Isifungo somongameli solawulo singaphezulu kakhulu kunesokucaphula iGatya iGatya II, uMgaqo-siseko weU.S. oweminyaka emine okwinyathelo leCapitol. Lixesha apho uMongameli ozayo ezibopha ngokusesikweni kuMgaqo-siseko kwaye avume imiqathango kunye nemisebenzi yesikhundla esinamandla kakhulu ezweni. Esi sigwebo sinye, esimiselwe kwiGatya II, icandelo 1, lomGaqo-siseko wase-U. uMgaqo-siseko, uchaza ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likaMongameli kunye nesakhiwo somgaqo-siseko sikarhulumente esisigqeba. Ngokufunga “ukukhusela nokukhusela nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko weUnited States,” uMongameli uyavuma ukuba onke amandla onegunya asuka kuxwebhu olusekelwe kwisiseko, hayi ukusuka ekuthandeni, okanye kwiqela lezobupolitika. Isifungo sichaza isindululo solawulo sorhulumente esiphakathi sorhulumente, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nentsingiselo yomthetho womthetho osemthethweni, kunye nemithetho-Amerian, esisasazi solawulo esingulawulo esisebenzayo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yomongameli

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko baphikisana kakhulu ngendalo yamandla aphezulu. Abaninzi babegatye ukwenza umphathi oyintloko onokuthi aphinde afanise igunya lokumkani. Imfuneko yesifungo yavela njengenye yezikhuseli eziliqela zokwakha.

Ulwimi olungqalileyo lwesifungo lwathatyathwa kakhulu kwisifungo sokubekwa kokumkani eBritani, apho ukumkani wafunga khona ukuba uza kulawula ngokwemithetho. Noko ke, inguqulelo yaseMelika yaguqula ukunyaniseka kumntu ongumlawuli ukuya kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Olu yayikunduluko olukhulu: umsebenzi ophambili woMongameli asikokudibana neqela, i-costate, okanye kwanokhetho, kodwa kuxwebhu oluphezulu olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Isifungo sivela kwiQumrhu II, icandelo 1, Claus Claus 8, kwaye sinye kuphela sezifungo ezimbini ezichazwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, umbhalo wokuqala weQumrhu II wavumela uMongameli ukuba “aqinise” kunokuba“afake isifungo” ukuba babeneembono zonqulo zokufunga. Le ndawo ibonisa ukuba abaxhasi bayakwazi ukuchanaba iintlobo-ntlobo zonqulo nomnqweno wabo wokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mngeni-lwazi ofanelekileyo onokuthi angavunyelwa asebenze. uMgaqo-siseko Owahlulayo [ unikela inkcazelo entsonkothileyo ngendaleko yalo mbhalo.

Asinguye wonke umongameli ocengceleza isifungo ngaphandle kwesiganeko. Oyena mongameli uphambukileyo udumileyo uyenzeka ngo1853, xa uMongameli Franklin Pierce wakhetha uku-'FLT:0] shadr [ kunokufunga, njengoko wayengumntu ozinikeleyo wobuEpiscopal owayekholelwa ukuba isifungo sisenziwa saphula imigaqo yakhe yonqulo. Kutshanje, uMongameli uHerbert Hoover uqinisekisa. Ezi meko zigxininisa ukuguquka kombhalo `a ukuvumela isifungo ukuba sihlale singaguquki kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nobunzima obusemthethweni

Isifungo asisiso nje isifungo esisisithethe; sithwala amandla asisigxina asemthethweni. Ngokuthabatha isifungo, uMongameli uthatha umsebenzi womGaqo-siseko onokuthi unyanzelwe ngokungagunyaziswayo, kwaye kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ukumangalelwa ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba isifungo sibopha uMongameli ukuba asebenze phakathi kwemida yomGaqo-siseko. Kwi-re-Neagle [1890], iNkubone ukuba uMongameli umisela imbopheleleko “yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokuthembeka."

