IiKomiti ze-Pistilitiki Action Action (ii-PACs) bezisoloko zisetyenziswa kwizemali yezenkxaso yaseMelika, kodwa ukunyuka kwee-PAC ezingeyoyontsebenziswano kuye kwalungisa ngokusisiseko indlela imali ehamba ngayo kunyulo. Ngokungafaniyo neekomiti zesithethe zeqela okanye ii-PACs ezizimeleyo, ezi ntlangano zisebenza ngaphandle kolu manyano olusemthethweni naliphi na iqela okanye umbutho. Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC nezingadityaniswanga amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka zivavanye ukuma kwawo okusemthethweni, ukuzimela kwemali, imigaqo yomanyano, kunye nemigaqo ebanzi yomelo yomelo. Eli nqaku linikela imbono enzulu ngendlela ezi zinto ezisebenza ngayo, ukukhuphisana, yaye maxa kuhambelana namaqela ezobupolitika, ngoxa kuvavanywa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendima zazo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

I-PAC engadityaniswanga yi-PAC imibutho enyusa isebenzisa imali ukuze iphembelele urhulumente, okanye unyulo lwasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuququzelelwa ngokusemthethweni liqela lezobupolitika, i-PAC, okanye elinye i-PAC. IKhomishini yeFederal Ecomment (FEC) ichaza i-PAC enxulumeneyo njengenye emiselwe, ephethwe, okanye exhaswa ngemali ngumbutho, umbutho wabasebenzi, umbutho wamalungu, okanye umbutho worhwebo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-PAC ezimeleyo ixhomekeke kwimibutho enjalo. Eli candelo liquka uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezikhoyo, ukusuka kwiqela elinye le-isvoccouce kwimignomentia kunye ne-Puciety PC.

Igama elithi "IPAC elingadityaniyo" ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziswa ngohlobo-lolofana ne "ikomiti ezimeleyo yenkcitho kuphela," kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo. Phantsi komthetho wezemali wephulo langoku, iPAC engadityaniswanga isenokukhetha ukusebenza njengePaC yesithethe enemiqathango, okanye ingabhalisa njenge-PACIC ePhakamileyo (eyaziwa ngokobuqu njengekomiti ezimeleyo yenkcitho) enokuthi yamkele iminikelo engenasiphelo evela kubantu, kwimibutho, kwimibutho, kunye nemibutho (xa ingadibani nayiphi na umngeni okanye iqela.)

Umahluko Ongundoqo KwiPACs Edityanisiweyo

  • [[UMTL:0] I-PAC edityanisiweyo idalwa yi-athom ekhoyo (umz., i-PAC) yombutho, ngexa ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zenziwa ngabantu okanye amaqela ngaphandle kwenkxaso enjalo.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Imida yokwabela: Ngokwesithethe iPACs iphantsi kwemida efanayo yomnikelo edityaniswe nee-PACs (R5 000 kunyulo ngalunye, njengo-2024). Noko ke, i-PACS ayinamda kwimali ekhutshwayo okanye inkcitho, logama nje ibandakanyeke kuphela kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo.
  • [[Ukwahlula] ukumiselwa: IPAC ezingadityaniswanga ziyalelwa ekulungelelaniseni ukuchitha kwazo nabaqhubi okanye amatheko. Ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zivumelekile ukuququzelela kuba zinxulumene ngqo nomntu oza kubhalisa okanye umbutho.
  • Ukuchaza: zombini iintlobo kufuneka zifake iingxelo zokutyhila rhoqo nge FEC, kodwa iiPACI eziphezulu kufuneka zityhile abanikeli abanika ngaphezu kwe R1,00, lo gama iiPaC zesithethe ezingadityaniswanga zineemfuno ezifanayo.

