Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya lisiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko, olwenzelwe ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya ngokwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umdlalo ontsonkothileyo phakathi komthetho, igunya, kunye namasebe agwebayo ekumisweni nasekumisweni kwemithetho, ebonisa indlela ukuzimela kwawo nokuxhomekeka kwawo kumalungu omgaqo-siseko omelo nokhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Imvelaphi Yokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente asiyonto yangoku. Isithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi uMentesquieu wayichaza ngokuphandle imfundiso kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe anesine] uMoya woMthetho [, ephikisa ukuba inkululeko izakugcinwa kuphela xa umthetho, umphathi, kunye nemisebenzi yetyala igcinwa yahlukene. Iingcamango zakhe zaphembelela kakhulu abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko weUnited States, owakha inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokulawula. Namhlanje, umahluko walo mzekelo ubonakala kulawulo lwedemodemokhrasi, ukusuka kumazwe omhlaba wonke (ngoku kunye nemisebenzi yawo eyahlukeneyo kodwa elungeleneeeeempawu zezolawulo) kwiimeko ze-Europe nangaphandle kwe-Europe.

Ingqiqo esisiseko icacile: amandla aphambili amema ukuxhatshazwa. Ngokwahlula igunya, isebe ngalinye lisebenza njengenja egadayo phezu kwezinye. Esi sakhiwo sifuna ingxubusho engapheliyo kunye nokulalanisa, kodwa kwakhona sivelisa iziphumo eziqinileyo nezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda indlela enziwa ngayo kwaye inyanzeliswe ngayo ifuna ukuhlolisisa imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yesebe ngalinye kunye neencam apho lidibana khona.

Imithetho Esemthethweni: Imithetho Yobuqhetseba

Isebe lowiso-mthetho liyinjini ephambili yokwenza umthetho. Kwinkoliso yedemokhrasi, liquka iqumrhu elinyuliweyo − njengepalamente okanye ingqungquthela − emela abantu. Indima yalo esisiseko kukucebisa, ukuxambulisana, kunye nokumisela imimiselo ebonisa ukuthanda kwabanyuli, ngaphakathi kwemida yomgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yeBhili- ukuya- Kumthetho

Ukwenza umthetho luhambo oluninzi lweqonga oluqinisekisa uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo. Umthetho ungaziswa ngummisi-mthetho okanye, kwezinye iinkqubo, ngabalawuli. Uyaqhubeka ngekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye namavoti kuwo omabini amagumbi (ukuba i-kameral). Oku kuqhelisela, kuphela intwana yamatyala afakiweyo asindayo lo mjikelo. Umzekelo, kwiKhomishini yaseUnited States, ngaphantsi kwe 5% yemiba echaziweyo iba ngumthetho kwintlanganiso eqhelekileyo yeminyaka emibini. Le nkqubo yokukhulula iba yi-ecroney /its widgetsssssss ukumisela imiba enika inkxaso ebanzi xa kubhencwa ityala elibucala okanye izicelo ezingaphezulu.

Xa omabini afumana imvume efanayo yemali, ithunyelwa kumphathi ophetheyo. Umphathi angasayina ityala kumthetho okanye alithumele. Ngokuchaseneyo, u-veto uthumela uxwebhu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, enokuthi ilulawule ngevoti enkulu. Le ngxoxo ibonakalisa uvavanyo lokuba umphathi olawulayo ubambe umthetho, athintele imithetho engxamisekileyo okanye engenziwanga kakuhle. Ngokuchasene noko, amandla esebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho aqinisekisa ukuba umphathi akakwazi ukuvala umthetho oqhelekileyo.

IKomiti neNjongo

Uninzi lomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho wenzeka kwiikomiti. La maqela mancinane asebenza ngokunobuchule kwiindawo ezifana nezolimo, ukhuseleko, inkcitho, okanye inkqubo yokusingqongileyo. IiKomiti zibamba ukuchongwa kwamatyala, ukubiza amangqina, nokulungisa amatyala ngaphambi kokuba afike kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Le nkqubo ivumela iingcali eziphetheyo ukuba zimise umthetho, zinciphise umngcipheko weziphumo ezingalindelekileyo. Iingxelo zekomiti zikwanikezela ngomo-mo yenkundla kunye nabemi abatolika umthetho kamva.

Indima yesigqeba esilawulayo ekuqulunqweni

Ngeli xesha indlu yowiso-mthetho iphumeza iidrafti kunye namavoti ematyala, umphathi ophetheyo udla ngokwenza indima esebenzayo ekulungiseni ucwangciso lwemithetho. Oomongameli kunye neeNkulumbuso banokucebisa amatyala ngonxulumano lwabo, basebenzise iqonga lokungcungcuthelela inkxaso kawonke-wonke, okanye bade bakhuphe imvume yomthetho engxamisekileyo ngemimiselo okanye ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo. Noko ke, izenzo ezinjalo zihlala ziphantsi kwemiqathango esemthethweni nakumgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, umyalelo womphathi-ofisi ophikisana nomthetho ochasene nomthetho unokucel

Amandla eveto yeyona ngxelo ibonakalayo yowiso-mthetho egcinwe ngabalawuli. Abanye abalawuli banomgca womatshini weveto (kumazwe athile okanye kumazwe) obavumelayo ukuba babethe izicwangciso zomntu ngamnye ngaphandle kokulahla ityala lonke. Esi sixhobo singaphikiswa, njengoko sinika ngokuphumelelayo indima yegunya kwindima ekubhalweni kwakhona komthetho. Noko ke, isebe lowiso-mthetho ligcina amandla okuphelisa ii-vetoes, ukugcina umlinganiselo.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho

Xa umthetho uthe wamiswa, isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe lilawulwa ngumongameli, umphathi-mikhosi, okanye umlawuli olawulayo, oxhaswa yikhabhinethi kunye nentsebenziswano enkulu yamasebe olawulo.

Inkqutyana zolawulo nomgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho yanamhlanje isoloko inemiyalelo emide efuna ukuchazwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokwenziwa kolawulo ngamaqumrhu akhethekileyo. Umzekelo, umthetho wemekobume ungasebenzisa umbutho wokukhusela imekobume kunye nokumisela imigangatho yokukhupha. Le mithetho isebenza .(ii-glasislatures) ayinalo ixesha nobuchule bokubhala yonke imithetho yobugcisa. Noko ke, iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuphendula. Iinkqubo kufuneka zilandele iinkqubo eziquka isaziso sikawonke-wonke, amagqabaza, kunye nohlalutyo lomthetho. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa kolawulo oluphezulu kuhlala kucace kwaye kusemthethweni.

Kwamanye amazwe, abameli basebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lwegunya eliphetheyo kodwa olunomlinganiselo othile wokuzimela ukuba bakhuseleke ekungeneleleni kwezobupolitika. I- Ukhuseleko kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange , ngokomzekelo, yenzelwe ukukhusela abatyali-mali ngaphandle kokukhetha amagunya. Kodwa amandla omphathi oqingqo-mali abangela uxinzeleleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko nolawulo, nto leyo maxa wambi itsho inkundla isombulule xa iqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya.

Amandla Nemida Yobuongameli

Amandla ogunyaziso olulawulayo aquka igunya lokulawula ukunyanzelisa abanyanzeli bomthetho, ukulawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokuvelela umkhosi. La magunya makhulu, kodwa awaphelelanga. Ulawulo lwesebe lowiso-mthetho alunakuphelela. Isebe lowiso-mthetho liyakwazi ukuphanda izenzo eziphambili ngokuphulaphula. Isebe lezomthetho linokuvakalisa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni okanye ngokuchasene nomthetho womthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba, umongameli akanakuyalela ukuba banjwe ngaphandle kwesizathu esisemthethweni, avakalise imfazwe, okanye atyeshele imithetho yenkundla emalunga ne-habeascorpus.

Imiyalelo yegunya nengqwalasela yayo

Abalawuli kunye namagunya amakhulu basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu ukukhokela inkqubo yesebe ngaphandle kokulindela umthetho omtsha. Ngoxa le miyalelo inamandla esebe eliphetheyo, ingapheliswa ngumthetho olandelayo, ilungiswe ngomphathi omnye okanye olandelayo, okanye itshatyalaliswe zinkundla. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu kuye kwanda ngamaxesha entlekele .

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Imithetho

Isebe eligwebayo lisebenza njengonompempe wokwahlula amagunya. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ngamandla okuhlola isigwebo, iinkundla zinokuphelisa izenzo zomthetho neziphetheyo ezingaphaya kwegunya elisemgceni okanye eziphula amalungelo asisiseko.

Ukubukezwa Kwezogwebo Namatyala Ophawu

Uhlolo lwezomthetho alukhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kodwa lwamiswa kwityala elingu-1803 . Madison. Esi sigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ngumsebenzi weenkundla ukuchaza oko umthetho. Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla ehlabathini lonke ziye zamkela iimfundiso ezifanayo. [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education, iU.S. Inkundla ephakamileyo yawabetha phantsi ityala lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, ibonisa indlela i-judiary enokuthi iwakhusele ngayo amalungelo amancinane xa ikhethelo lukhulu. [kulwazi oluphezulu lweNkulwano, ukutyelela indima yenkundla ephakamileyo, isebe eliphethe indawo yezezwe [FTLT] [FT]

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza ngokulinganayo kwizenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Xa umphathi onegunya egqitha igunya lakhe, ngokomzekelo, ngokuvalela abantu ngaphandle kokuvavanywa okanye ngokukhupha umyalelo ongqubana nomthetho //iinkundla zingakhupha iziyalo okanye zivakalise inyathelo elingenanto. Oku kuhlola kubalulekile kwiinkqubo apho umphathi onegunya anokuzama ukunikela ingqalelo kumandla ngexesha lobunzima. Umgaqo wokuba akukho namnye, hayi nayintloko karhulumente, ongaphezulu komthetho uyimbonakaliso lolawulo lwesiseko.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekuhloleni Nokulungelelana

Iinkundla zemicimbi zikwalungisa iimbambano phakathi kwamanye amasebe. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhupha umthetho ophazamisa amagunya aphezulu, okanye xa umphathi olawulayo ewagqitha amandla akhe anxulumene nendlu yowiso-mthetho, ijaji inika isalathisi sobundilele ukuze sifumane isigqibo. Le ndima ifuna abagwebi abazimeleyo nabakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika `````Aawumisela ubomi babo bonke okanye amagunya amiselweyo'. Inkqubo yokumisela abagwebi, noko ke, isoloko ibandakanya omabini amasebe aphetheyo kunye nemithetho yowiso-mthetho, njengoko kuboniswa ekuqinisekisweni kwabagwebi belo mazwe aseUnited States.

Ukongeza ekutolikeni imimiselo, iinkundla zingaphembelela ukwenza umthetho ngokukhupha imithetho ecacisa injongo yomthetho okanye zizalise izithuba kwimithetho ekhoyo. Xa inkundla igqiba kwelokuba umthetho udida, kungacela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba icacise, okanye isenokuthabatha ukutolikwa okuvisisana nemigaqo yemithetho. Le ngxoxo phakathi kwamasebe inceda ukuguqula umthetho ngaphandle kokufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo yemithetho. Umzekelo wendlela iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo ezisebenza ngayo, bona ingcaciso yePalamente yomthetho [[FLT: 0]

Imigaqo Engundoqo Nocelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asiludonga anzima kodwa yinkqubo yamagunya angenanayo nayahluleleneyo. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokulinganisela amanye: indlu yowiso-mthetho ibhala imithetho kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olufanelekileyo; igunya eliphetheyo lisebenzisa imithetho limisele amagosa; ingqwalasela yejaji imigaqo nezenzo. Oku kufaka isilumkiso ukuba alikho isebe elinye elinokwenza into ngaphandle kwelo lisebenza ngelinye ixesha kwimicimbi yokubaluleka kwesizwe. Umzekelo, umongameli unakho ukuxoxa ngesivumelwano, kodwa alinakuba libophelele ngaphandle kokuba iinyawo ezimbini zeHlamente ziyamkeleka. Ngokufanayo, ummiselo odluliswa yiBhunga-ongquthela, kodwa okokuba i-oto ingamelwa.

Inkqubo yohlolo ibonakalisa uvavanyo kumphathi ophezulu. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingasusa intloko karhulumente okanye amagosa aphezulu ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Eli gunya lisebenza njengovavanyo olupheleleyo, kodwa kunzima ngabom ukubiza u-(_ukuqhuba amatyala aphezulu okanye iiprojekthi zokugweba) ukunqanda ukuphazamisa urhulumente ngokusekelwe kwimpikiswano ye-RGBP.