Isifungo sikwanxulumene nendima kaMongameli njengenkokeli. UMongameli akanakusebenzisa umkhosi ngendlela echasene nomthetho-siseko, njengokulwa imfazwe ehlaselayo ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. Isifungo sikhumbuza umphathi-ntloko kwintloko ukuba kwanezigqibo zokhuseleko lwesizwe ezikhulu mazenzeke ngaphakathi kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo asisosiganeko sexesha elinye. Yimeko apho uMongameli ekwisikhundla. Isenzo ngasinye esenziwa eofisini siphantsi kwembopheleleko yesifungo. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba igunya likaMongameli lisoloko libotshelelwe kukunyaniseka komgaqo-siseko. Inkcazo yeNdlu emhlophe yokumiselwa komongameli [ igxininisa ukuba isifungo besilisiseko solawulo ngalunye ukususela kuGeorge Washington.

I-oath noyilo lweGunya loManyano

Amandla Alinganiselweyo, Asingomandla Aphela

UMongameli ufunga ukuba “ukhusela, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko.” Olu lwimi lwala ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na ingcamango yamagunya anegunya elipheleleyo. UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli imbono ekhethekileyo edweliswe ngokuchanekileyo `njengomthetho oqingqiweyo, ukumisela amagosa karhulumente, nokuyalela umkhosi, kodwa ezi zilungelelaniswe ngamagunya eBhunga kunye nejaji. Isifungo sisigqibo sobuqu sokuba le mida ikho.

Igunya lomanyano, liphela, lifumaneka kuthumelo lwamagunya lomGaqo-siseko ukusuka kumazwe nakubantu ukuya kurhulumente wesizwe. UMongameli uyintloko yoorhulumente abanikiweyo. Kodwa isifungo sicacisa ukuba uMongameli akanako ukulindisa igunya lesizwe ngamanye amaxesha ngaphaya kwemida yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus ngaphandle xa ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke lufuna ukuba ihlaselwe okanye imvukelo (I, icandelo 9). Isifungo siqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na ingxubengxubeko enjalo kufuneka ithethelelwe ngomgaqo-siseko.

Isigqumathelo njengendlela yokukhangela ukufikelela okungaphezulu

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, isifungo siye sasebenza njengomgangatho apho ihambo yobumongameli ilinganiswa khona. Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon wagwetywa ngokuba kukuphulwa kwesifungo sakhe. Amanqaku okungagunyaziswanga ngokuchasene noNixon aquka izityholo zokuba “wayesilele ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka.” Isifungo sanika isifungo somgaqo-siseko sokumenza abe netyala. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uAndrence Johnson wakwa-a ngo-1868 esekelwe ekuphulweni kwakhe komthetho we-Tenure of Ofisi, owathiwawulwa njengokwaphulwa kwemiso kumthetho wakhe wokuphumeza imithetho.

Kutshanje, isifungo siye sacelwa kwiingxoxo eziphathelele imiyalelo yabalawuli, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, namandla kaMongameli okuthumela umkhosi wamazwe angaphandle. Abagxeki baye baphikisa ngelithi izenzo ezithile zegunya eliphezulu . Njengezenzo zoMongameli Barack Obama zokufuduka okanye uMongameli Donald Trump ukuval Trump ovalelwe imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko owenziweyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela wasichasa isifungo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ezi zenzo zisebenza ngengqiqo kwindima esemthethweni kamongameli.

Indima Yeoath Ekwahlukaneni Kwamandla

Inkululeko eLawulayo kunye neMigaqo-siseko

UMongameli ukuphela kwegosa likarhulumente elinyulwe luhlanga lonke, yaye esi sifungo sigxininisa ukuba igunya likaMongameli alixhomekekanga kwiBhunga okanye kwijaji (kodwa lingenamida). UMongameli unengqiqo ekunyanzeleni imithetho, ekuququzeleleni izivumelwano, nasekuqhubeni imigaqo yamanye amazwe, kodwa akanakuwathabathela phantsi amandla owiso-mthetho weBhunga okanye amandla eenkundla. Isifungo sikhumbuza uMongameli ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lilingana, alingowona uphakamileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, xa uMongameli uThomas Jefferson wafumana iLouisiana Territory ngowe-1803, wathandabuza ngasese ukuba uMgaqo-siseko wawungasigunyazi na isibonda esinjalo. Phezu kwako nje ukubona kwakhe ulwandiso, waqonda ukuba isivumelwano nomthetho olandelayo wawufuna ukuvunywa kombutho. Ukunamathela ngokucoselelekileyo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa kwakungqubana neenjongo zakhe, kusibonisa isenzo esifungo.