ISisakhelo sasemthethweni: Indlela eyabakho ngayo iPacs Enganxibelelaniyo

Umhlaba wangoku we-PACs engekho nxulumeneyo yimveliso enkulu yophuhliso lwemithetho ephawulweyo. Okokuqala, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-1976 Bockley v. I-Valeo imisele ukuba ukuchitha imali ukuphembelela unyulo luluhlobo lokukhusela intetho phantsi koMbeko wokuqala, kodwa iphakamise imida yeminikelo engqalileyo ukunqanda ukonakala okanye ukubonakala kwalo. Le sigqibo sadala isiseko esisemthethweni senkcitho ezimeleyo engadityaniswanga nomngeni okanye umngeni.

Okwesibini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 ilawula iSigqibo seNkundla yeNkundla yeNtlanganiso [FLT] .FEC yawisa imiqathango kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo zemibutho kunye namaqumrhu, ilungisa indlela yokuchitha imali engekho mgangathweni ngezi zinto. Kamsinyane emva koko, iD.C. isigqibo seNkungaphicothi-mfa yephondo ngokuya ngoku.org v.FEC yasebenzisa indlela efanayo yobulumko yokwenza inkcitho ezizimeleyo kuphela, ibamba ukuba ikomiti ezinjalo zinokulwamkelele ngokungenamngcipheko. Le mithetho inike i-SuperC, eluhlobo olungekho manyano lwe-PAC, enokuthi isetyenziswe kwaye isebenzise imali engapheliyo.

Namhlanje, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zikho ngeendlela ezininzi: ii-PAC zesithethe ezinemiqathango yomnikelo, ii-PACI eziphezulu (iikomiti ezizimeleyo zenkcitho kuphela), kunye nee-PAC (ebizwa ngokuba yikomiti ye-carey) ezizifakelwayo ezikwasisithethe ze-PAC ezigcinela ityala lePaC elisikelwe umda kwiminikelo enxulumeneyo kunye ne-PACIC eyahlukeneyo yokuzihlawulela ngokungenamda. I-FEC inika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kwezi ntlobo, kunye newebhsayithi ye-FEC FY]

Ulwalamano Nemibutho Yezobupolitika: Inkululeko Nolungelelwano Olufanelekileyo

Uphawu oluchazayo lwePACs ezingadityaniswanga luzimele ngokwazo kumaqela ezobupolitika. Phantsi komthetho wesizwe, abanako ukudibanisa inkcitho yabo kunye nayiphi na ikomiti ebhaptiziweyo okanye yeqela. Lo mthetho ujolise ekuthinteleni ukuthintelwa kwemiqathango yomnikelo. Noko ke, ulwalamano luchaziwe ngakumbi kunokwahlulwa okulula. Oku kuqhelisela, ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga ngokusondeleyo zibonakalisa izinto eziphambili zeqela elinye elikhulu, kwaye imisebenzi yazo isenokuqinisa okanye ilulaze icebo elisemthethweni leqela.

Imithetho Yokulungelelana Nemida Yazo

Imigaqo ye-FEC ichaza ukunxibelelana kwe-PAC kunye neqela, njengemeko apho inkcitho yenziwa "ngentsebenziswano, ukudibana, okanye ikonsathi kunye, okanye ngesicelo okanye ngecebiso lika-"i-PAC, okanye abameli bayo. Ukuba i-PAC engadibanisekiyo idityaniswa neqela, inkcitho isenokuthathwa njengentsebenziswano ekhoyo ebekelwe imida. Kodwa umgca usoloko ungenamsebenzi. Umzekelo, iPPAC ephezulu eqesha abasebenzi bangaphambili kwiqela okanye abasebenzi basebuthweni isenokutyholwa ngomanyano, nokuba akukho lunxibelelwano oluthe ngqo olukhoyo. Iimbono zakutshanje zinokuzama ukucacisa le mida, kodwa abagxeki bolu mthetho baphikisa ukuba ibuthathaka. [FLD:FT][FLY]

Ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo: Ngaba Yimibutho okanye Yemiqolo?

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ingenza njengezixhobo ezinamandla kumaqela ezobupolitika ngokubhekisa ingqalelo kwiimbambano okanye kwizizwe ezingenakubekwa kwindawo yokuqala iikomiti zeqela. Umzekelo, i-PUIPAC engokwahlukileyo isenokuchitha ixesha elininzi kuhlanga lokuqala ukunyusa umtyali-nxaxheba ohambisana nocwangciso lwengqiqo yakhe, lo gama iqela ngokwalo lingakhetha umbutho othe qeleleka ngakumbi. Ngale ndlela, i-PAC engadityaniswanga namandla okugcina isango. Ngokuphikisana noko, kunyulo jikelele, unyulo oluninzi lwe-PACS lulungelelaniswa neqela ngokudibanisa ngokudibanisa ngokucwangcisa nokujolisa kunye nokujongisa, lonke elo xesha lihleli kwimidanga yezobugcisa yomthetho.

Amaqela ezobupolitika ngokwawo alungelelanise ukwanda kwe-PACs. IKomiti yesizwe neKomiti yeRepublic yoLawulo lweDemocratic kunye ne-Riphabliki isebenza kunye nothungelwano lwe-Super PACs kunye namaqela azimeleyo. Le mibutho isoloko yabelana ngogcino-lwazi, ubuchule, kunye nokuthetha iingongoma eziphakathi kwe-mediadia, uqheliso oluthi amanye amaqela ajongileyo aphikise ukuchasana kwenkcazelo yomanyano. Campagign Le mithetho yeziko yezomthetho [ ifake izikhalazo ezithelwniswe ngokungekho mthethweni kwiimeko eziliqela, nangona i-FEC inqabile ukuthatha inyathelo.

Inkululeko Yemali: Amandla Emali Engenamida

Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwee-PACs nezingadityaniswanga kunye neekomiti zeqela bubuchule bazo bokukhulisa nokuchitha imali engenasiphelo. Ngelixesha iikomiti zeqela ziphantsi kwemiqathango yomnikelo evela kubantu ngabanye nakwi-PACs (umz., i-DNC ingafumana i-$1,300 ngonyaka kumntu ngamnye njengo-2024), uSuper PACs angamkela uhlolo lwalo naluphi na uhlobo lomthombo. Olu zibuko lwemali luvumela ii-PACs ezingadibaniselwanga kwikomiti zeqela kwimintla emininzi.

Imizekelo ye PAC ezingadibaniyo

  • Izinqamlezi zaseMelika – A Anexabiso eliphambili iPACI esungulwe nguKarl Rove, eyachitha ngaphezu kwe $100 yezigidi kwimijikelo ka 2012 kunye no-2014.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izenzo zeUSA – A I-Democratic Super PAC eyaxhasa u-Barack Obama ngo-2012 kunye noHillary Clinton ngo-2016, inyusa amashumi ezigidi ezivela kubathengi abazizityebi.
  • Club ye ntshukumo yokwenyuka[[FTLT:1] – A iPACIPC edla ngokusetyenziswayo ijolise kucelomngeni oluphambili nxamnye namaRiphabliki abonwa engamkelekanga ngokungaguqukiyo.
  • Uluhlu [[UMKL:0] LWESIKHWANDLE[ – A IPAC (isiko le PAC ngengalo ePhakamileyo) enyusa imali yokukhetha amabhinqa alawulwa ngedemokhrasi axhasa amalungelo okuqhomfa.
  • Izakhamuzi zeEmpeke zihlangene – A Democratic-aligned PAC ezixhasa utshintsho lwezemali zephulo kwaye zikwabandakanyeka kwiinkcitho ezizimeleyo.

Le mibutho ibonisa umahluko omkhulu wee-PACs, ukusuka kumaqela eengcamango ukuya kwizithuthi ezidibeneyo. Ukukwazi kwazo ukuthululela izigidi kuhlanga olunye kungakoyisa ukuthunyelwa kweekomiti zamaqela kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ababotshwe ngokuchitha imida.

Inkxaso-mali

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ifumana imali kwimibutho, imibutho, kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi. Kwi-Super PACs, inani elincinane labantu abaphezulu, badla ngokuphendula ngokwesabelo esikhulu seminikelo. Ngokwe ivula ugcino-lwazi lwe-, abanikeli abaphezulu abali-100 kwi-Super PACs abathenge ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabo bonke abaphezulu PAC abanikelayo kwimijikelezo yonyulo yakutshanje. Olu nyuselo lobutyebi lunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungalingani kwempembelelo yezobupolitika kunye nokukwazi ukunikela ngemimiselo yemiqathango yonyulo.

Impembelelo Kukhetho Nakumgaqo-nkqubo

Ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo zisebenzisa impembelelo ngobuchule obahlukeneyo, kuquka umabonwakude kunye nezibhengezo zamanani, iposi engqalileyo, iibhanki zomnxeba, kunye neengca eziqhutywa nge-oyile. Ngenxa yokuba zingalungelanga uqeqesho lweqela, zinokuthatha izimo zobundlobongela ezinokuphetshwa ziikomiti zeqela elisemthethweni. Oku kusenokuba likrele eliziintambo ezimbini: livumela iingxoxo ezomeleleyo, kodwa kwakhona linokukhokelela kwiphulo elibi negalelo elibi.

Ukhetho Oluyintloko: Idabi Lomphefumlo Weqela

I-PAC engadityaniswanga idla ngokudlala indima ephambili kunyulo lokuqala, apho ukujika kusezantsi kwaye umlinganiselo omncinci wokuchitha izinto unokuba nempembelelo enkulu. Amaqela anjengeqela lezemfundo kunye neCantenal Conservatives Fund iphumele ekukhupheni kwiCumbranran Republicans ijeke ngokuxhasa abacelw'iiiiiii-Scenters abaqalayo abasondele kakhulu kwiingcamango zabo. Ngokufanayo, amaqela ahambela phambili afana noJaji Democrates kunye neQela eliSebe eliSebe eliSebe eliSebe lisebenzise iindleko ezizimeleyo ukuxhasa abaxhasi abashiyi-Democrati abaphakathi abalungeleleneyo. Oku kungenza kutshintshe ukwenziwa kwemicimbi wemizwano-mphini ephambili ngexesha elithile, njengoko kusenziwa ngokuthanda ukujongena komphiniswano-omphindi.

Unyulo Jikelele: Ukutsala okanye Ukugudisa Imiyalezo Yeqela

Kunyulo jikelele, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zingakhulisa ukudlulisela imiyalezo yeqela ngokuqhuba izibhengezo ezivakalayo zemixholo ye-mineure yeqela. Noko ke, zingachasana okanye zicuthe iingcebiso zokuthetha zamaqela ukuba zilandela ezazo iinjongo. Umzekelo, iPPAC ephambili ejolise kwimiba yokusingqongileyo ingasebenzisa izibhengezo ezigxeka umkhankanyisi weqela ngenxa yokuba engakhanyiswanga ngokwaneleyo, kwanaxa kunyulwa jikelele. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixhoba elingadityaniswanga bhetyenziswanga i-PCAC ngokufaka umbano lomba ofinyeza umngenisi ophakathi kwenkxaso kunye nenkqubo yokungalawuleki.

Umthamo othe ngqo wokusetyenziswa kwemali ngaphandle kwengxowa-mali utshintsha iphulo. Ngokwe- FEC's i-data yezemali yezemali , ngaphandle kokuchitha (kuquka ngePACILE kunye namanye amaqela azimeleyo) ukhule ukusuka kwizigidi ezingaphantsi kwe-$200 kunyaka wama-200 ukuya ngaphezu ko-$2,2,2,000 yezigidi kumjikelezo 2020. Ulwando luye lwadlula ukwanda kwemali echithwe kwikomiti yeqela, inika i-PAC edityaniswe kuyo ngaphezulu kunanini nanini na ngaphambili.

Ukucel ’ Umngeni Idemokhrasi: Ingxoxo Enkulu

Ukwanda kwee-PAC ezingeyo-adipozithi kubangele impikiswano enzulu ngempilo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Abahlalutyi bathi le mibutho ithoba idinga lelizwi elilinganayo ngokwezopolitiko ngokuvumela abanikeli abazizityebi ukuba baphumele impembelelo. Baphikisa ngelithi ukunqongophala kwemfuno zomanyano kulula ukubhadula, kwaye ubumfiliba beminye imithombo yemali (njengemali emnyama edityaniswe yifanela kwiPCs) ihla icace. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngokwayo kuluhlobo lokukhusela intetho ne-PACs ezingeyo kunceda abemi abanganxibelelani ukuze bafumane abahlala kunye ukuba bathethe iziphumo zabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa korhulumente.

