Ukuqonda iqumrhu lomthetho kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, etolikwayo, nexhaswa ngayo kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Le nkqubo icwangcisiweyo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yomthetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguquki ukusuka kowona mthetho mncinci kamasipala ukuya kowona mmiselo unzima. Ngokuzoba igunya noxanduva kumgangatho ngamnye, iquluneli yokunyanzelisa isiseko sokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ubulungisa, nokuphendula. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ebekelwe umqathango womthetho, iindima ezithile zomsebenzi wengingqi, urhulumente, kunye namaziko orhulumente, umsebenzi wenkqubo yokulawula, kunye nocelomngeni oluvelayo kumsebenzi wolawulo olukwimigangatho emininzi.

Yintoni Imilinganiselo Engqongqo Yokunyanzelisa?

Iqela labefundisi libhekisela kwinkqubo elandelelanayo yegunya kunye nolawulo apho kusetyenziswa khona imithetho. Ichaza ukuba liliphi iqumrhu likarhulumente okanye umbutho omele unyanzelise iindidi ezithile zemithetho, indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo ezo mikhosi, nemida esemthethweni ekusetyenziswa kuyo. Eli qela lecawa lisekelwe kumgaqo wolawulo, owahlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente, kwaye liphuculwa ngokubhekele phaya ngomthetho nangasese.

Umbindi walo, iqumrhu lamapolisa liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mbutho mnye othwala umthwalo wonke womthetho. Endaweni yoko, imisebenzi isasazwa ngokwendawo, umcimbi wemibandela, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Umzekelo, isebe lamapolisa lasekuhlaleni libamba ukuqhekeza, i-bureau yephondo lihlola iziyobisi zengingqi, kunye neFederal Bureau of Investigation ithatha ukuhlasela ngekhompyutha okunqamleza iintambo zikarhulumente. Le ndlela ibekwe phantsi ivumela ukusetyenziswa ngendlela ekhethekileyo, ukuphumelela, kunye nendlela yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa.

Umgangatho wonyanzeliso: Ukuwohloka okunenkcukacha

Iqela labaphathi-mikhosi lahlulwe ngokwesiqhelo laba ngamanqanaba amathathu aphambili: umgangatho wasekuhlaleni, worhulumente, nowolawulo. Umgangatho ngamnye unegunya, ulawulo, kunye nojoliso olusebenzayo. Noko ke, la manqanaba asoloko edibana kwaye esebenzisana ukunyanzelisa umthetho ngokunempumelelo.

Unyanzeliso lomgangatho wangaphakathi

Amagosa agunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho afumaneka kwaye afikeleleka kwiqumrhu lamagosa asekuhlaleni. Aquka amasebe kamasipala, iiofisi zamapolisa zephondo, kunye nee-ofisi ezikhethekileyo njengamapolisa athutha abantu okanye abadwelisi bemiphakamo. La masebe axhaswa ngokuyintloko yimeko-mali yesixeko okanye yephondo kwaye amele aphendule amagosa anyuliweyo okanye iibhodi ezimiselweyo.

Iimbopheleleko Nesifungo

Amasebe oluntu anyanzelisa imithetho kamasipala nemibutho, kwakunye nemithetho karhulumente kwimida yawo yezwe. Umsebenzi wawo wemihla ngemihla uquka uninzi lwemiba:

  • [[Umthetho:0] ukunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa koncedo olugqithisileyo: ukudanyaza ukukhawuleza, ukusebenza kwezibane ezibomvu, kunye ne-DUI.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqithisileyo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubusela, ubundlavini, kunye ne-arson.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphazamiso: Ingxolo, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, kunye nohlaselo oluncinci.
  • Iziganeko eziphithizelayo: ukuphendula kwiminxeba yasekhaya yogonyamelo nokukhupha imiyalelo yokukhusela.
  • Ukwakha ulwalamano nabemi ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuqokelela ubukrelekrele.