Iingxabano Ze - Interbranch Nokhokelo Lwe - oath

Iimbambano zokwahlukana kwamandla . "njengezo zingaphezulu kwelungelo eliphakamileyo], ukuvalwa kwemali, kunye namagunya emfazwe" kudla ngokuncitshiswa kwimibuzo yokuba uMongameli uye wasiphula na isifungo sakhe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ngamanye amaxesha iye yangenelela, njengakwi- United States v. Nixon [19974]), apho iNkundla yayalela ukuba ukuba ilungelo lomphathi-mphathi eliphezulu aliyi kusithoba imfuneko yobungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla iqinise isigqibo sayo kwinxalenye yenkonzo kaMongameli “ukunyamekela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokuthembekileyo."

Ngokufanayo, ebudeni bokwaphula umthetho kukaMongameli uTrump, abaphathi bezindlu baphikisa ngelithi imigudu yakhe yokunyanzela iUkraine ukuba iphande isifungo sakhe saphulwe ngokusebenzisa igunya elisemthethweni ukuze afumane inzuzo. INdlu yeeNgwevu, kodwa ingxoxo esekelwe ekubeni ihambo kaMongameli yayikukwaphula kusini na ukuthenjiswa kwemali okungavisisani nesifungo. Ezi ngxabano ziphinda-phindiweyo zibonisa ukuba esi sifungo asiyoncwadi ifile kodwa asiyiyo incwadi engqongqo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Imizekelo Engokwembali: Isifungo Ngamaxesha Entlekele

Ukugcinwa Komanyano: Isithukuthezi SikaLincoln Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Mhlawumbi akukho mongameli wajamelana novavanyo oluqatha lwesifungo njengoAbraham Lincoln. Wathatha isikhundla ngo1861 enamaphondo asixhenxe sele ekwisifungo. Idilesi yakhe yokusungula yagxininisa umsebenzi wakhe “wokulondoloza, ukukhusela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko,” kuquka imbopheleleko yesiseko yokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente kulo lonke i-Union. ULincoln waphikisa ukuba ukupheliswa komthetho-siseko kwakungekho mthethweni kuba kwayila i-Uni engunaphakade, kwaye isifungo safuna ukuba axhathise ukuchasa ubuhlanga.

Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uLincoln wathatha izenzo eziliqela zokuphikisa ````I-habeas corpus''', ukuvala amazibuko asezantsi, kwaye ukukhupha iEmancipation Proclation j' yokolula imida yamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Wayesoloko ekhusela la manyathelo ayimfuneko ukuzalisekisa isifungo sakhe, kwananjengoba abagxeki babemtyhola ngokusebenza njengomatshi. Umbuzo wokuba uLincoln uyaphulwa okanye uxhasa isifungo uhlala usisigxina sengxoxo yolwazi. [[FLT: 0] uLibrist weSincoko seBrison kwiLincoln kunye nomGaqo-siseko unikela uhlalutyo olubanzi lwengqiqo yakhe.

I-FDR noMsebenzi omtsha: Igunya loManyano lokwandisa

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wafunga ngexesha lengxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho kwimbali yaseMerika. Iinkqubo zakhe zeNew Deac zandisa ngokuphawulekayo igunya lesizwe `ukuvelisa amaqumrhu esizwe, ukulawula, nokuseka i-inshorensi yezentlalo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi amanye la manyathelo aphula imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko kumandla karhulumente, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi iinkqubo eziliqela zokuqala zeNew Deal. Impendulo yeFDR, kuquka nesicelo sakhe sokungavumelani kwenkundla, yaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba uyayihlonela kusini na imiqathango yemithetho-siseko awayeyifungile ukuyiphakamisa.

Ekugqibeleni, iNkundla iThengisele iinkqubo ezininzi zeNew Deal emva “kokuthakathisela okusithoba ngexesha,” kwaza umGaqo-siseko watshintshwa ukuvumela irhafu yengeniso nonyulo olungqalileyo lwabaphathi-mikhosi. Isiganeko sibonisa ukuba isifungo asiliqinisi igunya lesizwe kwingulo yonyaka we-1787; sivumela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngokulungisa nangokutolika kwezomthetho. Umsebenzi woMongameli kukusebenza ngaphakathi komGaqo-siseko njengoko sinjalo nangaliphi na ixesha elinikiweyo.