Inkululeko nokuphendula

Inkululeko ithetha ukuba isebe ngalinye lingaqhuba imisebenzi yalo yezomGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa zezinye. Kubenzi-mthetho, ukuzimela kubandakanya inkululeko ekubanjweni kwabalawuli ngexesha lemimiselo nakukhuseleko lweengxelo zomgangatho. Kubagwebi, kuthetha ukukhusela imivuzo nokungakhutshwa ngaphandle kwetyala elinzulu. Kuba, ulawulo oluphezulu luthetha ukuzimela ngokwabantu ukuba balawule ulwalamano lwangaphandle baze banyanzelise umthetho.

Ulwahlulo oluzinzileyo. Abaququzeleli bomthetho bajongene nonyulo ngamaxesha athile. Amagosa alawulayo aphendula intloko karhulumente, ajongana nokhetho okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho. Abagwebi basenokuba phantsi kokwenziwa kwengqwalasela okanye ukususwa kwiimeko ezimandundu kudlula ekuphendulisweni. Kwimigaqo yepalamente, umphathi olawulayo uhlala emele aphendule kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngevoti yokuthembeka. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla //naxa ahlukeneyo) ahlala ephendula abantu kunye nomthetho.

Iingxaki Zexesha Elidluleyo Neengxaki

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kujongene nobunzima kulawulo lwangoku. Oorhulumente baye bakhula baninzi kwaye bantsonkotha ngakumbi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwintsebenziswano engundoqo yegunya lokwenza umthetho kumasebe aphetheyo. Abagxeki baphikisa oku besenza i- urhulumente wolawulo [ apho abaphathi bezixhobo abangakhethwanga abasebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngaphandle kokuphendula ngokuthe ngqo. Iinkundla ziye zangenelela ukunyanzela iimfundiso zokunganyani kwimiqathango ethile, zifuna ukuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinikezele imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokwenza ulawulo lwezikongasayino. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobuchule nolawulo lwedemokhrasi luhlala luyingxoxo embayo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lubakho ngexesha longxamiseko lukawonke-wonke . olufana nezifo ezimandundu, iimfazwe okanye izisongelo zabanqolobi. Abalawuli badla ngokuthi amagunya ongxamiseko athathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza, kodwa oku kunokuphelisa iitsheki kwamanye amasebe. Imizekelo yembali, ukusuka kuLincoln ukupheliswa kwe-habeas corpus ukuya kutsho kwimiqathango yale mihla kwinkululeko yabemi, igxininisa uxinezeleko. Iinkundla zisoloko zithobela umlawuli wamaxesha amanqam, kodwa zikwabeka imida, njengoko kuboniswa ngexesha iNkundlalelo-U.S.

Ulwakhiwo kunye nokuvala imigca enqamlezeneyo kuvavanya inkqubo. Xa elinye isebe lilawulwa liqela elahlukileyo kunenye, ingxabano ingenza imisebenzi karhulumente ibe buthathaka `njengemvume yoqingqo-mali okanye uqinisekiso lomthetho. Noko ke, le ngxaki ingabonwa njengentsebenziswano: inyanzelisa ulwahlulo okanye ingabonakalisa ukuthanda konyulo olwahlulweyo. Ekugqibeleni, ulwahlulo lwamandla lwenzelwe inkqubo ecothayo, eqhutywa ngabom ekhusela amalungelo, nokokuba ngamanye amaxesha luphazamisa ukusebenza kakuhle.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asiyoplani emileyo kodwa sisakhiwo esisebenzayo esiziqhelanisa neenguqu zentlalo. Ngokwahlula-hlula umsebenzi wokwenza umthetho, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokutolika phakathi kwamasebe amathathu azimeleyo kodwa azimeleyo, ulawulo-mthetho-siseko ludala isakhiwo esiqinileyo esikhuselayo abagcini-magunya ekuxhaseni ulawulo olucinezelekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela esenziwe nesizinziswa ngayo kule nkqubo kunceda abemi baqonde isizathu sokuba imigaqo ibaluleke, kwaye kutheni ukukhusela inkululeko yesebe ngalinye ibalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko. Njengokuba abaseki beluvocalukileyo, ukhuseleko olungcono ekudibanisweni kwegunya kukuqinisekisa ukuba amabhongo alwa.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngemvelaphi yembali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwale mfundiso kule mihla, jonga ukhuphelo loovimba besizwe bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye namaPhepha adwelisayo[[FULT:3], anika iimpikiswano ezisisiseko zokhangelo kunye nolungelelwano.