukwenziwa kwemimiselo. Kwangaxesha linye, ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zazama ukumisela amandla eenkundla zorhulumente ngokhetho lwezahlulelo noqingqo. Ukuzimela kwelungu lejajingalo.

Ukuzingisa Njengesixhobo Sezobupolitika

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukungagunyaziswa kuye kwasetyenziswa rhoqo, kubangela inkxalabo yokuba iphelelwa ngamandla ayo okunqanda. Ngoxa abalawuli benqanawa befuna ukupheliswa ukuba kube sisicombululo esinqabileyo sokuphathwa kakubi okunzulu, ukuhlaliswa kwayo kungayiqhelelanisa inkqubo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusilela ukubanjwa kuzo zontathu iinkcazo zomongameli kungakhuthaza oomongameli bexesha elizayo ukuba bavavanye imida yamandla olawulo oluphezulu, besazi ukuba ukususwa akunakwenzeka.

Isiphelo: Ukulondoloza Ukulungelelana Kwamandla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akusiyo into ekudala ikho ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo; sisakhiwo esiphilayo esifuna ugcino oluqhubekayo. Senzelwe uhlanga olunolwazi ngolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lookumkani kunye nehlokondiba, kwaye kusesona sikhuselo sisebenzayo kwigunya eligqithisileyo elakhe laveliswa. Kodwa sisebenza kuphela xa isebe ngalinye likhusela amalungelo alo kwaye lihlonela imida yabanye. Abami badlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokubamba abameli babo baphendule, babandakanyeke kwingxoxo engokolwazi, kwaye banyanzelela ukuba urhulumente usebenze phantsi komthetho.

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyonto nje yemfundo, kwaye ngumsebenzi wobumi. Ngokuqonda indlela inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana ekhusela ngayo inkululeko yethu, siba ngabaphathi abangcono bovavanyo lwedemokhrasi. Njengoko iJaji uLouis Brandeis yabhala ngokudumileyo: imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya yamkelwa yiConvention ka 1787 ukungakukhuthazi ukuphumelela kodwa ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omgaqo owemvelo. Lo mgaqo uhlala ubalulekile namhlanje njengoko kwakunjalo ekusungulweni.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi