Ulwalamano phakathi kokhuseleko lombuso kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe luhlala kwisiseko solawulo lombuso lwaseMelika, ludibanisa imfazwe engapheliyo phakathi kwemfazwe yoodokolwana neyohlanga. Ezi mfundiso zimbini `enye zikhusela kwiinkundla ezithile, enye inikela ulawulo lombuso kumthetho wesizwe. "Ayikho yodwa." Badibanisa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha badala iimfashoni ezisemthethweni zokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo mayingadibani. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo kumntu ofunda umthetho wesogqeba, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, okanye imida esebenzayo yamandla karhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlola zombini iingcamango zobunzulu, ivavanyanisa iimeko zomboniso-mthetho, kwaye lihlazinzisa inkcacingo eqhubekayo phakathi kwazo.

Umanyano lweRhulumente: Inqabe Elisekelwe Kwimbali

ISindululo Seshumi Nenye & amp; Imvelaphi Yaso

Umgaqo wokhuseleko oluphezulu lwesizwe ngumgaqo osemthethweni wokuba urhulumente akanakumangalelwa kwinkundla karhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Le mfundiso idityaniswe ngqo noMthetho-siseko weshumi elinesine, yagunyaziswa ngowe-1795 ukuphendula isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ] iChohoolm v. IGeorgia [1793]. Ngelo xesha, iNkundla ivumela ummi wabucala osuka eMzantsi Carolina ukutshayela kuRhulumente waseGeorgia, ivulela ingxabano phakathi kwamalungelo amazwe. Umphelo weshumi elinesitho warhoxa warhoxa uwisa umthetho, uvakalisa ukuba amandla okugweba kwe-United States awanyukeli “kunye esizwe soMbutho, okanye yi-Masigraine okanye yi-Masitys okanye yi-Atlantist of LorventineyName.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza iA111th Amendmentment iphangalele. Namhlanje, ukhuseleko oluphezulu ludla ngokusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nesizwe nabemi baso, ngaphandle kokuba imvume okanye iBhunga ligunyazise ngokusemthethweni ukuba loo majoni akhuseleke ngokusebenzisa amandla alo okuqinisekisa phantsi koMphengululo we-145. Le mfundiso ibonisa inkxalabo yabaGqinisi ukuba iinkundla zephondo azimele zisetyenziswe njengendawo yokulwa okanye ukukhupha oorhulumente okanye iimfuno zabo ngaphandle kwemvume yelizwe.

Ezikhethekileyo & amp; Ukuhluza

Nangona kukho ikhaka, kukho iindlela eziliqela abahlaseli abanokuzisela ngazo izinto ezichaseneyo nezo mimandla:

  • imvume yeSizwe: Umbuso ungawuphazamisa ngokuzithandela umgobo wawo wokuzivikela, ngokufuthi ngomthetho okanye ngokwamkela imali karhulumente kunye neemeko.
  • Ingqungquthela ebhadlileyo: iyakwazi ukukhulula amazwe okhuseleko lobungangamsha xa esebenza phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine (ukunyanzela amalungelo asekuhlaleni). Kodwa iNkundla iye yenza lacaca eli gunya lilinganiselwe; iBhunga alikwazi ukudityaniswa phantsi korhwebo kuphela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umahluko oncinci wenxenye: Phantsi komzekelo 190 Ex process Young, ifanele ukukhululeka okulindelekileyo nxamnye namagosa karhulumente (hayi urhulumente ngokwawo) ivunyelwe ukunqanda ukwaphulwa okuqhubekayo komthetho wezwe. Le ntsomi ichaza umphathi njengongasebenzi phantsi kombala wegunya lombuso.

Ezi zinto zibangela ukuba kusetyenziswe amalungelo karhulumente, kodwa azikuphelisi ukuxinezeleka okusisiseko ngokuzikhulula.

Ukhukuliso: ISupremacke yeClaus kwiSend

Ukhukuliso luyimfundiso yokuba xa umthetho wesizwe usebenza kwindawo ethile, uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho karhulumente ongqubanayo. Isiseko yiSupremacy Clause kwiGatya lesi-4, Claus 2 lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ethi umGaqo-siseko nemithetho yaseUnited States “iya kuba nguMthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe.” Oku kuthetha ukuba abagwebi besizwe babotshwe ngumthetho wesizwe nokuba umgaqo okanye imithetho yabo ithetha okuchasene noko.

