Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ezisemthethweni, ukukhusela abantu ekumangalelweni okanye ukohlwaywa kaninzi ngenxa yetyala elinye. Le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi ubuncwane bakhe obuninzi ukusoloko ehlasela umntu ngesenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba isiphelo kunye nokungabi nabulungisa kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ngoxa le ngcamango ibonakala icacile, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuba ntsonkothile olwaphulo-mthetho kubangela izityholo ezininzi. Ukuqonda xa imiqobo ephindaphindiweyo okanye isohlwayo ifuneka kubamangalelwa-phinda-phindene, amagqwetha, nabani na onomdla kwimiqathango yezomthetho.

Yintoni Ingxaki Ephindwe Kabini?

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini lukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olusekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu weUnited States, othi akukho mntu uza kubekwa esichengeni esifanayo ukuze abekwe kwingozi ephindwe kabini yobomi okanye ilungu. " Lo mgaqo unemvelaphi enzulu engokwembali, ebuyela kumthetho wamandulo wamaGrike namaRoma, kwaye ugqalwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni ehlabathini lonke. EUnited States, igalelo eliphindiweyo lisebenza kumacala ombini asemthethweni kunye norhulumente owiswe kwimiqathango ye-145Demend Refecters&quo; i-Sclaus Processo.

Ingcamango engundoqo yeyokuba xa umntu ebekwe ityala ngokusemthethweni kwaye ityala liqalisiwe, urhulumente ufanele abe nethuba elinye lokulondoloza ityala. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakugwetywa, urhulumente akanakubhena okanye alicinezele ityala. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ityala lifunyenwe kwaye isigwebo sinikwa, ummangalelwa akanakubekwa ityala kwakhona ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Olu khuselo lunamatheliswa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo: ukuvavanywa kwetyala, ukutyhafakelwa kwetyala xa ijaji ityala lithe laqulethwa; ukuvavanywa kwebhethri, xa ingqina lokuqala lifungxezwa; nokumangalelwa ngetyala, xa inkundla ivuma isicelo.

Ingqiqo ebangela ingozi ephindwe kabini iphindwaphindiwe. Ithintela urhulumente ukuba ahlasele abantu ngokuphindaphindwa kwemigwebo, igcine isiphelo somgwebo, inciphisa iziphumo zemvakalelo nezemali kubamangalelwa, kwaye ixhasa ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokusesikweni. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibalaseliswa Bluck v. United States [1957], ityala eliphindiweyo lenzelwe ukukhusela umntu ekucinezelweni kwetyala nokuqiniseka okunokwenzeka okungaphezulu kokunye okuthelekelelwayo.

Ukumangalelwa Okuninzi Kolwaphulo - mthetho Olunye

Isenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho sidla ngokungqubana nemithetho emininzi ngaxeshanye. Umzekelo, ukuphanga ibhanki kungabandakanya ubusela (ukuthabatha imali), ukuhlasela (abaxeli abasongelayo ngesixhobo), nokusetyenziswa kwemipu okungekho mthethweni. Zonke ezi zinto zithetha ukwaphulwa komthetho okukodwa, kodwa zonke zibangelwa sisiganeko esifanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuqhuba utywala kusenokuphumela kwityala le-DUI, ukuqhuba ngokungakhathali, nokuhlasela ngokungekho mthethweni ukuba kukho umntu owenzakalisayo.

Abatshutshisi banengqiqo ephangaleleyo yokumangalela ummangalelwa ngetyala elininzi elixhaswa bubungqina, logama nje ityala ngalinye lidibana nezibakala zalo ezingokwasemthethweni. Lo mkhwa uxhaphakile ngenxa yokuba uvumela umtshutshisi ukuba agubungele zonke iinkalo zehambo yezaphuli-mthetho aze anike abagwebi umfanekiso opheleleyo. Noko ke, kuphakama umbuzo: xa kubekwa ityala elininzi ngesenzo esinye likwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo?

Impendulo ixhomekeke ekubeni izityholo zithathwa njenge " ityala elifanayo " ngeenjongo eziphindiweyo zobungozi. Ukuba ityala linetyala elifanayo ngaphantsi koomalathisi abahlukeneyo, urhulumente angamangalela elinye kuphela. Kodwa ukuba ityala ngalinye liqulathe isiqalelo esinye esingekhoyo, zingamatyala ahlukeneyo kwaye zinokubekwa kunye okanye zinokubekwa ityala kunye okanye kwanakwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo. Lo mahluko ukwintliziyo yohlalutyo oluphindwe kabini kwimiba yengozi ephinda kabini.

