Ukwazisa: Ukutolika umGaqo-siseko kuMthetho weSebe

Ukwenziwa komthetho woqobo yintanda-bulumko echaza umGaqo-siseko osekelwe kwintsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo ngexesha owabhalwa ngalo. Le ndlela iphembelela imimandla emininzi yomthetho, kuquka umthetho wemisebenzi kunye namalungelo okungabikho kohlanga. Ukuqonda indlela ukumiselwa kwamalungelo okunempembelelo ngayo kunceda ekucaciseni iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezisemthethweni nezigqitywe zingokomthetho. Kwiminyaka emininzi edluleyo, inkcazo yokuqala iye yasuka kwingcamango yemfundo enzulu yemfundo yemfundo ukuya kwindlela yomgaqo-siseko, ibumba imithetho kuzo zonke izinto ukusuka kumandla orhulumente ukuya kwinkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Kumthetho wemisebenzi, .

Ukuqonda Ubungqina Bokuqala

Imvelaphi Nemigaqo Yekhori

UbuGaqo-siseko bavela njengesikolo esahlukileyo sokutolika komgaqo-siseko kwiminyaka yee-1970 neyee-1980, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yesenzo esicaciswayo somthetho weWarren neBurger Courts. Isiseko sayo sesiseko sithetha ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko mayimiswe ngokwengqiqo ekhoyo ngelo xesha ilungiselelo ngalinye lamkelwa. Abaxhasi baquka iJaji Antonin Scalia, owathi ngokuphandle wathi “umGaqo-siseko uthetha oko kwakuthethwa ngabantu ababewugunyazisa,” kunye noJaji uRobert Bork, owayegxininisa injongo yantlandlolo.

Ubuntsusa bunamasebe amabini angundoqo: injongo yokuqala kunye nentsingiselo kawonke-wonke yesiqalo. Injongo yantlandlolo ibhekisa koko iiFrames ngokwazo zijolise ekuzibopheleleni xa zilungisa umbhalo. Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke, ngoku inguqulelo elawulayo kwi jurispruudence yale mihla, ijonge kwindlela umntu onengqondo anokukuqonda ngayo okubhaliweyo ngexesha lommiselo. IJaji Scalia ixhasa okulandelayo, iqinisekisa ukuba inqanda ukukhanyelwa kokuzingela okubhaliweyo ngenjongo yokuzingela ngexesha enyanzelayo ngexa isaqhuba abagwebi begwebi bembali.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuzimela Kubaluleke Kumthetho Womsebenzi

Izibhengezo zokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi zidla ngokuvela phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente njengeSihloko VII soMthetho waMalungelo oMhlalo ka-1944, uHlalaniso lwe-Age in Account Act (ADEA), kunye neMelika enoMthetho we-Idream Diseam (ADA),. Nangona le iyimimiselo, kungekhona imigaqo engokomgaqo-siseko, impembelelo kwindlela iinkundla eziyichaza ngayo xa kuphakanyiswa imibuzo yezomgano-siseko (ngokomzekelo, ukucekwa kwemithetho yeBhunga phantsi kwemeko-Rhulumente, ukucel'ucelwa kwentsingiselo ebanzi yembali, maxa lixa line nokuqondwa kokulingana kwemithetho.

Amalungelo angokwahlula-hlula kuMthetho woMsebenzi: Inqaku lembali

Ukusuka Kumthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Ukusa Kukhuseleko Lwangoku

Isiseko somthetho wesizwe ongenazo iimpazamo kumsebenzi ngu-Sihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, olwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Ekuqaleni, umThetho wawulinganiselwe kubaqeshi nabaqeshi abangama-25 okanye ngaphezulu, nangona lo mqobo uhliswe ukuya kutsho kwi-15. Ummiselo wadala i-Ocemite Obbeclity Option Commission (EOC) ukunyanzelisa amalungiselelo awo kwaye uye walungiswa amaxesha amaninzi ukwandisa ukhuseleko kunye nonyango.