Phumeza ucimo

Ingqungquthela ingaquka ulwimi olucacileyo kumthetho wokuba ifuna ukulawula okanye ukuthatha umthetho karhulumente ogqithileyo. Umzekelo, uMqeshwa Womqeshwa Womhlala-phantsi we-Inhome Security Act (ERIS) uqulethe igalelo elibanzi lokukhulula imithetho karhulumente “evumela nayiphi na icebo lomqeshwa.” Xa kukho ulwimi, iinkundla zichaza nje umgangatho womthetho weBhunga.

Uvavanyo olusetyenziswayo

Nangaphandle kolwimi, isiciko singachazwa ngeendlela ezimbini:

  • Intelekelelo epheleleyo: xa ukuthobela umthetho worhulumente noworhulumente kungenakwenzeka ngokomzimba, okanye xa umthetho karhulumente umi njengomqobo kwiinjongo ezipheleleyo neenjongo zeBhunga.
  • Intlambo: Xa isicwangciso sokubuyisela ulawulo sigqugqisile kangangokuba asishiyi thuba lolwandiso lorhulumente. Umzekelo, igunya leNyukliya lokhuseleko lwenyukliya ligcinwe ukuba lihlale kumhlaba wonke.

Imizekelo Yomthetho Wakutshanje

Intelekelelo ivela kwimibandela emininzi karhulumente: ukufuduka, umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, urhwebo lwangaphakathi, ukugcinwa kwemali, kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo. Arizona v. United States [202], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi imithetho emininzi yezomthetho karhulumente we-Arizona ngenxa yokuba ingquzulane nezinto eziphambili zikarhulumente. INkundla yasebenzisa omabini amasimi kunye nokukhutshwa kwetyala, ibonisa indlela enokuthi inyanzeleke ngayo amapolisa angene kwimimandla yegunya likarhulumente.

Ingxaki: Umanyano Olulawulayo njengesithintelo Sokucinywa

Ubunzima obusembindini buvela xa umthetho wesizwe ukhulula umthetho worhulumente, kodwa iqela lobuqu lifuna ukukhupha urhulumente ukunyanzelisa loo nkululeko. Ukhuseleko lolawulo loburhulumente lungasivala isuti. Nangona umthetho wesizwe ungomkhulu, urhulumente akanakusiwa kwinkundla karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba enye yezo zishicilelwe phantsi isebenza. Oku kwenza imeko edidayo: umthetho wesizwe ukhuphisa umthetho ongaphantsi kwesomthetho, kodwa ngokusekelwe kumthetho awunako ukunyangwa nxamnye norhulumente ngokwawo.

Imizekelo

  • Ukuthobela umthetho: Ishishini likholelwa ukuba ummiselo worhulumente ukhutshiwe ngumthetho wezwe. Ifuna ukuba inkundla yesizwe ivakalise umthetho wesizwe ukuba awusebenzi kwaye unyanzelise. Kodwa ukuba iisuti zibiza urhulumente ngokuba ngummangalelwa, imivalo elawulayo. Umlawuli kufuneka alifake igosa likarhulumente phantsi uEx ee Young ukwenzela uncedo olulindelekileyo.
  • Ii-Claims zomonakalo: Inxenye ye-[FTLT:2] Ex e Young ukunxaxha akuvumeli iisuti zomonakalo weretroctive. Ngoko ukuba urhulumente sele eqokelele imali okanye iimali phantsi komthetho okhutshiweyo, iqela labucala alinakuyifumana imali emva kwezwe ngokwalo. Bangafuna ukuxhomekeka kumacebo enkundla okanye kuthemba oorhulumente belizwe.

Ityala lophawu lwelizwe kwi-Mongami I-Immunity & Ucimo

Seminole Friest of Florida v. Florida (1996)

Isivumelwano se-Indiya Gaminole Tribe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ukuba iNkundla ingakwazi ukukhusela urhulumente ngokungenasiseko phantsi kwe-Indiya Commerce Claus (inxalenye yeChwebo loChwebo Claus). ISivumelwano se-Indiya Gaming Regugatary safuna amagunya okuququzelela ukuqulunqa ucalu-hlula ama-ntla esizwe anokholo olulungileyo kwaye ivumela izizwe ukuba zingenise kwinkundla yesizwe ngenxa yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla yathi ikholelwa ukuba iNkqulundlo ingenalo kukhuselo lwe-Chost Clauslaus (e) esetyenziswa yinkqubo ye-Chost Claus. Kuphela amandla okulawula kwe-1445 yeSindululelo enokuthi ithethelele umthetho. Esi sigqibo sibekelluphendukuphene amandla alinganiselwe kakhulu ekulawuleni kwemithetho emicimbi emicimbi yomthetho yasekuhlaleni, kwanawayokwaseburhulumente (ukulwayokusebenza

