Ulawulo lomthetho luyenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zorhulumente ongummeli, esebenza njengenkqubo esesikweni yokuqwalasela, ukuhlola, nokulawula imisebenzi yamaqumrhu aphetheyo kunye namagosa karhulumente. Ngoxa indima yokuqala yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukwenza imithetho, amandla ayo okulawula ukuphunyezwa kwaloo mithetho ngokulinganayo. Ukuqhelisela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana neenjongo zomthetho, imali kawonke wonke ichithwa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye amalungelo nezilangazelelo zabemi zihlala zikhuselwe ekuzinzisweni okanye ekufikeleleni igunya likarhulumente. Ngaphandle kokulawula okunamandla, kwanowona mthetho ukwenziwa kwemithetho elungileyo kusenokugqwethwa okanye kungahoywa, ukurhoxiswa nokuthembeka kwabantu kunye nokuphendula kolawulo lolawulo-demokh ’.

Kumthombo wayo, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho lusebenza njengenkqubo yokuhlola iziphumo eziqhubekayo kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo. Lunceda abenzi bomthetho ukuba baqokelele ulwazi, bavavanye umsebenzi, baphawule inkunkuma okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi, kwaye bancomele izenzo zokulungisa. Lo msebenzi awupheli nje kodwa ukhuthaza ukuba ulwenze kodwa ukuvumela imigaqo-siseko sowiso-mthetho ukuba ilungele iziphumo zokuyilolonga ngokuqhubeka kohlolo nokulungisa imithetho nokulungisa imithetho ukuze itshintshe iimeko. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, ukujongelwa kuthathwa njengokuyimfuneko ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kwegunya nokulondolozwa komthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingqiqo, ukubaluleka, imingeniselo, kunye nobuchule bokulawula, kunye nendlela entle yokukhusela amalungelo abahlali belizwe.

Ukuqonda ulawulo lomthetho: Iinkcazelo nemilinganiselo

Ulawulo lomthetho lungachazwa njengokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuphatha kwesebe eliphetheyo, kunye nolawulo lwamasebe alo liqumrhu owiso-mthetho. Kubandakanya iinguqu ezininzi zemisebenzi, ukusuka ekubuzeni nasekuvinyweni okuqhelekileyo ukuya kuphengululo olusesikweni kunye nophicotho-zincwadi. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokuthembeka, ukuba oovimba babantu basetyenziswe kakuhle nangendlela efanelekileyo, kwaye imigaqo karhulumente iphumeze iziphumo zayo. Ukulawula kukwanikezela ngomjelo ofanelekileyo wokulawula imigaqo-mthetho, osisigxilo esingundoqo esilishumi solawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ingcamango yobuveleli iye yavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Iindlela zangaphambili zingalandelelwa kulawulo lwePalamente yamaNgesi kwiindleko zesiBhulu. Kumaxesha angoku, njengoko urhulumente wanwenwa kwimisebenzi entsonkothileyo yolawulo kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu, iinkqubo zolawulo zaba ntsokothile. Namhlanje, iintsebenziswano zisebenzisa iikomiti, iikomiti ezikhethekileyo (ezifana nee-ofisi zokuphendula urhulumente), kunye nenkqubela-mthetho ngamnye ukuqulungela ukufezekisa le ndima. Umlinganiselo wolawulo uquka yonke into ukusuka ekuphumezweni koqingqo-mali nasekuthobeleni ulawulo lwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yabemi.

Kukho iimodeli ezimbini ezibanzi zobuveleli obunxulumene nengcamango: " uphangelo lomlilo" kunye ne-'FLT'" alamu yomlilo" imodeli yamapolisa yokugada ibandakanya ukusebenza, ukujonga okuphakathi kwabenzi bemithetho kunye nabasebenzi babo . Imodeli yomlilo ixhomekeke kwimibambo kunye namaqela enza inzala ukuphakamisa izikhalazo, ukuqhuba ungenelelo lomthetho xa kuvela iingxaki. [[FLT] Imithetho yowiso-mthetho-mthetho isebenzisa umdibaniso weemodeli ezidiyo zombini, kodwa ukhetho lwemodeli luchaphazela ulwahluzo, ulwahluzo, ukwenziwa kobugosamvo, kunye nobunzulu bobungameli.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Abemi Ngokusemthethweni

Ulawulo lomthetho lukhusela abemi ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala kwimida esemthethweni kwaye zinceda umdla kawonke-wonke.

  • Ityala: ukubekwa koorhulumente banika abasemagunyeni uxanduva lwezigqibo nezenzo zabo. Xa abameli besilela ukufikelela imigaqo esemthethweni okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukuva kwemithetho neengxelo kusenokubhenca ezi tyala kwaye kunyanzelisa amanyathelo okulungisa. Oku kudala isithintelo nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa aphendule kunyulo lwabameli ``aye ekugqibeleni kuluntu.
  • I- I-Tradiment: ngokufuna abameli ukuba banikeze ulwazi, bangqine, bathethelele izenzo zabo, baphakamise isigqubuthelo kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Abami bafumana ukuqonda ngendlela ii-irandi zerhafu ezisetyenziswa ngayo, indlela imigaqo enyanzeliswa ngayo, nendlela imigaqo echaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ngokucacileyo urhulumente ukhuthaza ukuthembana kwaye wenza ukuba kubekho ingxoxo kawonke-wonke.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla: kusebenza njengovavanyo lokunyanga abagqwesi. Kunokutyhila ukunganyaniseki, ungquzulwano lwenzala, ukujongana, okanye ukunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kolawulo olungekho mthethweni. Umzekelo, iikomiti zemithetho zibhenca iipakethe zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwiindawo zokuhlala, zobupolisa, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukurhoxa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinguqu ezikhusela abemi abachaphazelekayo.
  • Ukulawula kuvumela abemi kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuba badlulisele inkxalabo yabo kubenzi bemithetho. Ngokuva, amagqabaza, kunye neengxelo zomlozi, abenzi bomthetho bafunda ngeziphumo ezingalindelekilenga zemithetho okanye ukungaphumeleli kwesebe. Le mpendulo inceda ukucombulula iinkqubo ukuze kuncede abemi basekuhlaleni.
  • Isivumelwano somthetho sonyanzeliso: ukugqithisa kuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zihambelana neemfuno zomthetho kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Xa abameli betyeshela imiyalelo esemthethweni okanye begqitha igunya labo, ungenelelo lwemithetho lungabuyisela ummiselo ofanelekileyo, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwisenzo sombuso esizimeleyo.

Kuluntu olulawulwa yidemokhrasi, umsebenzi wokukhusela ubaluleke kakhulu kumaqela aphantsi angenalo igunya okanye ubuncwane bokukhusela amalungelo awo. Ukuva okusemthethweni ngokufikelela kwimpilo, ukugweba ngemekobume, namalungelo okuvota kuye kwanyusa amazwi abo bachaphazelekayo yimigaqo-siseko karhulumente.

Iindlela kunye nezixhobo zolawulo lomthetho

Imithetho isebenzisa isixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuqhuba. Indlela yokukhetha ixhomekeke kwinkupho, kwimithombo ekhoyo, nakwimeko yezobupolitika. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • I-Committee Liva: Imile okanye ikhethe iikomiti ezibamba ukuva kumagosa ombutho, iingcali, kunye nabagcini-mathiriyeli. Iindlebe zinokuba nguphando, ulawulo, okanye isiqinisekiso. Zisithuthi sokuqala sokuqokelela ulwazi nokuvavanya esithelekelelayo. Iindlebe ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zingabalaselisa iingxaki zenkqubo zekhompyutha zize zivelise ukukhutshelwa kwemibutho efuna utshintsho.
  • Uphando olunzulu: Xa kuvela izityholo ezinzulu zokungahambi kakuhle okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo, iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho zingagunyazisa iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ukuba ziqhube uphando olunzulu. Ezi zibandakanya amandla ethontsi epona, ubungqina obunobuchule, kunye nophengululo olunzulu loxwebhu. Imizekelo iquka uphando lweBhunga le-U.S. lophando lwe-Watergate-in kunye no-9/11 yeKhomishini yokuphengulula kwiintsilelo zobulumko.
  • Ii-Audits kunye nohlolo: Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zinee-ofisi zobuphicotho-zincwadi ezizodwa, ezinjenge-Ofisi yobuPhicotho-zincwadi yoRhulumente (GAO) okanye ii-ofisi zophicotho-zincwadi zesizwe, eziqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwemali kunye nomsebenzi. Olu hlolisiso luzimeleyo luhlola ukuba iinkqubo zihlangabezana na neenjongo zazo nokuba imali isetyenziswe ngokunempumelelo kusini na. zincwadi-zincwadi zinika ingxelo yenjongo enokuthi isetyenziswe ngaba abalawuli bemithetho-mthetho bafune inkqubela.
  • Iingxelo zomthetho ezikhoyo, ezithe zafunyanwa, ezinconywayo, nezifunekayo. Iingxelo zinokuxhokonxa utshintsho lwemithetho, uhlenga-hlengiso, okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo. Zikwasebenza njengengxelo yomsebenzi wobuveleli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amaxesha okuququzelela kunye nemibuzo Yempendulo Ebhaliweyo: Iinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente zibonakalisa ixesha lombuzo elithe rhoqo apho abalungiseleli bancinwa ngabenzi bemithetho abachasayo. Imibuzo ebhaliweyo ivumela imibuzo eneenkcukacha efuna iimpendulo ezisemthethweni, idala uphicotho lweziko lolawulo lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[NTL:0] IiNjongo zeBhrakethi kunye neZigqibo: Amandla engxowa-mali angomnye wezixhobo zolawulo olunamandla. Ngokulawula inkxaso-mali, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zingasikela imiqathango okanye zifake imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe. Uqingqo-mali lwento engaphakathi, ukuva kwiinkqubo ze-appropria, kunye nokuhlawula imali bubuchule obuqhelekileyo ukunyanzelisa ukuthobelana nenjongo yemithetho.
  • Ukuqinisekisa Ukuva: kwiinkqubo apho indlu yowiso-mthetho iqinisekisa abamiselwe ngokulawulayo, ukuva kuhlola iimfaneleko neembono zenkqubo zoosomashishini. Le nkqubo ingabumba indlela yombutho kwaye iqinisekise ukuba abamiselwe bazinikele kulawulo olusemthethweni nolunoxanduva.
  • Imithetho ekhusela i Wistleer, ekhusela abavuli-mlozi abaxela ukungalungisi kokuziphatha okubi abafaka ingxelo yendlela elungileyo yokukhokela ngokukhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuza phambili. Imithetho ingaqinisa ngakumbi ezi zikhuselo kwaye isebenzise ubungqina bokufutha impempe njengekhokelela kuphando.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bubalulekile. Ugcino-lwazi olunemiqathango, amaqonga avulekileyo karhulumente, kunye nezixhobo zokunika ingxelo ngamanani zivumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zijonge ukusebenza kombutho ngexesha lokwenene. Umzekelo, ezinye iipalamente zisebenzisa iibhodi ezinqamlezileyo ukuze zilandele izicelo okanye ulibaziseko lweflegi kwiiprojekthi zikawonke-wonke.

Ucelomngeni Lokuthintela Ulawulo Oluphumelelayo

Nangona kubalulekile, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho lujamelene nemiqobo ebangela ukuba lungasebenzi.

  • [[NTLAK:0] Imikhosi ehamba kunye nePartisan Dissions:[[FT:1] Abameli basoloko bejongene nokunyaniseka okungqubanayo (ukuya kulawulo lweqela, ukuxhasa, okanye ukuxhasa iphulo. Ukugqithisa kungathintelwa xa amaqela amaninzi ekhusela isebe elilawulayo elilawulwa liqela elinye. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela achaseneyo asenokusebenzisa ulawulo njengesixhobo sokunceda i-RGB kunokuba aphendule ngenyani. Ukulawula nenyaniso yezobupolitika kunzima.
  • Izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo kunye ne-Exppert: Ukuvelela okunempumelelo kufuna abasebenzi abanobuchule, ixesha, kunye nenkxaso-mali. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo okanye umgangatho wesizwe, ziswele ubuncwane obaneleyo bokuqhuba uphando olunzulu. Abaqeshi basoloko bebhityekile, kwaye abalawuli bemithetho basenokuba nobuchule obulinganiselweyo kwimiba yezobugcisa obufana nenkqubo yempilo okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe.
  • Iinkqubo zikaRhulumente waNgoku zintsonkothileyo, zibandakanya abameli abaninzi, izalathiso, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Ulawulo lufuna ukuqonda ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo, ulawulo, kunye neziphumo zexesha elide. Abalawuli basenokuzama ukugcina isantya nobubanzi bomsebenzi worhulumente.
  • Ukuzimela nokungasebenzisani neZibonelelo eziPhezulu: Ingxamiseko ingalibazisa iimpendulo, inikezele ulwazi olungaphelelanga, okanye isithi imfihlo `njengelungelo elilawulayo okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe] ukuthintela ukuvavanywa. Kwanaxa kuyimfuneko ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisana, amanye amasebe asebenzisa iindlela zokuphelisa imigudu yobuveleli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilack of Lave-ethe - Ngaphaya: Xa uvelela kuchonga iingxaki, iingcebiso zingangathotyelwa. Ngaphandle kokwenza uqikelelo-mthetho. /enye iindlela zokuthintela uqingqo-mali lungawuhoyi umgaqo-nkqubo, okanye uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke-wonke-------acimplication lungangakuhoya okufunyenweyo. Umgama phakathi kophatho kunye nokuphumeza uyaqhubeka kulhalo oluqhubekayo.
  • [[NTLA] Jodicial and Legal Consignects: Kweminye imiqathango, iinkundla zilinganisela umlinganiselo wolawulo ngokucela ukwahlulwa kwamandla okanye amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Nangona le mida iyimfuneko, maxa wambi iyakwazi ukukhusela izenzo zolawulo kuphando olusemthethweni.

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, utshintsho lwamaziko, kunye nenkcubeko yokuziphendulela. Amaqumrhu ongameli abazimeleyo, amagunya angaphantsi kwepoena, kunye nemijelo ekhuselekileyo yokubetha iimpempe zizinto ezinconywayo.

Uphando lwetyala kulawulo lomthetho

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kukhanyisa amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kokungalawuli kwemithetho.

IScamegate yamanzi (1973-1974)

Ihlazo leWatergate liseyimeko ephawulekayo yolawulo olusebenzayo lowiso-mthetho. IBhunga eliKhetha iKomiti Yolawulo loMongameli kwiMicimbi yeCampatial Campatical, eliphethwe nguSenator Sam Ervin, laqhuba iindlebe ezipapashwa kakhulu ezatyhila ukubandakanywa kolawulo lweNixon kwintlawulo kunye nesokugquma. Ngokwayo i-Scoupoenas kunye nokufutha isiqinisekiso, ikomiti etyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi koomatshini nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamaziko karhulumente. Iindlebe zibhencamathelisa uluvo lukawonke kwaye zikhokelele ekudlulisweni kotshintsho olukhulu: iMpakelo lweMali ye-Act Act, ukuqinisa, nokumiswa kwezibonelo lwezibonelo lwezibonelelo. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela ukuzimisela kokuchana okunga, ukunyanisa, ukurhoxakeka, nokuvelisa inkqubo yemithetho karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente kamashumi eminyaka.