Ukucaca kunye ne-Diski

Ngeli xesha iiPACI eziphezulu kufuneka zityhile abanikeli bazo, ukunyuka kwemibutho engangeni ngeniso mnyama (njenge 501 (c) (4) amaqela oluntu oluntlalo-ntle) evelise izikhalazo. Ezi ngeniso zingachitha imali kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuchaza ii-dream zazo kwaye zikwazi ukudlulisela imali kwiMisebenziswano ePhakamileyo yePACIAC, ngokunempumelelo. Ii-PAC ezidityaniweyo ezingeyo zijongene neemfuno ze-PACIC zimbalwa ukuba zisebenza njengesithethe i-PACs ezilinganiselwe kwiimali ezingama-$5000. FEC's imbali yokusebenza kwembali ibonisa ukuba ii-pactivesss ezingabonakaliyo zihambayo ngenxa yokungaboni ngenxa ye-propydropsydism phakathi komdians.

Impembelelo Kumanyano Lweqela

I-PAC engadityanisiweyo ingasahlula uqeqesho lweqela ngokunika izilangazelelo zengingqi. Iqonga elisemthethweni leqela lingaphikisana nabanikeli bemali yePAC ephezulu edityaniswe nelo qela. Umzekelo, i-PAC ePhakamileyo exhaswe yilahleko yelahleko inganyanzela ukuba imigaqo engqubana nemozulu yeqela. Olu xinezeleko lungenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba iinkokeli zeqela zinikele phambili kunye nokuxokelelwana. Ngokuchasene noko, ii-PAC ezingadibaniselwanga zisebenza njengezivalo zokukhusela, zivumela abanikezeli ukuba baxhase abangeni abangaphandle kweqela ngaphandle kwemeko yemozulu ephambili ngaphandle kokuba basebenze ngamajelo asemthethweni.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Imigudu yokulungisa ulwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC kunye namaqela ezobupolitika isekelwe kwiingcamango eziliqela: iminikelo enika umanyano, imilinganiselo ekhulayo yokutyhilwa, ukumisela imida ekusebenziseni ipesenti ephezulu, okanye kwanenkqubo yokubhukuqa i-Citizens United[ ngokulungisa okusemthethweni. Ezinye izicelo ziyakuvala iminikelo evela kwimibutho kunye namaqhina ephezulu PC, ngoxa ezinye zingenza inkqubo efanayo ne-don ukuze zikhubaze impembelelo yabani abakhulu. Bnan Center yeJanut ipapalise uphando oluphakalkileyo lwendlela yokukhetha ezi zinto. Noko ke, iNkundla yangoku ephakamileyo inikwe ingcaciso ye-Genegalelo lomthetho, iintethelelaniso oluphezulu.

Isiphelo

I-PACs engadityaniswanga ihlala kwindawo entsonkothileyo nedla ngokuphikisanayo kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Ukuzimela kwayo ngokwamaqela ezobupolitika kuyayinika imvume yokwenza uphatho ukuze iqhubeke nemibandela ethile ngaphandle kwemiqathango yomatshini weqela, kodwa ukuzimela okufanayo kuphakamisa imibuzo engokuphendula kwemali kunye nendima yemali kunyulo. Njengoko izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ziqhubeka ziguquka, ulwalamano phakathi kweePaC ezingezongezelelwanga kunye namaqela ezobupolitika luza kuhlala lungumba ophambili kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele utshintsho lwemali yezentengiso. Ukuqonda le ngxaki ibalulekile kumntu ofuna ukuqonda indlela unyulo lwangoku oluzuze ngayo, olulahlekileyo, nolo loyilwe yimikhosi esebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweqela lezenkwesithethe.