Amagosa asekuhlaleni asoloko esebenza njengeempendulo zokuqala kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Ukusondelelana kwawo nabantu abahlala apho kuwenza akwazi ukusabela ngokukhawuleza nokuqonda iinguqu zasekuhlaleni. Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa akwalawula iinkqubo zokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, amanyathelo okubukela asekuhlaleni, kunye neenkqubo zesebe loonovimba besikolo zokukhuthaza ukuthembana nokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ucelomngeni Kwindawo Yasekuhlaleni

Amagosa asekuhlaleni asoloko ejamelana nezithintelo zezibonelelo, amandla alinganiselweyo eemeko zobungcali, kunye nokujika-jika okuphezulu. Akwasebenza phantsi kohlolo olunzulu lukawonke-wonke, ingakumbi xa kulandela iziganeko eziphezulu zezenzo ezizizo zamapolisa. Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, ukunyanzelisa kwasekuhlaleni kusesona siseko sawo onke amagumbi aphambili eenkqubo.

Unyanzeliso lomgangatho weRhulumente

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente asebenza phantsi kwegunya loorhulumente belizwe. Banegunya kulo lonke elizweni kodwa bajolise ingqalelo kwimimandla abasemagunyeni abangakwaziyo ukuyisingatha bebodwa. Amaziko asekuhlaleni aquka amapolisa karhulumente, oomatiloshe abasebenza kwiindlela, abaphandi bezithuthi, amaqela eentlanzi kunye nezilwanyana zasendle.

Yenza idinga elitsha losuku-lonke

Amagosa agunyazisa uluntu aseburhulumenteni asingatha iindima ezahlukahlukeneyo ezixhasa imigudu yasekuhlaleni:

  • Ukhuseleko lweTraff kunye nohola wendlela: umlinganiselo wesantya phakathi kwemimandla, ukuphanda ngeengozi ezibulalayo, kunye nokwenza uhlolo lwezithuthi zorhwebo.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesigqeba: Ukusukela ukukrokrela ukuba ngoobani abanqumla imimandla okanye urhulumente, njengakwindawo yokuqweqwedisa okanye kwimijikelo yelizwe.
  • Uphando oluthe ngqo: lulungisa ukurhwetyelelwa kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ubuqhetseba bukawonke-wonke, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi olufuna ubuncwane obuphambili kunye nobuchule.
  • Iinkonzo zeFensic kunye nelebhu: Ukunika ii-abrelabhu zolwaphulo-mthetho, uhlalutyo lwemipu, kunye nokuvavanywa kweDNA yamasebe asekuhlaleni angenako ukukwazi okunjalo.
  • Impendulo egqithisileyo: Amaqela obuchule obudityanisiweyo, iiyunithi zeK-9, kunye nenkxaso yenqwelo-moya ngexesha lentlekele zemvelo okanye iziganeko ezinkulu.

Amasebe esizwe asoloko esebenza njengebhulorho phakathi komthetho woluntu norhulumente. Bangandisa amatyala agqitha kumthamo wasekuhlaleni kodwa angahlangabezi imiqobo. Umzekelo, iSebe loMthetho le-FLT:0]Florida [iSebe leNtloko yoMthetho elinoMnyamkelo [ lihlola ukuqhatha kovota kunye nokonakala kukawonke-wonke, lo gama i-Californ Highway Patrol[ igada inkqubo yohola ebanzi wendlela karhulumente.

Ukudityaniswa nokurhoxa

Amagosa karhulumente asoloko esebenzisana namapolisa asekuhlaleni ngemikhosi yemisebenzi ejolise kugonyamelo lwemigulukudu, iziyobisi, okanye ukurhwebelana kwabantu. Kwakhona asebenza namaqumrhu karhulumente afana ne-Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA) kumsebenzi omkhulu wokugwetywa kweziyobisi. Le ntsebenziswano inceda ukwandisa ubuncwane kwaye iphephe iimbambano ezilawulayo.