Ingxaki Yemali Yowama - 2008 Nolawulo Olulandelayo

Ingxaki yemali yowama-2008 yadala ulawulo oluphangaleleyo lwezezimali, ingakumbi kwiKhomishini yezeMali yaseUnited States. IKomiti yeNdlu YezoNtsapho kunye neKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNguqu zoMali yaBanki babamba iingxelo ezininzi zokuhlola iinjongo, kuquka indima yababoleki bezindlu, iibhanki zotyalo-mali, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo afana neSibonelelo soMphathi-Mphathi-Mbindi, iKhomishini yezentengiso, i-Phondo yeNkimbi yezentengiselwano enziwe yiKhomishoni yezentengiso, ikhupha ingxelo echaza ukungaphumeleli komthetho kunye nolawulo. Lo msebenzi wolawulo ubonise indlela enokuthi ngayo iinguqulo luye lwawongeza imigaqo-mthetho wolawulo oluphambili kumaziko owenziwe nge-Cercissity Burreance Bureault.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: IiKomiti Zokhetho ZePalamente

IPalamente ye-UK inenkqubo eqinileyo yokukhetha elawula amasebe karhulumente. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeeMali zikawonke-wonke ihlola ixabiso lemali ehlawulelwayo kurhulumente, ngelixa iKomiti yeMicimbi yeMsebenzi ihlola ukufuduka nemigaqo yezobupolisa. Enye into ephawulekayo yaba kukuphanda kweKomiti kwimposiso yegazi engcolileyo, eyabhenca amashumi eminyaka yokungakhathali kwiinkonzo zegazi ze-NHS. Umbuzo wenyanzelo lwe-orhulumente onyanzelekileyo nokunyanzeleka oorhulumente ukuba bacele uxolo baze bamisele isindululo. Oku kubonisa indlela ukuvelela kwekomiti okuqhubekayo okunokuthi igcine ngayo ukugxazulula i-ofisi ye-ofisi ehlala isenza ityala kwanetyala naxanduva ukungaphumeleli okude kudala.

Owona Mqheliso wokomeleza uLawulo loMgaqo-siseko

Ukuphuhlisa ukuphumelela kolawulo lowiso-mthetho nokukhusela amalungelo abemi, kufuneka kusetyenziswe iindlela eziliqela ezifanelekileyo:

Ulawulo lomthetho kumxholo wehlabathi lonke

Iinkqubo zobupolitika ezahlukeneyo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuveleli. Kwinkqubo zomongameli njengase-United States, iKhomishini yeNgqungquthela iqhuba ngamandla ngokusebenzisa iikomiti kunye namandla okuphatha amagosa esebe eliphetheyo. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, isebe eliphetheyo lithathwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, enokuthi ijikelele imigca yokuphendula. /amaxesha amatsha-malungu anokubuza kunye neekomiti zokulawula ezinika ii-ejografini ezahlukeneyo. Amazwe amaninzi aseke ii-ofisi ezifana ne- i-U.S. i-Akhawunti ye-RPURRRR[[FOP][FLT] okanye ii-ofisi ze-paliniki zesizwe eziqhuba iziphumo ezingezobucala. Kwizitsha ezilawulayo. Kulawulo oluphezulu, amaziko okungawona anokungabikho kwimicimbi yezo zezopolitiki. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, njengee - Pparliation kunye neBrants, inika inkxaso-oggqwe, i-oglobalkn elungelene

Isiphelo: Inkcazo Yokuphaphamela

Ulawulo lomthetho asilolungiselelo nje lokulawula oluqhelekileyo, kodwa luyindlela esisiseko yokukhusela idemokhrasi. Ngokubeka iliso lolawulo oluphezulu, ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwelinye icala, ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwemithetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ingumsebenzi owenzelwe, ukuvelela ngqo, ukukhusela amalungelo kunye nezilangazelelo zabemi. Imingeniselo ```iiimeko-zobupolitika, iinkcitho zezibonelelo', ukuxhathisa kweziko /ukukhusela okufanelekileyo, kodwa zinokukoyiswa ngokuya kusetyenziswa kweqululo, oovimba bemali abafanelekileyo, kunye nokubophelela kwabantu. Njengoko oorhulumente besiba yinkimbinkimbi, imfuneko yokuba namandla aqinile, ulawulo olutsha kufuneka lufune ukuba abameli babo abanyuliweyo basebenzise eli gunya ngenkuthalo, ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi obuthathaka okanye oshiya umnyango uvuleke ekungabi namandla.