USiminole Tribe imela umthetho wokuba ukukhulula kwemithetho yelizwe akuzenzekeli kudala ilungelo labucala lesenzo nxamnye nemeko. Isiphumo esingaphantsi esitsha sesiko lomthetho wezwe kufuneka sinyanzeliswe ngenye indlela. Ngokufuthi ngokwendlela Ex propute Young [ iintshukumo ezichasene nabaphathi borhulumente okanye ngesuti ye-United States ngokwayo.

Fed. Mar. Umlawuli v. uMzantsi Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

Le tyala landisiwe kwimiba yokuzikhusela kwemithetho elawulayo phambi kwamaqumrhu olawulo lwesizwe. IKhomishini yeFederal Maritime (FMC) yayifuna ukuva isikhalazo sabucala nxamnye neRhulumente yoMzantsi Carolina, iphikisa iRhulumente ilwaphula umthetho woMthetho wokuthumela. INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi imiqathango yolawulo oluphezulu yaba liqela lomntu ozimeleyo ekunyanzeleni urhulumente ukuzikhusela kwisivumelwano solawulo, nokuba iFMC ayiyonkundla. Ingqiqo: isidima esiphezulu samazwe sisebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-alumm, kwaye ivumela ezo zenzo zithobe zinokuthoba imigaqo "yongamelelwayo kwimithetho yokuthintela ulawulo oluphezulu". Ityala laqinisekisa ukuba igobe lingapheleli kwiNkunga elingeyo iNkugqiba kwiNkundla III.

Ezinye Izigqibo Ezibalulekileyo

  • Ex icandelo le Young (1908): yamisa umahluko wembombo ukwenzela isiphumlisi esilindelekileyo nxamnye nabaphathi borhulumente.
  • Alden v. Maine (1999): Wayiphatha into yokuba ukhuseleko lobuso bukhusela iimeko kwiisuti zabucala kwiinkundla zelizwe lazo, ngaphandle kokuba imvume karhulumente okanye iBhunga ligunyazise ibrodgees phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine.
  • KAnses v. Garcia (20): Idilesi ekhululwe kumongo wokufuduka kwaye yabalaselisa oko Ex trape Young iisuti zisele zikhona ukuvavanya imithetho yombuso ekhutshiwe kwangaphambili.

Ukulungelelanisa Imfundiso: Indlela Iinkundla Eziwuphelisa Ngayo Lo Mlo

Xa umthetho wesizwe udelela umthetho wesizwe, kodwa ulawulo lokhuseleko lomzimba lusibekela umgquba ozimeleyo ekumangaleleni urhulumente ngqo, iinkundla zisebenzisa izixhobo eziliqela ukuxolelanisa ukuxinana:

  • Imisebenzi e-Ex Yoo Mncinci kwimisebenzi eqheleke kakhulu. [[FLT: 3] Abaphathi-mikhosi kubuchule babo obusemthethweni bokukhululeka okusemthethweni. Isuti ayichasene norhulumente ngokwawo, ngoko ukukhusela akusebenzi. Oku kuvumela ukunyanzeliswa kwentelekelelo yequmrhu ukuba ixelwe ixesha elide xa ukukhululeka kulindelekile.
  • Izikhuseli zeUnited States: Urhulumente wengingqi angamangalela ukunyanzelisa umthetho wesizwe. Ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu aluwakhuseli amatyala kwiisuti ze-United States. Oku kunika inkqubo engqalileyo yokunyanzelisa, nangona ixhomekeke kwimithombo yoluntu nezinto eziza kuqala.
  • Inkundla yesizwe ihlaziywa: Iqela labucala lingaphakamisa ukhuseleko kwinkundla yelizwe xa urhulumente ezisa isenzo sokusebenza ngokuchasene nabo. Ukuthintelwa kolawulo oluphezulu akuthinteli imeko ekubeni ibe ngummangalelwa, kwaye umtshutshisi angaphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wesizwe awusebenzi phantsi koSupremacy Clause.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukunyuswa okungagqibekanga okudlula kwicandelo 5: Kwimimandla echazwe ngokumngcipheko (umzk., amalungelo abantu, imithetho yesiphene, ucalucalulo lobudala), iBhunga liyakwazi ukugunyazisa ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe. Xa kunjalo, ii-peacttiffs zabucala zingakugwebela ngqo ukukhulula nokukhulula ngemali.