Igati yamanzi neNtloko yale Mihla

Ihlazo leWatergate ngumzekelo ocacileyo wale mihla wokunyanzelisa kwesifungo. UMongameli Nixon waphelelwa ngumsebenzi ngowe- 1974 emva kokuba iKomiti yeHouse Judicary ivumile ukuba kubekho amanqaku amathathu okungagunyaziswanga, onke enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kokusesikweni ngezantsi okuthe kwathethwa yikomiti kwasiphula isifungo sakhe. Isisongelo sokungathobeli, esisekelwe kwisifungo, sanyanzela uNixon ukuba aphume eziofisini, ebonisa ukuba imigaqo yomthetho yokuphendula ityala xa iBhunga likulungele ukwenza okuthile.

UGald Ford owangena ezihlangwini zikaNixon, wachaza ngokudumileyo ukuba “uloyiko lwethu olude lwesizwe selonke seluphelile."" Kamva uFrad wajamelana nempikiswano yakhe ngokuxolelwa kwakhe nguNixon, nto leyo abaninzi ababeyijonga njengokwaphulwa kwentembelo kawonke-wonke. Kodwa isifungo sikaFord sasingafuni izigqibo ezigqibeleleyo zenkqubo ukuba enze ngokuvisisana nemigaqo engqongqo.

Iinkcazelo Zale Mihla Nempikiswano

ITheyibhile yesiGqeba esiPhezulu neSigqeba

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kuye kwavela impikiswano enkulu ngenxa yegunya lomongameli. Abaxhasi benkqubo yokulawula i-” baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ubeka onke amandla olawulo kuMongameli kuphela, neNkqutyana ingakwazi ukuthintela ulawulo lukaMongameli kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba oku kufundwa kusongela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya nomthetho. Amacala omabini athi isifungo sixhasa isikhundla sawo.

Abo baxhasa isifungo esinamandla sobungangamsha babhekisela kwisifungo njengobungqina bokuba uMongameli kufuneka athathe imbopheleleko yobuqu yokuphumeza imithetho ngokuthembeka, ngokokude bangakwazi ukubotshwa ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo okanye imimiselo ephelisa igunya lokususa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi esi sifungo sifuna ukuba uMongameli ahlonele isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko, kuquka indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuqinisekiseni amagosa kunye namandla eBhunga azimeleyo. Ukubekwa kwemithetho eqhubekayo phezu kwesakhiwo soorhulumente abakwandiswa kwe-Consumer Accule Information Protection Bureauniaunia neFrederal Trade Com kubonakalisa le mpikiswano ingundoqo.

Amandla Engozi Nendawo Yokulala

UMongameli uyakwazi ukufikelela kuludwe olubanzi lwamagunya ongxamiseko phantsi komthetho kazwelonke, ukusuka ekuvakaliseni ungxamiseko lwesizwe lokuthumela imikhosi emakhaya phantsi koMthetho wokuKhuselwa kweMpatho-siseko. Isifungo asikwaleli ukusetyenziswa kwala magunya, kodwa siyanyanzeleka ukuba asetyenziswe kwimida yemithetho-siseko kunye nemithetho-mthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli uGeorge H.W. UBush wafuna ugunyazo lwesivumelwano phambi kokuqalisa i-Gulf War, echaza isifungo sakhe sokuxhasa imfuneko somGaqo-siseko sokuvumela imfazwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uPresidenti Trump wawa wamandla oMdambi woMdabi woMdabi woMgaqo-o-onqa ukuze axhakathiso-mali axhaka ngaphandle komkelo lweNtlangalo-Avi. Inkundla zisekwenawe yimidalingo yenkulungwane yama-21.

IOath Njengesixhobo Sokugocagoca Kwintetho Yezobupolitika

Namhlanje, isifungo somongameli sisoloko sisetyenziswa kwiingxoxo zobupolitika. Amalungu eBhunga, iintatheli nabemi badla ngokubuza enoba isenzo esithile siyavumelana nesifungo soMongameli. Oku kusetyenziswa komceli kugxininisa amandla esifungo njengesiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho. Ibinzana elithi “sikhusele, sikhusele kwaye sikhusele” liye lasixhasa ngokufutshane ukuthembeka komgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa kuphikiswana ngentsingiselo echanileyo.

