Ukwazisa

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ime njengomtoliki opheleleyo woMgaqo-siseko, indima eyibeka esizikithini sohlanga olulawulayo; ingumphumo ophambili wokuququzelelwa kwengxoxo engokwasemthethweni neyoluntu. Ngoxa izigwebo zimiselwe ukuze ziqinisekise ukukhululeka kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, iNkundla i&rsquoo; igunya alikho lokwenza ingcelo ephambili. Imithetho yayo ixhomekeke ekuthatheleni inxaxheba nasekuvumeni i-omatiloshe. I-injini elawulayo isuka ekubeni lizikomkhulu elisebenza ngokwayo, iNkubonelelane, iNkundla iqwalaselwe ngokunzulu yizenzo, iimpikiswano, kunye nokuzingeniswa kwetyala eliqhelekileyo. Kumntu obeka ityala ekuceleni ityala lomntu ngamnye ukucelw ’ umngeni umgaqo-mthetho ongekho sikweni, ukulungiselela ukutshintsha kwe-mthetho wezongamele i-politikiti.

Ubuchule Bokuba Nenxaxheba Kummi Kwinkundla Ephakamileyo

IMibambo eMfutshane: Ilizwi elivakalayo

Isithethe se-amicus curiae, okanye i-“ umhlobo wenkundla, i” uye watshintshela kwisithuthi esiyintloko sabemi kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla ukuyazisa ngokuthe ngqo abagwebi. Umqulu omfutshane wale mimandla uvumela ukuba ingabikho kwicandelo elingumxholo, ubuchule, okanye ugcino-lwazi olunokukhanyisa iziphumo ezibanzi zemali. Kubami, oku kumgca othe ngqo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe. Kwimeko eziphawulayo, umqulu wezi mifutshane unokuba mkhulu. Ngexesha [[FLT: 0] uphazantsi, okanye ugcino-lwazi olunolwazi olunombala. [ii-flgeberg] v. , (206), iNkuthengwe efunyenweyo kumaqela amaqela angoophangaphangaphangaleleneyo, kuquka nee-ogrogriti zezomsti, ii-ogropotiestiestiestives, ii-ographtiestiestiestiesties, iipropatitiestiesti

Ngokufanayo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), imishwankathela ye-amicu yenza indima ekhawulezileyo. ISebe Lezobulungisa lakhupha impikiswano emfutshane yokuba i-Melika Actrsquo; idume ngezizwe ngexesha lemfazwe yeMerika eshukumayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iNaACP Comment Defect Fund engo-Oct ixhomekeke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yengqondo neyobukhomfazi bento ukubonakalisa iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo ze-Rofulksi kubantwana Black. Ngokufaka izibheno zooovimba abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni kunye neempikiswano ezinyanzelayo, abemi basebenzisa indlela esetyenziswayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iNkulwa kweNkulwano lokwenene lwezigqibo. [FLD:2]

Umdla kawonke-wonke wokumangalelwa novavanyo

Abami abasoloko belindele ukuba kufunyanwe ityala. Ngesidlamkiso sikawonke-wonke (PIL), amaqela akha ngokukhutheleyo imingeni eyimfuneko esemthethweni ukuphendula ukungabikho kokusesikweni. Eli "licebo" libandakanya ukukhetha ngenyameko i-partiff, iseti yeenyaniso, kunye negunya elisemthethweni ukwenza isithuthi esifanelekileyo sokucel'ucel' umthetho okanye umsebenzi. Imali yokhuselo lwasemthethweni iphucule lento efunekayo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20, imodeli ekwakheni ngeqhinga utho lwetyala elicekeze ngokucelw'iiiiiicelo "i - kodwa elilingana" imfundiso emfundisweni, indlu, kunye nezokuhamba phambi kokuba ekugqibeleni iphele kwi [FLT:] Brown. iNaACP.[FLDigroad Yoout .[FLD]

Namhlanje, imibutho efana neAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), iZiko leSiko leSigwebo, kunye ne-Sierra Club iyaqhubeka nale sithethe. Xa ummi evuma ukuba abe yilungu eliqhelekileyo kwityala lovavanyo, athatha umthwalo obalulekileyo. Azifumana ngokwawo ngokusemthethweni, ajonge uphando lukawonke-wonke, kwaye ngokufuthi iminyaka edidekile. Indima yawo iyimfuneko. Inika imfuneko yomgaqo-mgaqo-siseko "isici okanye impikiswano," ukuguqula isikhalazo esicacileyo esingomthetho sibe yimeko enokuthi iqhubele phambili umthetho. Olu hlobo lokuthatha inxaxheba luphawu olunamandla lokungathathi nxaxheba.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ngokungqalileyo Njengeziphelo Nezibongozo