Imida ye [[UMTL: 0] Ex icandelo elincinane[[UMTL: 1]

Ngeli xesha iintsomi zamagosa karhulumente okumangalela anamandla, inemida. Inkundla ifuna ukuba umphathi abe nonxibelelwano oluthile ekuqinisekiseni umthetho karhulumente otyholwa ngokuba akamiselwanga. Ukuba akukho mphathi-mikhosi uthile ochazwa njengomnyanzeli, isuti ingasilela. Ngaphezu koko, Exte Young akavumeli ukonakala; umchasi-mthetho akakwazi ukubuyisa ilahleko yangaphambili. Lo msantsa uthetha ukuba ezinye iintlobo zonyango azifumaneki ngokuphumelelayo nxamnye namazwe, zidala ukukhuthuzwa phantsi kolawulo lwamagunya asekuhlaleni xa amaqela azimeleyo ehlelwa yingozi yezoqoqosho.

Iingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko & amp; Uxanduva lomgaqo-siseko

Umanyano & i-Federalism & Isidima sikaRhulumente

Abaxhasi bokhuselo olunamandla lokukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu baphikisa ngelithi urhulumente ufuna isidima sikarhulumente. Ukuvumela ukumangalelwa kwabucala ngokuchasene namazwana kungawachaphazeleka kwityala lokhetho lwenkqubo, uvavanyo lombuso olunokuba yingozi. Bakwaphikisa ngokuthi extrate Young ukuchasa okusele kunika uhlolo olwaneleyo ngokuchasene nesenzo sombuso ongamiselwanga. Ngaphezu koko, iNkundla ePhakathiweyo ithe ngokuphindaphindiweyo yathi umgaqo we-APPPrefeleteth Amendment uqulution uquka umgaqo-" wesiseko wesigqeqeba esichaza ukuba zizinto ezilawulayo.

Abahlalutyi baphikisa into yokuba ukukhusela ulawulo oluzimeleyo akunasiseko sombhalo wesiseko kuMgaqo-siseko ongaphaya koMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesi-11, owawucetywe ngokufutshane ukubhukuqa . Baphikisa ngelithi ukwanda kwale mihla kwezokhuselo kuthintela ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente, ingakumbi xa iBhunga liye lawutyhalela phantsi umthetho worhulumente othile okanye inkululeko yezoqoqosho. Ukuba urhulumente udelela umthetho kazwelonke, unyango lokwenene lunokuba yisuso esifanelekileyo kwiSebe lobulungisa, nto leyo engenakufane ithintele ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente wonke ngaphandle kwamatyala abalulekileyo. Oku kuvumela ukuba kuqhawule imigaqo ephambili yezomthetho echaphazekileyo ngaphandle kwesiphumo.

Indima Yengqungquthela

Iinkundla zisoloko zikhangela ukuba iNkundla yeNkundla inenjongo yokukhusela ulawulo lwequmrhu xa imisela umthetho wokuzikhusela kwequmrhu. Kimel v. Ibhodi yase Florida yeRegents [2000], ingqinela ukuba iNkundla iNkathi yeXesha Elingenamthetho yayingenagunya eligunyazisiweyo ngenxa yokuba iBhunga alizange lichaze ukuba ucalucalucalulo olusasayo lobudala-ngokuthethelela isenzo sayo phantsi kwecandelo 5. Imfuneko yokuvavanywa "congreence kunye nolwano" phakathi komonakalo kunye nesisingeno yenza kube nzima ukwenzela ukrulaniso lwezo lwezorhwebo okanye lwemithetho egqwethance.