Unyanzeliso lomgangatho womanyano

Amaziko agunyazisa umthetho asebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente wase-U.S. anyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nemicimbi enqumla imida yesizwe, ibandakanya impahla yesizwe, okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Amaqumrhu amakhulu alawulayo aquka FBI, [[FLT:] [FLT]], [FLT][FLT]][FF:6] U.S SERS[FLT:], [[FLT], [FLT] [FL],[FLT] [F:] [FLT], [FL],[8], [FT]

Isenzo sobuGcisa

Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano ajolise ingqalelo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye lwephondo.

  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] lokhuseleko lohlanga: Uhlaselo lobuphekula, i-Spioncation kunye nesoyikiso sokhuseleko lwekhompyutha.
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho womsebenzi wobuxhakaxhaka: kuphanda ngesantya esikhulu senarcotics narcoticss zisebenza kwiintlangano ezisebenza kumazwe amaninzi okanye kumazwe ngamazwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] wolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali: ukurhoxisa imali, ukuqhatha ebhankini, ukuqhatha kwetyala, kunye norhwaphilizo lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe:[ ukuphanga ebhankini, ukuqweqwedisa, ukudumba, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kumhlaba worhulumente (umz., iipaki zesizwe, iziko lomkhosi).
  • I- I-Cybercrime: i-hacking, ukuhlasela kwentengiso, ubusela begama lomntwana, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-intanethi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo kunye neziqhushumbisi: ukurhwebelana kompu okungekho mthethweni, ukuqhushumbisa, kunye nokwaphulwa koMthetho weSizwe womlilo.

Amaziko asebenza ngomanyano asoloko ekhokela imikhosi elungelelanisa imisebenzi emininzi equka urhulumente kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, iFLT:0's Joint Terrorism Forces [ii-JTFs) ihlanganisa uninzi lwamasebe ukukhusela nokuhlola izisongelo zabanqolobi. Ugcino-mali lwesizwe luquka ukuphuhliswa kwe-ocessic, uhlalutyo lobuntlola, kunye namaqela asemthethweni angaxhasa iingxube-ngxenge.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Amasebe azimeleyo aphantsi kolawulo lweBhunga, iSebe leMithetho, kunye neenkundla. Asebenza phantsi kolwalathiso olungqongqo malunga nokuphengulula nokuphapha, ukuphaphaza, nokusebenzisa amandla. Iofisi yeNkulumbuso ehlolayo [ iphanda izityholo zokungalawuleki komthetho osemthethweni. Nangona ezi zingxilongo, amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni aye ajamelana nenkqatho ngenxa yokungalawuleki nokungalawuleki kwenkululeko yabantu.

Indima yenkqubo yezeejaji ekunyanzelweni

Iqela labanyanzelisi aliphelelanga ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokugweba, etolika imithetho, ishwankathela impikiswano, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zonyanzelo zihambelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezomthetho. Iinkundla kuwo onke amanqanaba.

Ukugwetywa Nokugwetywa

Xa ukrokrelelwa ebanjwa, ityala liqhubekeka ngendlela yenkundla. Iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zisingatha amatyala amancinane (amathikithi adlulayo, amatyala angekho mthethweni), iinkundla zephondo zisingatha ityala elininzi kunye namatyala karhulumente, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho. ABagwebi bagqiba ekuvalweni kwangaphambili, bamkele izicelo zetyala, bamisele izigwebo. Iziphumo zezi zingqiniso zigqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kumatyala anzulu.

Ukutolika kunye nokuQala

Iinkundla ezichaza imimiselo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, edala umzekelo ongqongqo. Umzekelo, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kuphando lweNkundla engu ye-Fourth Amendment kunye nokuthatheka [ ichaphazela ngqo indlela ihambo yamapolisa ekhangela ngayo nokubanjwa. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla eziphakamileyo zichaza umgangatho wokhuseleko lwesizwe, olunokuba lukhulu kunezo zikarhulumente. Ezi nkcazelo ziqinisekisa ukuba amaziko asebenza ngokusemthethweni asebenza kwimida esemthethweni.