Imithetho elandelayo yesiseko somhlaba yandisa imigaqo engeyoyoyoyokungaguquguquki kweminye imibandela: ulwahlulo lweminyaka kwiMithetho yeNkathi yeMbali yeMsebenzi yowe-1967 (eneminyaka engama-40 ukuya kweli-40), uMthetho woDidi oDibanisayo (ukungacaluli-calucalulwa kwesondo (ukuqinisekisa ukuba ucalucalulo lwesondo luquka ukukhulelwa), amaMelika anesiphene soMthetho we-1990, kunye neSigqibo solwazi lweNkungalinganiyo noLuntu sonyaka wama-20 [FLT:] Bhoskig. Kutshanje ka-200. Kutshanje, uMthetho we-Exeshanalo-EsiHlelo lwe-Indlu (iminyaka ephinda-40 ukuya kumthetho owe-1999n-awunyuswa ngumthetho we-6) kodwa umthetho wokungazenziwandisa ukwa-mthetho we-yokubonakalisa ngokwesondo kunye nokwazi ukubalawumbini, i-enzalo lwamathe mthetho, ingu 2020 kwisigqibo seNkugqibelo

Indima Yohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko

Ngapha koko kwemimiselo, umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo unikela inkxaso echasene nocalucalulo emsebenzini, ingakumbi kuMgaqo-siseko we-14th Amendment’s Aumelt Protection Clause. Abaqeshwa boluntu bangazisa izityholo zomGaqo-siseko nxamnye norhulumente nabaqeshi borhulumente basekuhlaleni, bethi imithetho yokungavumelani nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho iyasikhusela ngendlela efanayo. I-Activement of Find Reactive Proce Calausle inikela ikhuselwano lokhuseleko eliyinyo oluchasene nocalucalucalulo lwaselunt. Noko ke, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa uphezulu ungaphezulu kunolawulo lweSiHete-VII, ngenxa yokuba abalawuli bamatyala kufuneka babonise ukucalucalucalucalucalucalucalulo kungena ngokulula nje.

Indlela Ingcamango Yobuntakwabo Ekwahluleni Umsebenzi

Amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Izigqibo ezininzi ezingundoqo zibonisa indlela inkcazo yokuqala okanye ephambili yobuProfestist-presence ejikele ngayo ucalucalulo lomthetho wemisebenzi. iDolophu yase Boerne v. Flores (1997), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uluvo lwakuqala lwecandelo 5 loMphengululo we 149 weSigqibo sokubetha amacandelo e-Religious Freedom Reformation Act, ukuhlisa amandla eBhunga ukubeka izimfuno ngaphaya koko iNkuhlalo yayichazwe njengemithetho echazimfazwe. Umthetho ululo oluchaphazele ucalulo oluthe ngqo kwicandelo elichasene nemikhosi, ngenxa yokuba umlinganiselo wokufikelela kwenkxaso karhulumente.

K[IKHW]-KHIMEL v. Ibhodi ye-Florida ye-Regents ne Board yabaTshelwano beYunivesithi yase-Alabama-. Garrett (2001], iNkundla , isebenzisa oko abaphengululi abaninzi bakuchaza njengeyo ngqalelo yendalo ngolawulo oluphezulu (*) kunye ne-[FLT) ukuba abaqeshini bakarhulumente abanakunyuswa ngenxa yezono zoko phantsi kwe-ADEA okanye isiHloko I-IS, ngokulandelana. INkundla yaqiqanda ukuba ingena gunya phantsi kweCandelo 5 le-1451) yesiHlazi solawulo sobugqeba lwendalo sobugqeba okanye ucanalo-onke, ngenxa yokubalwa kwezigqibo ezishwa zifumanekelwe phantsi kweminye imithetho, okanye ezikhoyo kuphela kwemithetho ye-omati.

Isigqibo seBostock: Inkcubeko yokubhaliweyo iphikisana.