Abanye abahlalutyi bathi ukuphinda-phinda kwesifungo kungakuphikisa, kusetyenziselwa ukuthethelela izenzo ezinwenwayo kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Abanye bayavuma ukuba isifungo sinika isiseko sokwabelana ngengxoxo ```ingongoma'''' ekhumbuza wonke umntu ukuba umongameli yiofisi engokomGaqo-siseko, hayi i-fiedom yobuqu. [iphepha logcino-vimba lwesizwe kwi-Mgaqo-siseko [] linika abafundi isiseko kunye nomongomo wembali enomdla wokuhlola ulwimi oluchanileyo.

Ingxowa, Ukungancomeli, nokuphendula

UMgaqo-siseko unika ukuba uMongameli anyanzelwe “ukuqiqa, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izityholo eziphezulu kunye nezisemgangathweni.” Isifungo sinxulumene ngqo nalo mgangatho. Umongameli osophula isifungo sakhe ngezantsi ngokusebenzisa kakubi amandla abo, ngokuphazamisa ubulungisa, okanye ngokusilela ukuphumeza imithetho. Abafaki mithetho baqonda ukuba ityala elingamkelekiyo.

Ukungavumelani kwembali yembali kuye kwagxininisa ngokuqhubekayo ekuphuleni izifungo. UAndrew Johnson wacetyiswa ngokususa igosa lekhabhathine ngokuchasene noMthetho we-Ofisi ngokuchasene noMthetho-siseko − ngesenzo awayekholelwa ukuba asingomthetho. Ukhuselo lukaJohnson lwalukukuba wenza isifungo sokukhusela umGaqo-siseko, nokuba iSifungo se-Ofisi somthetho saphula olo xwebhu. IBhunga leNdluneli layaphula ityala. URichard Nixon wajamelana nokungagunyaziswa ngenxa yokuthintelwa kokusesikweni nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo, nto leyo iNdlumo lweNdhumi ediye yanxulumene ngokungqalileyo nesifungo sakhe. UBill Clinton wagwetywa ngetyala lokuqala nokuthintelwa kwetyala lesibini, kodwa indlu ayizange ibophelele izifungo ezithe ngqo. Ityala lika-Cronaldenn laquka onke amanqaku amabini eegendophilo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba isifungo asingomfuziselo nje xa kufikelelwa kwimbopheleleko. Sisenokuba sisiseko somGaqo-siseko sokususa umongameli eofisini. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa yinkqubo yezopolitiko, kwaye ukuvuma kweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zokubanjwa kuxhomekeke kwizenzo ezinamandla ezifana nezingoko kumgaqo-siseko. Ukunyanzeliswa kwesifungo ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kukholo olulungileyo lwamagosa anyuliweyo nakukulungela kwabantu bonke.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kweoli

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singomnye weyona mimiselo ifutshane kodwa enzulu yomgaqo-siseko. Idibanisa uMongameli kumGaqo-siseko ngendlela engenakufumaneka ngokomthetho okanye umyalelo wegunya. Iqinisekisa ukuba igunya likaMongameli lithathwe kumGaqo-siseko, kungekhona kumandla obuqu okanye kumbulelo othandwayo.

Ukusuka ekuqanjweni kokuqala kukaGeorge Washington ngo1789 ukuya kweyona itshatsha kutshanje ukufunga, isifungo bekusoloko kuyinto engaqhelekanga. Siye saphindaphindwa ngoomongameli abajongene nemfazwe, udandatheko, isiphithiphithi samakhaya, kunye nehlazo lobuqu. Kuye kwacelwa ukuthethelela ulwandiso olunamandla lwegunya likarhulumente nokugweba abaphangi.

Kwimekobume yale mihla yezobupolitika apho imida yamandla alawulayo isoloko ivavanywa, isifungo sihlala sifanelekile kunanini na ngaphambili. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba uMongameli akangaphezulu kunomthetho kodwa uyintloko yegosa elingumGaqo-siseko. Xa uMongameli efunga ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko, isithembiso asiphelelwa ekupheleni komboniso wolawulo lwezindululo. Sihlala sikho ngomzuzu ngamnye eofisini, sisebenza njengesiseko solwalamano phakathi komongameli kunye negunya likarhulumente.