Ulwalamano Oluhlala Luhleli Phakathi Komgangatho Nokukhululeka Kwamakhaya EMerika

Imigaqo yokulingana nenkululeko yabemi ayiyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni kumgaqo-siseko waseMelika; zimikhosi ephilayo, ephefumlayo eye yaguqula ubume bomhlaba obusemthethweni kunye nelaphu lentlalo-ntle. Ulwalamano lwabo lunamandla, lusoloko lushukuma, kwaye lusoloko lutshintsha. Ngoxa inkululeko yoluntu inika ukhuseleko olukhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente, ukulingana kufuna ukuba ezi zikhuseli zisetyenziswe kakuhle kwaye imiqobo yesixokelelwano yokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo iyapheliswa. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano luntsonkothile lubalulekile kuye kufuneke nabani na ummi ofuna ukuqhuba ulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMelika.

Ukuchaza Umgangatho Nokukhululeka Kwabemi

Enyanzelweni yabo, ukulingana kunye nenkululeko yabemi kusebenza imisebenzi ephelelisayo kodwa eyahlukileyo. Inkululeko ingumalungelo kunye nenkululeko engomntu ngamnye urhulumente angenakuyiphazamisa, echazwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kwaye enyanzeliswe ngenkqubo kaCelas weMbetho weshumi elinesine loMbeko. Ezi ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, ilungelo lokuthwala izixhobo, ukukhusela ekuphangweni nasekuxhuzumeni okungekho ngqiqweni, kunye nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni.

ubungalingani, noko ke, yingcamango egqunywe kakhulu. Isetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa ngoMgangatho olinganayo ka-Clauseste we-145th Amendment, eyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente oya kuthi "amela nakumntu okwigunya lakhe ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho." Lo mxholo utolikiwe ukuba urhulumente aphathe abantu ngokufanayo ngendlela efanayo. Noko ke, ngokomthetho kunye nezithandi zobulumko zezobupolitika ziyahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa:

Imilinganiso ephantsi

ukulingana [okanye ukulingana kwamathuba) kujolise ekuphatheni wonke umntu omnye ngaphantsi komthetho, ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo olucacileyo. Umzekelo, umthetho obopha bonke abemi ekuvotelweni kukhetho oluthile uphatha wonke umntu ngokufanayo ebusweni bakhe. Ukulinganisa okungalinganiyo [, ngokwahlukileyo, uyaqonda ukuba ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kungayiqhubeki imbono ekhoyo. Iyavuma ukuba bonke abemi abakhoyo kwimbali ebekekcalucalucalulo olungenasihloko kwaye ifuna ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezinokushenxiswa ngokungenasiphelo ngesenzo sokuvala, indawo yokuhlala, okanye imithetho ejongiweyo. Uxinelo oluphakathi kwezi nkcazelo zimbi ezisetyenziswayo lusoloko luneenze izigqibo ezingoongombutho-o.

Imiqobo engalunganga. Inkululeko elungileyo

Olu mahluko wentanda-bulumko ukwacacisa ulwalamano. Inkululeko esemthethweni (inkululeko ekuphazameni) ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni,(ilungelo lokuthetha ngaphandle kolawulo okanye ukunqula ngaphandle kwentshutshiso. inkululeko ekhululekileyo [inkululeko yokwenza okanye ukufikelela iziphumo ezithile) inxulumene ngokusondele ngakumbi nomlinganiselo, ifuna urhulumente athathe amanyathelo okuvuma, afana nokunika imfundo kawonke--wonke, uncedo olungokwasemthethweni, okanye ukulwa kwentlawulo oluchasene nomthetho, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokuqhelisa amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo. Ukunxibelelana kwezi mbono zimbi kudala ukhupho lwe-grona.

Isiseko Neengxaki Zembali

Ulwalamano phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yabemi aluzange lungashukumi. Ukusuka ekusekweni kwesizwe, le migaqo ibingumlo wesi sithethe, ngexesha ngalinye elichaza kwakhona intsingiselo yayo.