Mhlawumbi esona sichaphazeleko sikhulu kwinkumbulo yakutshanje, Bostock v. Clayton County [2020], yahlulahlula amatyala kwiilayini zendlela yokusebenza. UJaji Gorw, ebhalela aba-6-3-aninzi, isebenzisa utoliko lwezibhalo: ngenxa yokuba ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye isimo sobufana ngokugqibeleleyo lubandakanya i-Phondo, lukwisiHloko se-I kulwimi olucacileyo. Abagxeki becala ekunene . Umthetho Alito ngokuquka i-artgusss, uluthi olu tyekekayo kwi-otan, ngenxa yokuba uBhunga lwangowelo lwangowe-194 lungaceki ngokwembonakalo yesondo okanye ubufana neentlobano zesini. Uninzi luthi olujonge kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yombhalo we-Statu, olungaqhubiso lwendoda, olunomqesho othe ukuba ingathi abenzi bendoda, kodwa lutsale amadoda abenzi bendoda, kuba elala ngezo zodwa, ngenxa yokuba abenzi bezo

Bostock ibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo: ababhali abaninzi baqala bamkela ubhalo lwemimiselo, kodwa bangahlulwa ngeendlela xa intsingiselo yokuqala yomthetho iveza iziphumo abangazithandiyo. Lo mzekelo ukwabonisa ukuba uqobo olusetyenziswayo lusoloko ludibana, kodwa alufani nombhalo. Ingxoxo engokuba ngaba buboskix[ ngokwenene] yayiyinyani-" yaye iyaqhubeka phakathi kwabaphengululi bomthetho.

Uxinezeleko Phakathi KobuBhaliso Nomthetho Wanamhlanje Ochasene Nokwahluka

Imigangatho ejikelezayo etshintshayo yenjongo emiselweyo

Isibopho somGaqo-siseko sokulungisa intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko ngexesha lokudityaniswa sihlala singachananga nomthetho onamandla wokungadibaniyo. ISimi seSindululo se 144th Experimence’s Livince Claus, sagunyaziswa ngo1868, saqondwa ekuqaleni ukuvumela i-location kunye nokunika amalungelo ahlukeneyo amadoda namabhinqa. Umfundi ongqongqo wokufunda ngezomthetho we-computer akuyi kuvelisanga `````[FLT:] Brown v. [FLT]'. [1954], eyabetha izikolo ezitheneyo, okanye [[FLT] [FFF:]] [5] iinfd.[5] iziphumo ezithenjiwe, ezisebenzisa ulungiso oluphezulu lwezo igitsina-mdiza.[3], ukuhlanganisa okulungele okuthiwa kwakuqala, ukuvumelana nokunye ukukhusela okuthenjiweyo, okuthenjiweyo, okuthelela okuthenjiweyo, okuthe ukusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa kuT.

Ubuchule Bokwahlula Umahluko

Enye indawo ye-flash yimfundiso yeziphumo ezingafaniyo, emiselwe ku- Griggs v.. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo egqwethiweyo, imisebenzi engondileleyo kodwa ngokungenakulinganiswa iyingozi isenokuba ingekho mthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ikhuselwe yimfuno yeshishini. Abalandeli bemvelaphi basoloko begxeka le njongo njengegqitha injongo yokuqala yeSihloko VII, abathi bacebezamise ukunqanda ukucalucalucalulo. Abagxeki belungela ukuchasa kuphela ulwimi oluqhelekileyo: “ngenxa yohlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, ekwayabonke, ebalibala. [[3] Ngokuphenje, i-Empertstion, i-Freans.[4] ngokuphendla kwe-Greast `[9]

Izindlu Zonqulo Nohlaziyo Lokuqala

Umthetho wokungadibanisi misebenzi udityaniswa nenkululeko yonqulo, ingxabano enokuthi iqikelelwe yiyo. IsiHloko VII sifuna abaqeshi ukuba bamkele imisebenzi yonqulo yabasebenzi ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko kuya kubangela ubunzima obungafanelekanga. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sa 2021 [20LT:0]] Fulton v. IsiXeko sasePhiladelphia[ kunye nezigqibo ezingama-2023 [ku-2023] ku-[FLT:] Groff v. Deoy[FLT] (unika intsingiselo engafanelekanga ye-Sihloko se-Ortime)) yonqulo. Zombini zibonakalisa inkbalo oluphambili malunga nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yonqulo. Ngexesha elifanayo, abaqeshi befuna ukungakhuselwa kwemilinganiselo ye-systin, ukuchasana nophawu lwe-Spedians, iSihlo seSihlo se-O esingu-O sichaza ngokusesikweni sokuqala, iNtle.