Imiqathango Kwimiqathango Eninzi

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ubeka imiqathango emibini engundoqo xa ityala elininzi livela kwisenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho: libopha ityala elininzi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo, kwaye libopha iziphumo ezininzi [ zetyala elifanayo. Umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ngaba izityholo zenza i & quot; isaphulo esifanayo. " Iinkundla zisebenzisa iimvavanyo eziliqela ukwenza olu gqibo, olona lubalulekileyo olu luvavanyo lwe Blockburger.

Uvavanyo Lweblockburger

i-'''' '' inqabile' ukuvala ityala'' (1932), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka i " iprofiles " uvavanyo: ukuba umthetho ngamnye ufuna isiqalelo esinye esingasifuniyo, ngoko ke iityala zokwahlulwa kwaye azithinteli ukutshutshiswa okuphindaphindiweyo okanye isohlwayo. Umzekelo, ukuphanga kufuna ukuthathwa kwempahla ngenkani okanye ngesisongelo, ngexa uhlaselo lufuna ingxwelerha okanye ukuphatha okurhabaxa. Ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye luquka enye into eswelayo (ukuthatha inyathelo okufuna unxibelelwano okanye ukusoyika), ngoko ke zizinto ezo zokwahlukeneyo.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba into enye ephazanyisiweyo yenye into ephazanyiswayo (zonke izinto zabancinane ziyimfuneko ukungqina ukuba zinkulu), ngoko zisohlwayo esifanayo kwiinjongo eziphindwe kabini. Umzekelo, ukubulala kwesibini kubandakanya isono esincinci sokubulala kokuqala esinyanzelekileyo kuba zonke izinto zokubulala kwesibini-exeree kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ukufumana ukubulawa komntu wokuqala (umzekelo wokufa ngaphambi kokumiswa). Ummangalelwa akanakubekwa ityala lokubulala okukwako.

Uvavanyo lwe Blockburger lusetyenziswa ngokujonga kwiinkcazelo zemithetho, hayi izibakala ezithile zemeko. Ukuba izityholo ezibini zivela kwihambo enye kodwa zinezinto ezahlukeneyo, zithathwa njengezikreqo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Colletaral Estomal Kumatyala Olwaphulo-mthetho

Omnye umqathango osuka kwingozi ephindwe kabini yimfundiso yokumela i-estonel estopel, ethintela urhulumente ukuba angaphinde aqalise isibakala esele sigqitywe kwiNkundla ekwakukhonjiswa kuso i’ uvumela. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ngokubulawa ngenxa yokuba ijaji ifumanise ukufa ngengozi, urhulumente akanakummangalela ummangalelwa omnye ngokubulala umntu ngokusekelwe kukufa okufanayo, ngenxa yokuba imbambano yengozi sele igqitywe. Inkundla ePhakade yawusebenzisa lo mgaqo Ashe v. Sweson [1970]), apho umtshutshisi wayengenatyala lokuqhatha elinye kodwa kamva wazama ukurhoxisa elinye ixhoba elinye ngexesha; inkundla i-&qu; i-gconst; i-allmorp eyafumana i-mbhinqi engekho kwityala lesibini.

Isigwebo Esininzi

Kwanaxa izityholo ezininzi zinokuziswa kwityala elinye, iingozi eziphindwe kabini zimisela imiqathango enokwenziwa ngummangalelwa. Ukuba izityholo ezibini zifunyaniswe njengetyala elinye phantsi kwe Blockburger, inkundla ingakhupha isohlwayo esinye kuphela. Oku kusoloko kuvela kwiimeko apho ummangalelwa agwetyelwe ityala elikhulu nelincinci. Inkundla mayilahle ityala elincinane okanye idibanisa izigwebo ukuze aphephe isohlwayo esiphindwe kabini. RUTLEDG v v. United States [196], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo yayibambe ugwebo lokuhambisa iziyobisi nokubanda kwishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho eliqhubekayo (CCE) yayisohlwaywe ngokunjalo ityala lokusohlwaya.

Iimkhethe Neingcinga Ezisemthethweni

Ukhuseleko lwengozi ephindwe kabini aluphelelanga. Izihlandlo eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela urhulumente ukuba abeke ityala okanye ohlwaye ummangalelwa kaninzi ngenxa yezenzo ezivela kwisiganeko esinye.

Imfundiso Engolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yimfundiso yolongamo edityanisiweyo. Phantsi kwale mfundiso, isenzo esifanayo sinokumangalelwa ngurhulumente wesizwe norhulumente worhulumente ngenxa yokuba zizimele ngokwahlukeneyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo nganye inemithetho yayo kunye nomdla wayo wokusebenza. Umzekelo, umntu ophanga ibhanki ekhuselweyo yesizwe ebotshelelwe ityala lokuphanga nokuphanga ibhanki yebhanki yelizwe; ityala eligwetyiweyo okanye ukugweba kwenkundla enye aliwuchasi omnye ummangalelwa. Inkundla ephakamileyo yawuqinisekisa kwakhona lo mgaqo . United States[FLT:] v. [2010]] [2010]], iphethe ukuba ukubontshononono kwetyala okuphindiweyo akuyi kuxelwa ngokulandelelanayo.

Ngokufanayo, isenzo esinye sisenokubekwa ityala ngamaphondo amabini ahlukeneyo ukuba isenzo sophula imithetho yawo omabini. Umzekelo, ukunqumla umgca wesizwe ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokubeka ummangalelwa etyatyenisweni kuwo omabini la mazwe. Noko ke, eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inikela ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini olunokulinganisela iingozi ezithe zakhawuleziswa.

Ukungalungi Kwamatyala Nehong Jury

Ukuba ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo ngenxa yemfuneko ecacileyo (njenge-avareji exhonyiweyo, impazamo yesithethe, okanye ungxamiseko lwamayeza), urhulumente angaphinda azame ummangalelwa. Ijaji exhotyisiweyo iyenzeka xa abachopheli-tyala bengenakusifikelela isigqibo esimntwileyo; inkundla ivakalisa ukuphosa, kwaye ityala linokuphinda libekwe kwakhona ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindwe kabini kuba ummangalelwa akakhululwanga okanye agwetyelwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibanjwe United States v. Perez[FLT:] [1824]) ukuba ityala eliphindwe kabini aliphinde ligwetywe xa umgwebi wetyala engakwazi ukuvuma.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Igalelo elibini lengozi lisebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Nokuba isigwebo samakhaya sichasene nommangalelwa ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo, njengokulahlwa kwetyala kwabemi okanye ukumangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo. Umzekelo, umntu ogwetyelwe ukurhwebela iziyobisi usenokujamelana nokuphulukana nemali okanye impahla esetyenziswayo kulwaphulo-mthetho. Nokuba isigwebo samakhaya sisohlwaywa ngokwendalo, asikokwenza isohlwayo sesibini " u-criminalial " isohlwayo ngaphandle kokuba umthetho wamakhaya ugqalwa njengowa njengolwaphulo-mthetho (ukufunyanwa okunqabileyo). Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo wokuhlasela usenokujamelana nokumangalelwa kwebhethsi ngenxa yebhethsi enziweyo.

Ukuphinda Ufumaneke Emva Komtsalane

Ukuba ummangalelwa ubanjwa kwaye udlulisa ityala ngempumelelo, urhulumente angamvumela ummangalelwa kwangoko. Inkundla ejongene netyala i’ ukuguqulwa kuphelisa ngokunempumelelo ukutyala kokuqala, ngoko ke ingozi ayipheli. Noko ke, ukuba isibheno siphumele kwityala eligwetyiweyo (kunokuba yinkundla ye-appelte ngokwayo okanye ngenxa yokuba ubungqina babunganele), ummangalelwa akanakuphinda abekwe phantsi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-Bursks v. United States [17]] [17])) ikholelwa ukuba ukutshintsha kobungqina obungenangeneyo buye bufana nobungqina obusemthethweni obugciniweyo.