Ukukhangela Kunyanzelo

Inkqubo yokugweba isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukunyanzeliswa kwamandla omthetho. Iinkundla zingabuphelisa ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, zigatye izityholo ezifunyenweyo ukuba amalungelo aphulwe, kwaye ziyalele abameli ukuba batshintshe iinkqubo. Oku kunceda ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa nokugcinwa kwentembelo yoluntu. Ngokomzekelo, umthetho wokubhaliswa kwetyala, uthintela amapolisa ekuphandeni ngokungekho mthethweni ngokubhaqa ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni enkundleni.

Ukusebenzisana Nomanyano

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okusebenzayo kuxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano engenamthungo phakathi kwamaziko asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente.

  • Amaqela emisebenzi emininzi ajolise ingqalelo kwiingxaki ezithile, ezifana nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi (HIDTA – Phezulu Ekusebenziseni Iziyobisi kwiindawo), ugonyamelo lweqela (Safects Streets Task Forces), okanye ubuphekula (JTTFs).
  • Ukwabelana ngolwazi: Inkqubo ezifana ne Iziko lolwazi lobuGcisa loMkhosi woMkhosi we-CIIC ivumela abameli ukuba babelane ngeengxelo ezingogunyaziso, izinto ebeweyo, kwaye bafune abantu. Amaziko eFusion ahlalutya ubukrele ngaphaya kolawulo.
  • Izivumelwano zoncedo loMsebenzi: ii-pacts zeNdebe ezenza abameli bakwazi ukucela abasebenzi nezixhobo ezisuka kumazwe akufuphi ngexesha longxamiseko.
  • Uqeqesho lwe-'FLT': imithambo ebanzi efana nokuqhushumbisa okusebenzayo okanye uqeqesho lweziphumo zentlanganiso eziqinisekisa ukuba ziyasebenzisana.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zinto, ukunxibelelana kunokuba lucelomngeni ngenxa yokubeka izinto ezibalulekileyo kwindawo yokuqala, ukungakwazi ukunxibelelana, nokhuphiswano ukuze kuxhaswe imali.

Iingxaki Ekunyanzelweni Kwamandla

Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (77%) lubonise ukuba uluntu luzibonelela ngeli thuba.

Umahluko kavimba

Amasebe asemaphandleni asenokuba namagosa angaphantsi kweshumi nanye agubungela imimandla emikhulu, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ukuphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo okanye ukuqhuba uphando. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amasebe aseburhulumenteni nawamaqumrhu afumana inkxaso engakumbi kodwa ajongene neembambano zawo ezizibonelelo.

Iimpikiswano Eziphambili

Xa amaqumrhu amaninzi ebelana ngemithetho elawula ityala, kungaphakama iimpikiswano malunga nokuba ngubani okhokelayo ekuphandeni, indlela obusingathwa ngayo ubungqina, nendlela ityala elisetyenziswa ngayo. Ezi ngxabano zingathoba unyanzelo lonyanzelo kwaye zibangele ii-infeciencies.

Umahluko Kumthetho Nakutoliko

Imithetho eyahlukayo ngokwesizwe nesizwe, kwanaphakathi koomasipala. Umzekelo, ukunyanzelisa intsangu kuyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo: amanye amaphondo aye akwaqesha ngokupheleyo ngokusemthethweni, ngoxa amanye ewaphatha njengolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Umthetho womanyano usalubeka umyayi njengelungu leShedyuli I, udala ingxabano ekufuneka ukuba abameli bahambe kakuhle. Ngokufanayo, ukutolikwa kwemilinganiselo yokusetyenziswa kwe-odola kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaguquguqukiyo ngaphaya kwemimandla.

Ukuthenjwa Kubantu Bonke Nokuziphendulela

Iziganeko eziphezulu zogonyamelo lwamapolisa kunye nocalucalulo olulawulwa yinkqubo ziye zaphelisa ukuthemba uluntu ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kokuthembana kufuna ukubonakala, ukuganana koluntu, kunye nemisebenzi yokuphendula enenjongo. Iikhamera zomzimba, iibhodi zolawulo lwamapolisa, kunye nophando oluzimeleyo luxhaphakile kodwa lusasetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo.