Oku kusebenza kubangela intshukumisa yomthetho: ukuba iBhunga lifuna ukuba imiyalelo yalo yokukhulula inyanzelwe ngasese nxamnye namazwe, kufuneka iquke ulwimi olucacileyo lokukrwela kunye nommiselo osekelwe kwigunya elililo lomGaqo-siseko (__ukuqinisekisa ngokuthembeka uLawulo lwe-14th Amend Amendment. Kungenjalo, iimeko zinokukutyeshela ukucinywa kwarhulumente logama nje ziphepha ukumangalelwa ngurhulumente wesizwe okanye ukumangalelwa [[FLT:]] Ex ex icandelo leYoung[FLT]

Imibandela yangoku & i-amp; Imigaqo yexesha elizayo

Umgaqo-nkqubo wonyango & amp;

UMthetho we-Affordcuble Care Act (ACA) uquka ukucazululwa kwemithetho karhulumente engqubana neemfuno zayo. Xa oorhulumente bezama ukukhetha ulwandiso lweMedicaid okanye ukumisela imithetho yokukhupha isisu engqongqo, ii-polapffs zisoloko zisetyenziswa [ inxenye yesuti encinane [ iisuti ezichasene namagosa esizwe. Uxinzelelo luphakama kwiimeko apho amazwana aqhuba ngaphakathi kwegunya lawo elilawulayo lomthetho worhulumente ngoxa ziwabopha ngokucacileyo. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zivumele ezi suti ziphumele, kodwa ukuntsonko komthetho wezo zokwalaliso lwempilo ziyaqhubeka ukuvelisa ukuguqula i-ligig.

Umthetho Wokusingqongileyo & ipemp; Utshintsho lwemozulu

Kwibala lemidlalo lemekobume, imimiselo karhulumente efana ne-Cec Air Act ethile yomthetho karhulumente, kodwa ilawula igunya lokusebenzisa imilinganiselo yayo xa i-EPA ivunywa. Iimbambano zokhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu zivela xa amaqela azimeleyo ewe ngenxa yokungavumelani nemithetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, kwi iLicato YaseKivalina-Air-Ae. i-Exxobil Corp. (2011], iTYTS) ikholelwa ukuba umthetho oqhelekileyo uthelekelelo kwigesi eshushu yasuswa nguMkhosi oGawulayo, kodwa umShunikazi (Alaska) waphakamisa ukulondolo oluphezulu njengomkhuseli. Ekugqibeleni, imeko yalahlwa kwezinye iindawo, kodwa umbango wokhuseleko lwasalalwciselwa kwiinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Ama-Arizona, Texas, kunye neKhalifoniya iye yamisela imithetho encedisa okanye exhathisa ukunyanzeliswa kokufuduka kwesizwe. Xa urhulumente wengingqi egamele imithetho karhulumente etshayelelayo, ukukhusela ukuma kweliso akusebenzi. Kodwa amatyala azimeleyo afuna ukuvavanya imithetho yorhulumente njengoko ikhutshelwe kwangaphambili axhomekeke kwisixhobo esinamandla sokulawula [[[FLT]'. Inkundla ekwi- Arizora v. United States yenza kucace ukuba ubukhulu borhulumente worhulumente wolu lawulo busisisixhobo esinamandla sokuzikhulula, kodwa isibonelo sihlala sibalulekile kubantu abachaphazelwe yimiqatha yomthetho.

Isiphelo: Ingxoxo yomGaqo-siseko eqhubekekayo

Ulwalamano phakathi kokhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu nokhululo lwamazwana alumi ngaxesha linye. Luguquka negama ngalinye elikwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNkundla nganye entsha yommiselo. Uxinezeleko olungundoqo luphakathi kwamaxabiso amabini omgaqo-siseko: ukuphakama komthetho wesizwe nesidima sikarhulumente njengazo zonke iinkosi ezilinganayo. Iinkundla zivelise umsebenzi ojikelezayo qha i-Ex Young ngaphandle kwazona. Kodwa ezi azifezeki.

Kubenzi bomthetho, isitshixo kukuqwalasela ngenyameko ukuba ingaba isuti ecetyisiweyo echasene nezwe ilele komnye wemiqathango engaziwayo. Ingaba isiqabu silindele kuphela? Ingaba kukho umphathi onokuthi agwetywe? Ingaba iKhomishini igunyaziwe ngokusemthethweni? Abenzi benkqubo, ukuxinezeleka kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqulukwa kwemithetho yezomthetho nokuqondwa kwemida yesiseko. Ekugqibeleni, zombini iimfundiso zisebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo: ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lombuso nolawulo lwe-Esccisom; ukukhulula iqinisekisa inkqubo yomthetho-orhulumente efanayo. Ucelomngeni lukubonakalisa ukubekwa ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho.

[[UMTL_E] ukufunda ngokuphinda-phindeneyo:[[UMTLL:1]