Ngapha koko, eyona ndima ibalulekileyo ummi anokuyidlala kukuvela phambi kweNkundla njengelungu elingqalileyo kwityala. INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ iidokisi zakhiwe ngokupheleleyo kubantu abaye bahamba kwindlu yenkundla befuna ubulungisa. Amagama aqhotyoshelwe kwimithetho yentengiso awangomthetho nje osemthethweni; amela ubomi nemilo yabantu bokwenene. UErnesto Miranda ’ isibheno sakhokelela kwimfuneko yokuba amapolisa acinge ukuba afanele athethe ngamalungelo abo. UMc. UMc. McChorvey, phantsi kwe-Priptm "Jane Roe, ayingqinelanga nje ukuba u-Atlas &quo; imithetho yokuqhomfa. U-Edith woo u-Edith walwa no-m

Aba bantu badla ngokuzimela, okanye bamelwa sisiluleko se-probono, kodwa inkalipho yabo yobuqu ibangela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Bafaka iimbali zabo zobuqu ngemfomzamo wengxoxo yesizwe, benyamezela iingcinezelo zeli tyala ukumisela okanye ukukhusela ilungelo. Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika ixhomekeke kukuzimisela kwabemi ukuma nokucel ’ umngeni isenzo sikarhulumente. Ngaphandle kwaba bahlali, iNkundla ayinazibo ityala lokugqiba, kwaye umGaqo-siseko ubuya kuhlala ukho ileta efile.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo Ebangelwa Ziimbono Zebutho Labantu Nenkqubo Yezobupolitika

Iseti yenkcitho phakathi kweZiko loNtlalo nezigqibo zoMgwebo

Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyilelwe ukuba ibe liziko elichaseneyo nebutho labantu, alisebenzi kwi-athom. Intsebenziswano yentlalo ebanzi kunye nokutshintsha-tshintshana koluvo lukawonke wonke zenza imeko yezobupolitika nenkcubeko apho abagwebi benza izigqibo zabo. INkundla isoloko iphumelela kakhulu xa ivumela kwaye iqinise utshintsho olusele luzinzile kwisimo somtshato sasekuhlaleni. Ukunyuka kombutho wabasebenzi kwimimandla yee-1930, umzekelo, ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeNkangeleko i&rsquotoo; utshintsho oluphawulekayo ekutolikeni kwayo iClasko Claus, oluvumeleke ulwando olutsha. Kutsha, indaleko yesimo sengqondo sikawonke kwimitsha phakathi kowe-1990 kunye nowama 2010 yadala imo yemozulu ekulawula ngayo [FLD:0]

Abemi baphembelela le mibutho ngokuqhayisa, ngemfundo kawonke-wonke, ngokuphembelela, nangokukhuthaza izithethe. Umbutho weWomen’ iSuffice uchithe amashumi eminyaka wakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zorhulumente ezikhuthazayo phambi kweNkundla baba nethuba lokuchaza uMphengululo we-19. Le migaqo ivelisa ukuthanda kwezobupolitika nokumangalelwa kokuziphatha okudla ngokukhokelela kutshintsho olusemthethweni. Ibonisa ukuba ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko asiyonkqubo yobuchule kodwa yingxoxo ephilayo phakathi kwabantu neenkundla.

Impembelelo Yabemi Kwinkqubo Yokutyunjwa Kwezigwebo

Abemi abanamandla athe kratya abakwimeko ende kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yindima abayenzayo ekukhetheni umongameli kunye namaqumrhu aqinisekisa ubulungisa. Unyulo lomongameli lusoloko lukwimiboniso ekhuphisanayo yejaji. Abalawuli abamisela intanda-bulumko ethile ekhethekileyo yezomthetho banokuba nempembelelo engqalileyo kwiNkundla i’ ukuqanjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Xa i-omkeli i-fashoni ithe yenziwa, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iba libala elikhulu lokubophelela abami. Amaqela anomdla kuwo onke amacala akhuthaza amalungu awo ukuba aqhagamshelane namaqumrhu, abhengeze, abhengeze izibhengezo, anike ubungqina ebudeni bekomiti.