IXesha Lokufumana Imvelaphi

Isindululo senkululeko savakalisa ukuba "wonke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo," ukanti umGaqo-siseko wowe-1787 wakhusela isiko lobukhoboka waza wakhaba amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngo-1791, yaseka inkululeko esisiseko yabemi .(inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, kunye nokukhusela nxamnye norhulumente oqhathayo ) kodwa ezi zinto ekuqaleni zazisetyenziswa kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi kumazwe, yaye zikhutshwe abantu abakhotyo, i-Ilifritan, kunye namabhinqa. Oku kuphikisana okusisiseko kwadala uxanduva olusisiseko: inkululeko, kodwa umlinganiselo ulinganiselwe ngokunzulu.

Ukwakhiwa Kwakhe Nesithembiso Somgangatho

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuHlaliswa koMgaqo-siseko (ngowe 13, we-14, kunye nowe-15) ngokusisiseko kwalungisa umthetho womgaqo-siseko. UHlaziyo lwe-14 lwasungula iNkqutyana elinganayo yoKhuselo luka-Claus yaza yasebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo ngemfundiso yokuquququalisa. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, umGaqo-siseko wanxibelela ngokusemthethweni inkululeko kunye nokulingana, ukumisela ubumi bobuzibulo kunye nokungamvumeli ukuba angabikho nayiphi nayiphi na inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo i&ctsquoto; ichaza ngokunempumelelo ingcebiso elingeyo kwiimeko ezifana iNkanga-Indlu-Ndluendial [18] kunye ne-edemond] kunye ne-edition elinganayo

Iqela Lamalungelo Abemi Nokwanda Kwamakhoboka

Umbutho wamalungelo amakhaya wale mihla wama-1950 nawoma 1960 wawuyindawo edityanisiweyo yokuqonda okudibeneyo okuthe kratya ngolu hlobo kokulingana nenkululeko yabemi. Abasebenzi basebenzisa inkululeko yokuLandlwa kweMithetho Yokuqala ($speech, ingqungqungquthela, kunye nokucela (ukufuna) ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Umbutho wale nkonzo waqhubela phambili ngempumelelo kumthetho ophawulayo njengomthetho wamaLungelo lwamaLungelo lwama-19594 kunye nomthetho ogunyazisa amalungelo oLuntu wocaluvo lwamanyuko ka-1965, owalela ukucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, imvelaphi ye-cawadis, okanye yesizwe. Eli xesha labonisa ukuba inkululeko yabemi ayikhuselwanga nje kuphela [[FLT] [FF4] uR.[5] urhulumente ogunyaziweyo, umqulu ogunyazwe yi-Ele, umqulu ogunyaziwe, umqulu ogunyazandla.[Fov] [Fov]

Ulwalamano loMgaqo-siseko

Amatyala aliqela abalaseleyo enkundleni Ephakamileyo abonisa ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954) noKhuselo olulinganayo

Brown, iNkundla yavumelana ukuba ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula iSikhuseli soMgangatho we-Celt Claus eMthethweni we-14. IJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren yabhala ukuba i-livertion "ichaza ukuziva uphantsi ngokwemeko yabo kuluntu olunokuthi luchaphazele iintliziyo neengqondo zabo ngendlela engenakuze iphinde ilungiswe. Esi sigqibo sabonisa ukuba ulingana akunakuphunyezwa ngokusesikweni, imigaqo engabonakaliyo; ulingana okuncinci okungundoqo kufuna ukurhoxilonga kwemiba yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ityala likwaqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yezentlalo-ntle ekhoyo elungelene nethuba lokufundisa elilinganayo.

Intambo-b. Wade (1973) kunye nelungelo lokufumana imfihlo

[[NTLT:0]. Icandelo lifumana ilungelo lokuqhomfa phakathi kwe-14 Depressiment’ ingcamango yenkululeko yobuqu kunye nelungelo lokuzimela. Eli tyala libalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye (ilungelo lomfazi ukwenza izigqibo zezonyango ezisondeleyo zikhululeke ekungeneleni urhulumente) nomdla wokhuseleko lobomi. Isigqibo kwakhona saba neziphumo ezinzulu zokulingana kwe-e-mntwini, njengoko amandla okulawula i-’ impilo yokuzala yabonwa ngabantu abaninzi abayimfuneko kumabhinqa (i-&quo; ukungenelwa okupheleleyo kobupolitiki noluntu. Ukungenelwa kwemeko yezoqoqosho. [FO: FT] [3] [iFFFFF]] [icts .Iills projectives trans trans trans trans symmentmentment, i-ecropution, i-Edisortiventificipt, i-ement, i-Exdvolup

