Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lwenza isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla. ImiGaqo-siseko ayiyileli nje imibutho yorhulumente; ichaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nomntu ngamnye, imisela imida kumandla karhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa isidima esizalwa naso somntu ngamnye. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye noogqirha abasemthethweni ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela ezi ngcamango zombini eziqinisana ngayo isithembiso kunye nengozi yenkqubo yamalungelo asekelwe kumthetho. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu, ukhuseleko lwabo, ubuchule babo bokusebenza, ukulungelelanisa, izicwangciso zokulinganisa, kunye neengxaki zanamhlanje.

Isiseko Samalungelo Abantu

Amalungelo abantu ngamalungelo okuziphatha nawomthetho angowamntu ngamnye ngenxa yoluntu lwakhe. Awanikwanga naliphi na iphondo; kunoko, azalwa nalo, azimeleyo, kwaye angowabantu bonke. Isiseko samalungelo abantu sale mihla savela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, echazwe kwiSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela-mkhosi-wonke weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-1949. I-UDHR imisela umlinganiselo ofanayo wokuphumeza okuphumeza kwabo bonke abantu, nakumazwe, ekwanembono wenkululeko, yokusesikweni, noxolo.

Ngobuchule, amalungelo abantu afumaneka kwizithethe zomthetho wendalo, iinkcuba - buchopho zoluKhanyiso njengoJohn Locke noImmanuel Kant, kunye nezibhengezo zemvukelo zenkulungwane ye-18 (ngokungakumbi isindululo se-U.S. sokuzimela sozimeleyo kunye neSibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu nowaMasipala. La maxwebhu agxininisa ukuba amalungelo athile abekwe ngaphambi kwezobupolitika, akaxhomekekanga kwinkoliseko yabalawuli.

Iindidi zamalungelo abantu

Amalungelo abantu ngokuqhelekileyo ahlulwe amaqela aliqela, ngalinye lineempawu ezahlukeneyo nendlela yokunyanzelisa:

  • ICivil kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika: Ezi ziquka ilungelo lobomi, inkululeko ekuthuthunjisweni, inkululeko yokuthetha nendibano, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, nelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente. Zisoloko zichazwa njenge “isizukulwana sokuqala” amalungelo afanelekileyo, okuthetha ukuba abantu bawanyanzelisa kwiinkundla.
  • Ezemali, intlalo, kunye neNkcubeko: Ezi ziquka ilungelo lemfundo, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, izindlu ezaneleyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo. Ziqwalaselwa “amalungelo esizukulwana sesibini”, zifuna izenzo zombuso ezifanelekileyo kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, zizenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukunyanzelisa ngoluvo lohlahlo-mali kuphela.
  • Ezo zinto zinxulumene namaqela kunabantu ngabanye kwaye ziquka ilungelo lokuzigqibela, amalungelo abantu bomthonyama, nelungelo lokuphuhlisa. Ngamanye amaxesha zaziwa ngokuba “ngamalungelo esizukulwana sesithathu” kwaye zihlala zingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo engokwasemthethweni neyezobupolitika.

Zontathu ezi ntlobo ziyaziwa kwizixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana ne-International Communivern and Political Rights (ICCPR) kunye neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe samaLungelo e-Economic, eSocial and Cultural Rights (ICECR). IUDHR, kunye nezi zivumelwano zimbini, zibumba iBhili-Mazwelonke lamaLungelo aBantu.

Ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko: Isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni

Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko ngamalungelo nenkululeko ezibekwe kuxwebhu oluphezulu lomthetho wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthetho ophezulu welizwe, ubophelela bonke abadlali borhulumente kwaye unika isiseko sokusebenzisa igunya loluntu. Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ngomgaqo-siseko lunikela iinzuzo ezininzi kumthetho nje womthetho: amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abekwe esiseko abekwe phantsi, okuthetha ukuba angenakulungiswa lula okanye abuyiselwe ngomthetho-siseko oqhelekileyo; aphantsi kokuhlolisingeniswa, avumele iinkundla ukuba ziphumeze imithetho echasene nawo; kwaye anika umgangatho ocacileyo nxamnye nezenzo zikarhulumente ezilinganiswayo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

  • Ukungabhaliswa: Umgaqo-siseko unegunya elipheleleyo elingokwasemthethweni. nawuphi na umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente esingavumelaniyo nayo siphuthile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isivumelwano: Amalungiselelo athengisiweyo omgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi amalungelo asisiseko, afuna ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwi-asentum, ukukhusela amalungelo kwiinguqu zezopolitiko ezigqithiseleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeJudicial:[ Iinkundla zinamandla okuchaza umgaqo-siseko nokunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso zawo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekugcineni igosa eliphetheyo nendlu yowiso-mthetho iyakuphendula.
  • Bhill of Rights:[ Imithetho-siseko yangoku equka uluhlu olunikezelweyo lwamalungelo asisiseko, ngokufuthi olufuziselwa kwimilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe. Imizekelo iquka iBhili yamalungelo abantu yase-U.S., iSicangca samalungelo nenkululeko saseKhanada, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo yoMzantsi Afrika.

Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko alufani kuwo onke amazwe. Eminye imimiselo, njengaleyo yaseJamani, igxininisa kakhulu kwisidima somntu kwaye iquka iindlela ezinamandla zokukhalaza ngomgaqo-siseko. Eminye, njengaleyo yeyoMbuso wamaZwe oMnyange, ayinalo uxwebhu lunye olugunyazisiweyo kodwa ikhusela amalungelo afana neMgaqo-siseko wamalungelo abantu, obandakanya iNdibano yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu kwimithetho yekhaya.

Umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu noMthetho woMgaqo-siseko

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lulukhuselwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Amalungelo abantu afumana igunya lawo lokuziphatha kwimigaqo yokuziphatha ehloniphekileyo nelinganayo, kodwa afuna ukuba umelo olusemthethweni lunyanzeleke. ImiGaqo-siseko yona, ifumana ilungelo ngokusemthethweni kwimbopheleleko yayo yokukhusela la malungelo. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo, umgaqo-siseko ubeka ubomi esichengeni ekubeni nje umgaqo-siseko; ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa komgaqo-siseko, amalungelo abantu ahlala ekhuthathiwe yiminqweno yomnqweno.

Lo mdlali udlala ngamacala amaninzi:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Uqulunqo loMthetho wezizwe ngezizwe: Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka ngokucacileyo izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe kumthetho wasekhaya, mhlawumbi ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokuwenza umthetho. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe xa utolika iBhili yamaLungelo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isikhokelo sobuGcisa: Iinkundla zisoloko zikhangela kumalungelo abantu ehlabathi kunye nengingqi xa zichaza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., umzekelo, ikhe yacaphula imithombo yamanye amazwe neyamazwe kwiimeko ezifana ne Roper v. I-Simmons [2005] ekubulaweni kolutsha.
  • [[NTLT:0] Uhlomelo kunye ne-Evolution: amalungelo omGaqo-siseko awahlali. Njengoko amaxabiso entlalo eguqukayo, iinkundla zandisa umlinganiselo wokhuseleko olukhoyo/umzekelo, ukwamkela umtshato-wokunye njengasekunene phantsi kokhuseleko olulinganayo, njengoko kubonwa kwi U.S. imeko Obergecread v. . Hodges

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somGaqo-siseko othelekisayo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo embalwa ebalaseleyo kutyhila imigaqo eyahlukileyo neyahlukileyo yesizwe.

IUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., omiselwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungiswa okulandelayo (ingakumbi inkqubo efanelekileyo ye-14Pramentement kunye neerejista zokhuseleko olulinganayo), unika ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kumalungelo oluntu nawobupolitika. Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo okuhlola, amiselwe Marbury v. Madison [1803]), ukuvumela ukuba ingakwazi ukuphelisa umthetho owephula inkululeko esisiseko. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuwakhuseli ngokucacileyo amalungelo ezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo, kwaye i-jadiary ibingafuni ukuthotyelelwa.

UMzantsi Afrika

UMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ka-1996 ujongwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona zigqibo zihamba phambili ehlabathini. IBhili yalo yamaLungelo ibandakanya kungekuphela nje amalungelo asekuhlaleni nawoburhulumente kodwa ikwaquka amalungelo amakhulu ezoqoqosho, entlalo, kunye nenkcubeko, njengamalungelo ezindlu, inkathalo yempilo, ukutya, amanzi, kunye nemfundo. INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko iye yawanyanzelisa la malungelo kwizigqibo zenkqesho enjenge Goverment of Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom [2000]) [2000]

I-India

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya udibanisa amaLungelo asisiseko anokufumaneka (IParamitha III) nemigaqo eLawulayo enyanzelekileyo yeMpatho-mthetho (ICandelo le-IV). INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya iye yawandisa ngokuyila amalungelo asisiseko ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho, ukufunda ilungelo kubomi (iGawulayo 21) ukuquka ilungelo lokuhlala kwindawo ecocekileyo, impilo, kunye nokuziphilisa. Ulwamdla kukawonke-wonke lukwasisisixhobo esinamandla sokunyanzelisa amalungelo.

I-Jamani

I-German Basic Law (Grundesetz) ibeka isidima somntu esisemzimbeni, isithi asinakuxolelwa kwaye kufuneka sihlonelwe ligunya lorhulumente. INkundla yeQumrhu eliManyeneyo inegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphulaphula izikhalazo zomGaqo-siseko kubantu ngabanye, kwaye izigqibo zayo zijike iindawo ezifana nokhuseleko logcino-lwazi, inkululeko yokuthetha, nelungelo lokuzimela.

CanadaName

Itshati yaseKhanada yamaLungelo neNkululeko (1982) iqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko, amalungelo edemokhrasi, amalungelo okuhamba, amalungelo asemthethweni, amalungelo okulingana, kunye namalungelo olwimi. Uphawu olwahlukileyo “imida” (Ulwahlulo 1), oluvumela imida esengqiqweni kumalungelo ukuba ngokufanelekileyo igwetyelwe kwibutho labantu elikhululekileyo nelinolawulo-lumelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada iye yasebenzisa oku ukulinganisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye neenjongo zobuhlanga, njengakwimeko ye R. Okes (1986).

Ukunyanzeliswa koomatshini noHlaziyo loMgaqo-nkqubo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho kuxhomekeke kwisigqibo esingunobangela nje.

IiNkundla zomGaqo-siseko kunye neeNkundla eziPhakamileyo

Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zomGaqo-siseko (umz., waseJamani, eMzantsi Afrika) okanye iinkundla eziphakamileyo (umz., eUnited States, eIndiya) zinegunya lokuva amatyala athetha ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. La maqumrhu anokukhupha imiqathango ebophelelekileyo, abethe imigaqo engavumelaniyo nemithetho esemthethweni, acwangcise amayeza afana nokuhlawula okanye ukukhulula.

IiKhomishini zaMalungelo oLuntu neziQumrhu

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu (i-NHRIs) exhasa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokuphanda izikhalazo, ngokubuza, ngokukhuthaza ukuphaphamisa, nokuncomela. Imizekelo iquka iKhomishini yezeMsebenzi eMilinganisiweyo yase-U.U.S. kunye neKhomishini yoMzantsi Afrika yamaLungelo. Nangona izigqibo zayo zingagunyazi, zinceda ekuchaseni iingxoxo kwaye zigcina oorhulumente benoxanduva ngencendezelo nangengcinezelo kawonke wonke.

Ulawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe

Xa unyango lwasekhaya luphelile, abantu basenokuzisa izikhalazo kumaqumrhu asemhlabeni wonke njengeKomiti yaMalungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (ngaphantsi kwe-ICCPR) okanye iinkundla zephondo ezifana neNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu. Ezi nkqubo zibangela ukhuseleko kwaye zibangela ingcinezelo kumazwe ukuze aphumeze iimbopheleleko zawo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezomhlaba wonke.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidlulileyo Kumalungelo Oluntu

Nangona kuthethwa ukuba kukho ukhuseleko olunamandla, uninzi lweengxaki zanamhlanje luya kubeka ubomi bazo esichengeni.

Ukuthotywa Kwezikhundla Zedemokhrasi Nolawulo Lomthetho

Kumazwe aliqela, oorhulumente abanyuliweyo baye bathoba isidima sokuzimela, bahlasela abakhuseli bamalungelo abantu, balungisa nemithetho-siseko ukuze baqinise igunya labo. Oku kuphambuka / ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuthi “umthetho-siseko owenzelwe uluntu oluzimeleyo” (_ukumisela iziseko zokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Imizekelo iquka iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko waseHungary ezisikelwe umda iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko kunye neenguqu zezomthetho zePoland eziphikisayo.

Amalungelo namathuba okuzifihla kumanani

Ubugcisa obutsha bucela ukucelw'uvavanyo kwiinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko ezikhoyo. Ingqokelela esasazekileyo yogcino-lwazi lomntu ngamnye enziwa ngoorhulumente kunye nemibutho iphakamisa imibuzo ngelungelo lokuzimela, inkululeko yokuthetha, nenkululeko yokudibanisa. Imimiselo emininzi yabhalwa phambi kwexesha lamanani, ifuna ukuba iinkundla zichaze iziqinisekiso ezindala kwimiba. Schrems II [ isigqibo seNkubeko lobulungisa lwaseYurophu singumzekelo oyintloko wendlela amalungelo emfihlo achazwe ngayo kwakhona.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Namalungelo Okusingqongileyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukunanditshwa kwamalungelo abantu, kuquka ilungelo lobomi, impilo, ukutya, namanzi. Ngokuqhubekayo, abalawuli bacela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ukuba banyanzelise oorhulumente ukuba bamkele imigaqo yemozulu eyomeleleyo. Iimeko zophawu ziquka Urgenda Foundation v. Urhulumente waseNetherlands [2029], apho iNkundla ePhakathiweyo yaseDatshi ikholelwa ukuba imozulu eyaneleyo ingurhulumente ichasene nesenzo sobomi nobomi bobucala phantsi kweNdibano yaseYurophu.

Ingcamango Yokubhengeza Nezobupolitika Zamalungelo

Imibutho yePopulist isoloko imisela amalungelo abantu njengamaqela aphezulu okanye angaphandle, igalela “abantu” ngokuchasene nemithetho engekhoyo. Ubuchule obunjalo bungakhokelela kwimithetho egqithileyo kwizigqibo zenkundla, iingcebiso zenkundla, nokuncitshiswa kwamalungelo. Le mpembelelo iyabonakala kwiingxoxo zokufuduka, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nokulingana kwendoda nendoda.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nomsantsa Phakathi Kwamalungelo Nokwenene

Kwanaxa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ebhalwe, ukungalingani okunzulu kwezoqoqosho kunokwenza abantu abaninzi bangabi nantsingiselo. Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo lithetha okuncinane ukuba ubani akanamali yokuthenga igqwetha; ilungelo lempilo lithetha okuncinane ukuba iinkonzo zempilo azifikeleleki. Ukulungisa lo msantsa akufuni nje kuphela ukunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo nebutho labantu elikhutheleyo.

Uphando lwetyala: Amalungelo oluntu oMgaqo-siseko ayasebenza

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala akhethekileyo angomthetho kubonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu nokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko okusebenza ngayo.