Ukungatyunjwa kweJaji uRobert Bork ngowe-1992 kungumzekelo ophawulayo wezenzo zobungcakasheshi. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, amabhinqa i’ ugunyazisa amalungelo, kunye namaqela athengiselanayo aphumeleleyo alawula intanda-bulumko yakhe njengesuka kwiqela eliphambili, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlweni kwakhe yiBhunga. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuqinisekiswa okukhawulezileyo kweJaji uAmy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 kwabonisa amandla esiseko sobupolitikane ekwenza ukuthanda kwayo ngomkhethelo omkhulu omanyeneyo. Ngokubandakanye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, abemi benza uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwikhondo leBhunga le-jaji.

Umthetho noHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Abahlali bakwabumba umgaqo-siseko apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhuba khona ngokungqinela iNkundla. Inqaku III lomGaqo-siseko linika iNgqungquthela amandla abalulekileyo okuchaza igunya leenkundla zephondo nokudlulisela umthetho onokuthi uphendule kwimithetho egweba. Umzekelo, emva kweNkundla ibeke umda ophawulekayo wokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-Religious Freedom Resolution (RFRA) kumthetho ku iDocument of Boerne v. Flores[FLT[FLD] [1997:1], amaqela e-odvoctacy aphendukela kwimithetho karhulumente, edlula ngokunempumelelo kwi-RFRAS kunyaka welizwe.

Impikiswano ngokutshintsha izakhiwo zeNkundla ngokwayo, njengemida enzima elawula izigwebo okanye ukwandisa inani lezihlalo ezisemacaleni (ekupakisheni kwenkundla), iqhutywa bubumi kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Nangona ezi ngxoxo zidla ngokubonakala zingenangqondo, zimela ingxilongo enamandla kumandla enkundla. Ummi ofundiswayo ngesakhiwo sejaji angafuna ukuphendula kubameli bayo abanyuliweyo, ephembelela imithetho nemida emele isebenze kuyo iNkundla.

Ukufikelela KwiJaji: Amalungelo, Izithintelo, Nendima Yesiluleko SeProBono

Ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokufuna ukuncitshiswa

Isiseko sommi sokuba nenxaxheba kwijaji yetyala lilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo, aqinisekiswe nguMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo. Eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba abantu banomgaqo-mthetho wokuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente. Xa ummi emangalela umbutho karhulumente okanye evavanya ilungelo lomthetho lomthetho, asebenzisa ilungelo elisisiseko ledemokhrasi. Oku kufikelela kwiinkundla kuqinisekisa ukuba ijaji yesaventi ihlala ingumthetho ovumayo neyamkelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwale nkqubo, amalungelo abekwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko amele izingcinga zomGaqo-siseko.

Iinqobo Zezoqoqosho NezobuGcisa Ezivela Kwinkundla

Phezu kwalo nje ilungelo lokungena kwiinkundla, kukho imiqobo ebalulekileyo ethintela abemi abaninzi ukuba bangangeni kusuku lwabo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Indleko yokulingwa iyathintelwa, ngokufuthi ifuna ubuchule kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye nomthetho wesiseko somthetho. Iimfuno zeDoctrinal ezifana nokuma, ukubopha, kunye nokuvuthwa komsebenzi njengenkqubo yokugcina amasango, ukulinganisela ukuba ngubani onokuzisa ityala kwaye nini na. Ummi kufuneka abonise ikonkqenkqele nengozi ethile enokuthi igcinwe ngokufanelekileyo kummangalelwa kwaye mhlawumbi ibuyiselwe ngesigqibo esilungileyo. Ezi mfundiso ziqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla igqiba ukuba iimeko zezonazo zezo, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuthintela iingxaki ezibanzi ekuvinyweni komGatho-siseko.

Le miqobo ithetha ukuba abemi abafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo basoloko bexhaswa yimibutho echuliweyo okanye bamele izilangazelelo ngoovimba ababalulekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zithintelweyo kungundoqo wokuqonda isizathu sokuba imicimbi ethile ibe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ngoxa abanye betyhafile kwiinkundla ezisezantsi. Intsimi yokudlala ayibanga mgangatho, kwaye abo banolwazi nemali baluncedo ekulungiseni umthetho.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yoncedo Lwasemthethweni NeeAttroney

Kubemi abangenazo ii-odokisi zemali, ukufikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kusoloko kungumngxuma wesithethe se-probono kumsebenzi womthetho waseMelika. Abakhuseli boluntu, amaqumrhu oncedo olusemthethweni, namagqwetha kwiinkampani ezinkulu zomthetho anikezela amawaka eeyure zokumela abaxhasi abangenalwazi kumatyala obomi. Ityala lentelekelelo-mali Gideon v. Wainwr[FLT][FLLD] [[:1] [1963], elamisela ilungelo lokunika abamangalelwa-mthetho abagwebi, ngokwalo langqinwa lilo lilo lilo lilo ligqwethwa ligqwetha igqwetha eliphambili elimiselwe yiNkuhlela yesicelo se-probo. Balauni. Bala amanye amatyala, ukusuka kwintolongo i-accores, amalungelo okufikelela kwiNkucesambusa, ngenxa yeNkundla ye-bo ye-boo yezo.

IZiko leMelika Bar Association neminye imibutho esemthethweni ikhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo le sithethe, iqonda ukuba ukufikelela kokusesikweni akunakuba yinto yobunewunewu egcinelwe izityebi. Inkqubo yeprobo isisivalo sokhuseleko esibalulekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba amava ezona zisemgangathweni zoluntu amelwe kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Ngaphandle kwayo, iNkundla i’ ii-docket zinokuthambeka ngakumbi ngakumbi kwimidlalo yemibutho kunye nabanamandla.

Ukwakha Ummi Onikwe UmGaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda Ingxubusho Yezeejaji Nokwakhiwa Kweentendelezo

Ulwamkelo lobumi olunempumelelo lufuna ukuqonda okusisiseko ngendlela esebenza ngayo ijudia. Imfundo ye-COVIVIC kufuneka yandise ngapha kwemithathu yamasebe karhulumente ukuquka iingcamango ezifana nokuhlola okugweba, okumiselwe ku-. Xa abemi beqonda umahluko phakathi kotoliko notoliko lomgaqo-siseko, bangaqwalasela ngobuchule iimpikiswano ezenziwa ngu-amminee kunye nemithetho ekhutshwe yiNkundla yezomthetho. Iintlangano ezinikezelwe kuluntu, njengoMgaqo-siseko we-o-o-mthetho we-OFLT [FLT]. [FLT:] [FFFF] [5]

Ukudibanisa Izigqibo Zophawu Lomhlaba Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Olunye ucelomngeni ekudibaniseni ummi oluqhubekayo luluvo lokuba umsebenzi weNkundla ePhakamileyo ’ ulomsebenzi uyinto okanye ususwe kumava emihla ngemihla. Enyanisweni, izigqibo zawo phantse zonke izinto zobomi banamhlanje. Mirenda izilumkiso ezicatshuliweyo ngexesha lokubanjwa kwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo. Umthetho womoya nongcoliso lwamanzi uphuma kwiimeko zokuchaza uMthetho we-Ceaoc Air noMthetho we-Chn Act kunye nococter Water Adsty Act. Imithetho elawula ukhuseleko lwezempilo, i-inshorensile, kunye nemali ebolwa abafundi i-ishortsmetic. [[FLT]

Xa abemi besazi isibonda sabo sobuqu kwiNkundla i’ izigqibo `ukungasiboni isigqibo samalungelo okuvota sinokuchaphazela ukufikelela kwabo kwivoti, okanye isigqibo semali yomanyano singachaphazela i-check-scheck yabo yentlawulo/(ba sengozini enkulu yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezibumba icandelo lejaji. Ukwenza olu nxibelelwano lusebenza kakuhle kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ummi obandakanyekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ummi njengoMgaqo - siseko Oyintloko

INkundla Ephakamileyo yeyona ingaqhelekanga kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Inegunya elikhulu, ukanti amalungu ayo akanyulwa, kwaye akanakunyanzelisa imithetho yayo. Igunya layo lisekelwe kwisiseko esibuthathaka sobungangamsha boburhulumente nokweyiseka kwequmrhu. Oku kusemthethweni kuxhaswa ngokuqhubeka, ngentsebenziswano esebenzayo nabemi ekuyikho. Ukusuka kwicandelo eliqulunqayo le-amicus elishwankathelayo, nenkalipho yabantu abaqhelekileyo ukuya kwiminye isantya esithe xhathisayo, amandla angapheliyo entlalo-ntle kunye nebhokisi yembutho yeqela, abemi bangabakhi bomthetho omthetho omthetho.

Imiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba yinto yokwenene, kodwa zinjalo nezixhobo. Ummi onolwazi oqonda ubuchule bokutshintsha okusemthethweni akangomntu ojongela kwimbali kodwa ungumthathi-nxaxheba ekudalweni kwayo. Iimeko ezichaza inkululeko yase-Melika azingomaphepha asemthethweni anikezelwe ngokusuka phezulu. Ziyimveliso yabantu abangenakubalwa abakhetha ukuma, ukuthetha, nokuzibandakanya nomsebenzi onzima wolawulo lwabo. Ikamva lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika lixhomekeke ekubeni abemi babo baqhubeke besamkela kusini na loo mbopheleleko.