Ukunyuswa kwesigwebo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini abuzithinteli iinkundla ekuqwalaseleni ulweyiseko lwangaphambili njengezigwebo zokunyuselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olutsha, nokuba ezo nkolelo zangaphambili zavela kwihambo engaphantsi kanye netyala langoku. INkundla Ephakamileyo kwi Witte v. United States [1995] [95]) yathi ukusebenzisa ihambo yangaphambili ukunyusa isigwebo akukokwenza isohlwayo sesibini sendlela yokuziphatha, ngenxa yokuba isigwebo singesotyala elitsha, kungekhona esokuqala.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo kunye nobuchule bokhuselo

Ukuqonda imiqathango ephindwe kabini yengozi kubalulekile kumagqwetha okhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa umxhasi ejongene nezityholo ezininzi ezivela kwisiganeko esinye, ingqwalaselo kufuneka ihlolisise ukuba ngaba naziphi na izityholo zisohlwayo ezidibeneyo zisohlwaye kanye. Ukuba izityholo ezibini aziluphumeleli uvavanyo lwe Blockburger (ukutsho, esinye sisohlwayo esincinci esiqukiweyo sesinye), ukuzikhusela kungashukumbela ukukhupha ityala elincinci okanye ukudibanisa iinkolelo xa kugwetywa.

Ukongezelela, amagqwetha kufuneka alumke ngokungxengxelelwa okulandelelanayo. Ukuba urhulumente uqala ngokuzisa ityala kwaye umxhasi akanikwanga tyala, ukhuseleko kufuneka akhawuleze aphikisane nengozi ephindwe kabini ukuba izityholo ezintsha zigcinwa zisekelwe kwihambo efanayo. Imfundiso ye-conteral estomple inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla emva kokuvalwa kwetyala elincinane: ijaji eligwebayo kwityala elinye isenokugqiba ukuba ityala liqumle ityala elikwityala elinxulumene nalo.

Nabatshutshisi, nabo, kufuneka balwenze ngocoselelo izigqibo zabo ezifuna ityala ukuze baphephe ukusetyenziswa kwengozi ephindiweyo. Ukugatya kungakhokelela ekugxothweni, ekuguqulweni kwemiba ekubheno, nasekuchitheni ubuncwane obugwebayo. Kwezinye iindawo, iinkundla zinegunya lokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba akhethe phakathi kwetyala lokuphinda ityala phambi kokuvavanywa.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonakalisa le migaqo. Kwimeko edumileyo ye Abantu babambene ne. Batts (California, 1990), ummangalelwa wagwetywa ngetyala lokubulala kokuqala nokubulala okukodwa. Inkundla ephakamileyo yabamba isithi iingcamango zokubulala ezimbini zazilityala elifanayo kwaye ziyayalela enye yeenkolelo ezidibeneyo. Ngokuphikisanayo, kwi United States v. Dixon [1993], iNkundleko ephakamileyo ilwa nokudelwa nenkundla kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho (asel's) zazinotyala oluphindiweyo, ngokunjalo zisebenza ii-Spectivess ze-oplyces.

Ngokwembono yenkqubo, ukukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini kwengozi kunempembelelo ekhwankqisayo kumatyala abagqwesi. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, urhulumente unokubakruqula abamangalelwa ngokuvavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, akhuphe ubuncwane babo bemali, akhuseleke ngokuncedwa kunokusesikweni. Ukhuseleko lukwaqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zejaji lokugweba zigqibelele, ezilondoloza ubungcwele benkqubo yabachopheli-tyala.

Isiphelo

Imiqathango ebekwe ngamatyala aphindwe kabini etyala eliphindiweyo lolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi inceda ukulinganisa i-&rsquo yesizwe; inomdla wokuvavanya ukuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho nge-&rsquo. Isitshixo sisekukhetheni phakathi kwetyala elahlukeneyo (amalungu ahlukeneyo omthetho) kunye netyala elifanayo (apho umntu equkiweyo okanye ityala labelana ngazo zonke izijungqu). Ngexa uvavanyo lweBlockburger lunika isiseko esicacileyo, ngaphandle kolawulo olumabini, ukuphosa, kunye nezenzo zoburhulumente ezigqwetha. Amagosa asemthethweni kufuneka ahlale ekho ngoku kunye netyala elingumthetho olungisayo imida yokukhusela okuphindwe kabini.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda le miqathango kunika amandla abamangalelwa kunye nesiluleko sabo sokuqinisekisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokugweba isebenza ngokusesikweni nangokuphela. Enoba ungumfundi womthetho, igqwetha eliqheliselayo, okanye umntu ojongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqonda umahluko wengozi ephindwe kabini kusisixhobo sokwazi ukufunda ngokusemthethweni nangaliphi na igunya eliwuxabisayo umthetho.

ukuya kufunda ngokubhekele phaya, jonga i Cornell Information ’ inkcazo yengozi eziphindwe kabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo &squo; isigqibo kwi sickburger v. United States, kunye nesicelo sangoku GUGUST v. United States]