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) kunye noLunga loMtshato

[[NTL:0] Imbono yoninzi yadibanisa zombini i-Uniefell Claus (inkululeko yesizwe) v. , iNkundla yathi uLawulo lweziBonelelo lwe 14 lufuna ukuba zonke iimeko ziqonde izivumelwano ezifanayo. IJaji Anthony Kennedy ’ uluvo loninzi lwadibanisa i-Udweliso lweNdlela yokusebenza (inkululeko) kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus (ukulingana). Inkundla yaqiqanda ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo, kwaye iyakhanyelisa ukuba ilungelo lokumisela izibini ezingo zizenza zibe nocalucalulo olunelo oluluvolulo olubalulekileyo. Olu hlelo lubonisa ukuba ukulingana nokukhululeka akusoloko kwahlukene; kwezinye iimeko, ukukhanyelwa kokulingana yinkululeko. [[FLD]

Iingxaki Zangoku

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni lusaqhubeka lukho kwingxoxo engokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

I-Handerr isiseko sasekunene apho zonke ezinye ziqukuqela khona, ukanti ihlala ikukukhuphisana. Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo i’ kwi kwiSithili sephondo. I-Shelby County v. Homer [2013], eyaphelisa ilungiselelo elingundoqo lamaLungelo aMalungelo oMgaqo-siseko wonyaka ka19656 ofuna imbali ethile enocalulo olukhoyo phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota, amatyala amaninzi amisela imithetho evoti, akhucuthe uvota, kwaye anciphisa amathuba okuvota. Abaxhasi baphikisa la manyathelo akhusela unyulo kwaye basebenzisa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abavoti (ukulingana nokulingana) imigaqo e-emele ukuba i-15.

Amanani obuqu kunye nobuninzi

UHlaziyo lwesine lukhusela ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, inkululeko engundoqo yabemi. Noko ke, ubugcisa bezi mini bokuhlola iziphumo zobuso. obufana nokuqaphela ubuso, imigaqo-manani yobupolisa, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluninzi ngomthetho wokuqinisekisa ukulingana okunzulu. N/_ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okukhoyo okukhoyo okugqithisileyo. Uphando lubonise ukuba obu buchwepheshe bungachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa nakanjani nakuluntu olunombala kunye neendawo eziphantsi, ezikhokelela ekuziphembeleleni kwemiba, ezikhokelela kwiiqondo lobucala, kunye nemilinganiselo echaphazelekayo. [kunye i-indawo ezithe ngqo ze-i-i-i-injini, i-i-i-intelligesssssss, i-intenelogo, njengoko iphawulwe ngokuzinziswayo kwi-i-i-inyani, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezikhoyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa kuluntu abathenjiweyo.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yonqulo

Enye yeemfazwe zamaxesha aphakathi ibandakanya ukudibana kokulingana kweLGBTQ nabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko esisiseko yoluntu. Ityala elinjenge imastixmakep v. Colorado Comrado Comvil Rights [20188] kunye 303] Ukungqubana kwe-LC.INTY[[FLY:3]] [2023] ivavanye ukuba abanini bamashishini bangayila na imicimbi efanayo esekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo. La macala anzima: xa umntu omnye i&rcos; inkululeko (ukubonakalisa konqulo) ingqubana nomnye umntu &quo; umgaqo wokuphatha okungasekunene?