Izixakeko Zomthetho Wexesha Elizayo

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Yangoku Nengcamango Yoqobo

Kukho uninzi olunesithandathu-3 olunemilinganiselo engqongqo equka uqwalaselo oluninzi okanye ulwahlulelo olubhaliweyo, ulwamkelo lomthetho wemisebenzi olungelulo udibanisene lungashintshwa. Inkundla sele inqumle ukufikelela kweziphumo ezidibeneyo, iCongress enciphileyo kwilungu lesizwe lokukhusela i-i, kwaye ibonakalisa ukungafihlisi ekuhloleni ngokungqongqo isenzo sohlanga kwimisebenzi ([[FLT:]]] izimvo ze-Factoringsss [] azizange zisebenzise idilesi ngqo yeSihlomelo se- VII, kodwa iingqiqo zayo zinokusetyenziswa. Kwesinye isandla, [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] ibonisa ukuba ukhuseli olunokuvelisa ukukhuselwa kobund ’ okumangalisayo kwemeko ngexesha elizayo.

Izenzo zobuRhulumente zoMgaqo-siseko

Ngenxa yokuba iinkcazelo zoqobo zinokunyanzela ukhuseleko lwamazwe, abameli bamalungelo angaphezulu angengolu lwaphulo-mthetho baye baguqukela ngokukhula kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Amazwana amaninzi aye amisela imithetho egqitha kwimigaqo yokhuseleko karhulumente, egquma iLGBTQ+ abasebenzi, ekhusela ukucalucalulwa okusekelwe kwienwele ezinxulumene nohlanga (uMthetho we-CRLOIN), kunye nokumisela iimposiso eziphezulu. Ngokuchasene noko, amaphondo akwinkundla achaza umgaqo-siseko wawo ngokushwaka. Le ndlela ithetha ukuba ukukhuselwa komfobelwano kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwindawo ejongenelwano.

Ubuqaba Nekamva LikaRhulumente Wolawulo

I-EEOC, njengesebe lolawulo, idlala indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni iSihloko VII kunye neminye imimiselo engeyoyahluleli. Ukungaqiniseki koqobo kwegunya lolawulo, kucaciswe kwiimeko ezifana west Virginia v. I-EPA [2022], ingakhokela iNkubophelela iNkundla ukumisela igunya lolawulo lwe-EOC okanye amandla ayo okukhupha ukhokelo oluphumelelayo oluyalela imiqathango ekwandiswayo. I-“major mfundiso" ingacelwa ukuba ifune ugunya-mvume phambi kwe-EEOC intetho ecacileyo, njengabo basekelwe ekungeneni okanye kwi-sylmsc. Abaqeshini kunye nabasebenzi ngokufanayo bajongene mvume othe ngqo wokufumana iinkundla ze-orejini.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Imbali Nenkqubela

Inkcazo yoqobo inikela indlela yokuchaza imithetho elungelelanisiweyo ngokwentsingiselo yayo yantlandlolo, inika uzinzo nentlonelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezavelisa zona. Kumongo womsebenzi ongenayo idemokrasi, le ndlela ingakhusela amalungelo asisigxina kwaye imisele ukuphamba. Kodwa imbali yamalungelo abantu ngokuyintloko yenye yokhuseleko olwandisiweyo kumaqela aye akhutshwa ngaphandle ngenxa yokuqonda kwasekuqaleni. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwentsingiselo yantlalo yangaphambili kunye nokuqhubela phambili ekulingana okungaphezulu. Abaphengululi bezomthetho, nabaqululeki-mthetho kufuneka baqhubeke bezama ukuba ngaba ($/5) kwaye indlela yokuqala yokulungisa imigaqo yokuziphatha inokuvumelana ngayo nokucalula intloko, imbonakalo yesondo, ubufana, ubudala, okanye ubulwelwe, okanye ubugqwethamo bengqondo obungalungeleneyo. Ukuphendula ukusebenza komthetho kwixesha elizayo kuya kuqhubeka.

Ukuphinda ufunde: [[FLT: 0] i-STANford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Fritanism, Bostock v. Clayton County (Uluvo lwe-SCOS), [[FLT:] EOC – ISihloko se-VI , isixeko se Boerne v. Flores, ne[FLT:], [FLT].[FLT]