Isifundo semeko 1: Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (United States, 1954)

Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula umthetho weSikhuseli soMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. Sayibhukuqa le mfundiso “yahlukene kodwa yalingana” yaza yaba ngumxhasi wombutho wamalungelo abantu. Eli tyala libonisa indlela ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko okunokuwahambisela phambili ngayo amalungelo abantu kwanasemva kokuba umgaqo-siseko ubhaliwe.

Isifundo setyala 2: [[FLT: 0] Balbu v. Umbuso (Umzantsi Afrika, 2005)

Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, kuthotho lwamatyala anelungelo lokuhlala, wayalela urhulumente ukuba anike abantu isiqabu sokwexeshana abagxothiweyo emakhayeni abo. Isigqibo [[FLT: 0] uMtyumbo safuna urhulumente ukuba athathe umthetho ofanelekileyo kunye namanye amanyathelo ukuze afikelele ukuqondwa okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo endlu eyaneleyo, ebonisa amalungelo entlalo-zoqoqosho afakwe kumgaqo-siseko wezwe.

Isifundo setyala 3: Igunya leeNkonzo zomthetho zolohlanga v. Umanyano lweIndiya (Indiya, 2014)

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya yamkela abantu abakhuphela ngaphandle komthetho-siseko njengendoda yesithathu yaza yaqinisekisa amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko ekulinganani, ukungadibanisi, nokuziphakamisa. Yaxhomekeke kwimiqathango 14, 15, 16, kunye nelama-21 yomGaqo-siseko wamaIndiya, kwakunye nemigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe. Eli tyala libonisa indlela iinkundla ezinokuwandisa ngayo umGaqo-siseko kumaqela aphantsi.

Isifundo semeko 4: [[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (United States, 2015)

obergefell, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ikholelwa ukuba uLawulo lweMpatho-mda lweshumi elinesine lufuna ukuba onke amazwe avumele imitshato phakathi kwezibini ezingokwasemgangathweni omnye nokuqaphela imitshato enjalo eyenziwa kwezinye izivumelwano. Isigqibo esikhuthaza ukulingana komtshato ngokwelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata nomdla wenkululeko we-ST Proceswork Clause, ibonakalisa utshintsho lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokwengqiqo yomthetho.

Isiphelo Nendlela Engaphambili

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lusekelwe ngokunzulu kwaye lunempembelelo. ImiGaqo-siseko inikela ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni okukhusela amalungelo abantu, kodwa lunempumelelo kuphela njengamaziko abanyanzelisayo kunye nebutho elibaxhasayo. Amalungelo abantu, ngokunjalo, anika umgaqo-siseko wokuziphatha ngokusemthethweni kunye nekhampasi yokutolika.

Ukukhangela phambili, izinto eziza kuqala eziliqela zivele. Okokuqala, imfundo eqhubekayo ephathelele amalungelo kunye nomgaqo-siseko ibalulekile. Abafundi nabemi kufuneka baqonde kungekuphela nje amalungelo abanawo kodwa indlela yokuwachaza nokuwakhusela. Okwesibini, iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zihambelane neengxaki ezintsha . "iiindlela ezintsha zokuhlola, iinguqulelo zemozulu, ubukrelekrele obungeyomvelo" ngaphandle kokuncama amancedo asisiseko. Okwesithathu, amalungelo abantu azweni lonke kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wasekhaya kufuneka ziqhubeke ziqinisana, ingakumbi njengoko izisongelo ezimanyeneyo zifuna ukucombululeka. Okokugqibela, abaxhasi, amagqwetha, nabafundisi kufuneka bahlale bephaphile ngokuchasene nemigudu yokuthomalathiswa kwemiqatha.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu oluvela kumgaqo-siseko asingomsebenzi ofezwe okwexesha elinye kodwa ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Ngokufunda ngolu lwalamano, sizixhobisa ukuba sibe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiphulo eliqhubekayo lokwakha ngokusesikweni, ngenkululeko nangokulinganayo.