Ukuqhwaba Igunya

Lo msebenzi mnye wolwaphulo-mthetho ungalandelwa ngamanye amaxesha ngamaqondo amaninzi karhulumente, nto leyo ekhokelela “kwizinto eziphindiweyo” (nangona zivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni phantsi kwemfundiso yobukumkani entlu - mbini) okanye ukugwetywa ngokuguquguqukayo. Umzekelo, umntu unokumangalelwa kwinkundla yelizwe neyamagunya ukwenzela isenzo esinye esisemgangathweni ukuba sophula umthetho womarhulumente kunye nowesizwe. Oku kungadidanisa abameli basekuhlaleni kunye noovimba boorhulumente.

Imizekelo yonyanzelo oluphumelelayo lwenqanam lenqanam elininzi

Ukubonisa indlela abalawuli abasebenza ngayo, qwalasela le mizekelo ilandelayo:

  • Ibali lobundlobongela: Inyathelo lokuqala lesizwe elaqaliswa ngo-2020 elathumela iFBI, iDEA, kunye nabameli be-ATF kwizixeko ezineqondo lolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo oluphezulu. Ezi mveliso zorhulumente zasebenza kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni ukuphanda nokubamba amalungu eqela lemigulukudu kunye nabathengisi beziyobisi. Lo msebenzi wakhokelela kumawaka ababanjwa nonciphiso olungenakulinganiswa nokudubula kwizixeko ezinenxaxheba.
  • BlueLeaks Investigation: Ngo-2020, umgudu olungelelanisiweyo phakathi kweFBI, DHS, kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni afumana abaphuli-mthetho bokwaphula ugcino-lwazi olukhulu olubhenca iifayile zamapolisa ezichukumileyo. Uphando luxhomekeke kumanani e-opensicators nakudliwano-ndlebe lwasemzileni okhoyo.
  • Imikhosi yeziyobisi zorhwebo yasemazantsi eKhalifoniya: Umkhosi ozinzileyo oquka iDEA, iSebe lamapolisa eLos Angeles, iSebe leSizwe laseLos Angeles iSheffier, kunye neSebe loMgaqo-siseko waseKhalifoniya. Lo msebenzi usasaze iintlangano ezininzi eziphambili zokurhweba ngeziyobisi ezisebenza kumda we-U.S.-Mexico.

Isiphelo

Iqela labaphathi-mikhosi liyinkqubo esebenzayo nentsonkothileyo elinganisela igunya, ulawulo, kunye nobuncwane kumgangatho wommandla, wesizwe, kunye nowezwe. Ithala ngalinye lidlala indima eyahlukileyo: amasebe asekuhlaleni anika amapolisa asuka kwibutho loluntu, amasebe karhulumente agcwalisa izithuba ngobuchule obukhethekileyo nokufikelela kwesizwe, kwaye amaqumrhu alawula ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe nolwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo yokugweba iqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zolawulo zihambelana nemilinganiselo yomthetho kwaye zikhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukuqonda le migangatho yecawa kubalulekile kubemi, abaququzeleli bemithetho, kunye neengcaphephe zezomthetho ngokufanayo. Ityhila kungekuphela nje indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho kodwa kwanalapho kunokuphuculwa khona. Iingxaki ezifana nokwahlulwa koovimba, ukungavisisani, nemiba yokuthembana kwabantu ifuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kunye nokutshintsha. Ngokukhuthaza intsebenziswano engakumbi, ukubonakala, nokuphendula, abaphathi-mikhosi bangaqhubeka bexhasa umthetho kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawulezayo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uphando lobuncwane obusuka ku FBI i-oyile ye-oyile ephandayo kwindima yenkundla esebenzayo , i-[FLT] Bhureau yeMibaliso yeJaji kumasebe omthetho [, kunye nendima yenkundla yezomthetho egunyazisiweyo [[FLT:] . Le mithombo esemthethweni inika uluvo olunzulu kuMakhandlela kunye nolawulo lomthetho kuwo onke amanqanaba.