Ulwalamano: Umgangatho kunye nenkululeko ekuqheliseni

Umphengululi wasemthethweni uKimberlé Crenshaw ’ ingcamango yokudibana kweenqanawa zombini inika isiseko esixabisekileyo sokuqonda indlela ukulingana kunye nenkululeko yabemi abasebenza ngayo kumava aphilayo abantu abanobuncinci obuninzi. Umzekelo, ibhinqa elimnyama lingajamelana nocalucalulo olungelulo olungohlanga okanye olungokwasebudodeni kuphela, kodwa udityaniso olukhethekileyo lwazo zombini. Ngokufanayo, inkululeko yasekuhlaleni yabahlwempuzekileyo, abaphambukeli abathetha ngesiNgesi, abanokunyanzelwa kungekuphela nje ngomthetho, kodwa ngemiqobo yolwimi, ukunqongophala koovimba, kunye nekhethelo olusebenzayo kwezo nkululeko. Ukufikelela okuqhelekileyo kokulingana nokulinganayo, ukucebisa ukuba ukuhambelana kwentetho ekhuthule, ukufikelela kwedingana kwedingayo isithembiso somgaqo-mthetho.

Indlela Engaphambili

Ukukhusela nokuphucula ulwalamano phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yabantu kufuna ukuba abantu abaninzi bathabathe amanyathelo ngabom.

Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni Nomgaqo - siseko

Iinjongo ezininzi zokomeleza ukulingana kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ukugunyazisa nokuqinisa uMthetho wamaLungelo, ukumisela umthetho wequmrhu kunye namalungu ombuso alwa nohlanga, kunye nokugqithisa uMthetho weSiko lokungalingani wokuphelisa ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini kunye nokuzichaza kwendoda neyobufanasini ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo. ISiko leSizwe saseMerika iLiberates Union (ACLU) linikela uncedo olubalaseleyo lokuqonda iimfazwe zangoku ezingokwasemthethweni namathuba okugqabaza okanye ukuxhasa uluntu. Ngaphezu koko, iBrennan Center yeJaji yeJaji inikela uhlahlolo oluntlukwano oluzinziweyo lwamalungelo okuvotako kunye nokulunga kobulungisa obungalinganiyo nokulingana.

Imfundo yePhondo kunye neNxibelelwano kaWonke-wonke

Ubuchule bobumi buyindlela elungileyo yokukhusela ukurhoxa kwemigaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda imbali kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ezimalunga nokulingana kunye nenkululeko yabemi kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuthelekisa incoko eluncedo kunokungqubana okusukqileyo. Iintlangano ezifana Brookings kunye neSiko somGaqo-siseko sesizwe [] zinika amaziko emfundo angowokufundisa.

I-Grassroots I-Advocation kunye Nokuthabatha inxaxheba

Abemi ngabanye bangenza umahluko ngokujoyina amaqela ajolise ekuhlawuleni amalungelo abantu. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekuvuleni ngoxolo, ekuqhagamshelaneni namagosa anyuliweyo, nasekukhonzeni kwiibhodi okanye kumagunya kuyindlela ezibonakalayo zokuphembelela inkqubo. Ukuzinikela kunye neentlangano ezinceda abantu abaqeqeshiweyo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo ngokusemthethweni, njengokusebenza ngesantya sokubhalisa, amakliniki asemthethweni, okanye ukwazi amalungelo akho ngokungqalileyo kuqhubela phambili kokubini ukulingana nenkululeko. Undoqo kukuqonda ukuba umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kwaye ulwalamano phakathi kobungani namalungelo asekuhlaleni lufuna ukuqwalaselwa.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yabemi eMelika asiyonto iconjululwe kodwa yincoko ephilayo echaza uhlanga i’ uphawu. Zizibopho ezibini, nganye ixhomekeke kwenye ukuze igqitywe ngokupheleleyo. Inkululeko yabemi inika abantu ithuba lokuchaza ukuba bani, bavavanye ukungalungisi, kwaye bafune ukuphathwa ngokusesikweni. Ukulingana kuqinisekisa ukuba ezi nkululeko azilophondo elipheleleyo kodwa ziqinisekiswe ukuba zisesona sicingiswana esinamandla. Njengoko iUnited States isiya phambili, amandla okuqhuba ingxabano phakathi kwale migaqo-migaqo, qhawe nokungahlonelwayo ukuba yomibini ifanele iphathwe ngendlela efanayo. Ukusukela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olugqibeleleyo kuyafuna ukuba zombini zidityane, kodwa njengoko zisebenza nabantu abasebenzayo.