Isiseko Somanyano LwamaMerika

U.S. umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho-siseko wama-50 wesizwe wenza isiseko esimanyeneyo solawulo lwaseMelika. Ngoxa uxwebhu lwesizwe lusoloko luchazwa ‘ njengomthetho wesigxina welizwe,'izwe ngalinye lisebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko walo obhaliweyo ochaza isakhiwo, amandla, nemida karhulumente walo. Lo mgaqo-siseko udala inkqubo engqukuva apho igunya lahlulelwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe nakumazwe ngamanye. Ukuqonda ukwahlukana phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbi zomthetho-siseko kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela amalungelo enziwe ngayo, indlela akhuselwa ngayo, nendlela amandla ahamba ngayo eUnited States. Ukwahlula okuyahlula okude, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomntu ngamnye.

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States: Ukwakhiwa, Injongo Nokunyamezela

U.S. umGaqo-siseko ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe omdala obhaliweyo osasetyenziswa. Idraftwe ngo1787 ngexesha leConvention yePhiladelphia kwaye yagunyaziswa ngo1788, yathatha indawo yeMiba yoMbutho nemithetho eqinileyo karhulumente ngexa igcina ulawulo lwezwe kwimimandla engundoqo. Uxwebhu lushwankathela gca, oluqulathe amagama amalunga ne-4,500 kumbhalo wayo wokuqala, namanye amagama angama-3, ongezelelwe ukugqitha kweminye intembelo ezingama-77. Ubufutshane balo buyilelwe: i-Framers zenziwe njengesakhiwo solawulo esinogcino-mthetho esinokutshintsha iimeko ngexesha elithile.

Isakhiwo Esineengqiniba Ezintathu

Inqaku I liyila isebe lowiso-mthetho (iKhonret), iGatya II limisa isebe elilawulayo (uMongameli), neGatya III liyila isebe eligwebayo (iNkundla ePhakamileyo neenkundla ezisezantsi). Isebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo, kwaye inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinokulawula. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kwabalawuli abalawulwayo phantsi kweBritane.

IBhili yamaLungelo neziHlaziyo eziLandelayo

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa njengeqela i-Bhill yamaLungelo , zagunyaziswa ngo1791 kwaye zaqinisekisa ukhuseleko olusisiseko olufana nenkululeko yokuthetha, ucinezeleka, unqulo, indibano, kunye nelungelo lokuthwala iingalo. Kamva ukupheliswa kobukhoboka (13th), ziqinisekiswe ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho (14), zikhuselwe amalungelo akhuselweyo amadoda aseAfrika (15th), zandiswa ngamabhinqa (1991), zandisa i-s), zahlisa ubudala bokuvota ukuya kwi 18 (26), kwaye zathetha ngeminye imicimbi emininzi. Ukupheliswa kweminye inkqubo kunzima ngabom. Ukuthelekelelwa kokuzi: ukudlula kwazo zombini iindlu nge-35-35 ze zikhuliswe ngomthetho-34 ze-31 ze-i-od procedss processs zezongs ezichaza iminyaka engama-22222222 kuphela.

UClaus Oneengcungela

Inqaku le-V, Claus 2 liqulathe u-Clauscyle , eqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko we-U.S., imithetho yequmrhu, igqithiselwe kuyo, kwaye izivumelwano ezenziwe phantsi kwegunya layo zibumba umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho wesizwe uyaphumelela. Noko ke, igalelo lisebenza phakathi kwemida yolawulo: urhulumente wesizwe uyakwazi ukukhulula kuphela umthetho wombuso xa usebenza phakathi kwamagunya awo adweli.

UmGaqo-siseko weLizwe: Ukungafani, Inkcazelo, nokuvunywa

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, kwaye la maxwebhu ahlukene ngendlela ephawulekayo. Adala isakhiwo sikarhulumente, achaza amagunya abalawuli kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho, amisela iinkqubo zenkundla yelizwe, kwaye ngokufuthi aquka amalungiselelo kwimibandela enjengerhafu yempahla, inkxaso-mali yemfundo, ulawulo lwendalo, kunye nombutho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo nomgaqo-siseko we-U.S., umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uqhelekile , ukwandisa, ngokunzulu ngakumbi, kwaye usoloko uguqulelwe.

Indaleko yomthetho womgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wesizwe wabhalwa ngo1776, njengoko amathanga ayezibanga ezimele kwaye ezi ngxelo zangaphambili zaziziguqulela kumazwe alawulayo. La maxwebhu ayemafutshane kwaye ajoliswe ngokuyintloko ekusekeni kwezakhiwo ezisisiseko zorhulumente nasekukhuseleni amalungelo asisiseko. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, umgaqo-siseko wakhula ngokulula nangakumbi. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko weLouisiana, uthathelwe indawo amaxesha amaninzi (kungokunje ngo-1997) kwaye uqulethe izicwangciso ezineenkcukacha kwinto yonke into ukusuka kwi-oyile kunye nerhafuthelo yegesi ekwizibhedleleko-zibhedlele.

Inkqubela yokulungisa: Isantya noFikelelo

Omnye womahluko obalulekileyo phakathi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kukulula kokulungisa. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkqubo yokulungisa ifikeleleka kakhulu. Izinyusi zingacetyiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente (ngokufuthi inevoti elula okanye enkulu) okanye ngezenzo zombutho wabemi ekuqikeleleni phantse isiqingatha samazwe. Emva koko, zivunywa nguninzi lwabavoti kunyulo jikelele. Oku kuthetha ukuba imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente iguquke ngokukhawuleza ukuze itshintshe iimeko zezobupolitika kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Ngokomzekelo, kumjikelo wonyulo wama-2024 kuphela, abavoti kumaphondo aliqela bacinga ngokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko kwimibandela enjengamalungelo okuqhomfa, ukwenziwa komjuko ngokomthetho, ukuvota, kunye nokwanda komvuzo ophantsi. Ezi nguqu zomGaqo-siseko ngqo azinakwenzeka kumgangatho wesizwe, apho i-mendendicement ifuna ii-afrities kwiBhungareant kunye ne-ratiation ngemists ezintathu-sine zamazwe.

Ukwahluka Okusebenzisekayo

Ubude kunye nengqalelo

Umahluko phakathi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe uyabetha. UmGaqo-siseko we-Alabama, owaqinisekiswa ngo1901, ngowona mde kuhlanga ngamagama angaphezu kwama-40 000. Uyitshintshwe ngaphezu kwewaka elinamashumi amane anesine amaxesha kwaye uqulathe amalungiselelo kwimixholo ekhethekileyo njengomthetho wemidlalo yebingo kunye nolawulo lwemiqathango ethile. UmGaqo-siseko weVermont, ngokwahlukileyo, uphakathi komfutshane kumagama amalunga nama-8,000. UMgaqo-siseko we-siseko, malunga nonyaka we-7, kunye notshintsho, usondele kusiphelo seVermont.

Kutheni ingumgaqo-siseko wesizwe omde kangaka? Kuba zisoloko zithetha ngemibandela ethile yenkqubo ephethwe ngumthetho kumgangatho wezwe. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usoloko uneenkqubo zerhafu ezineenkcukacha, iinkqubo zemfundo, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kwaye kwanemithetho emalunga namasebe athile karhulumente. Oku kubonisa inkxalabo esebenzayo yokulawula: xa abemi befuna ukuvala inkqubo ethile kwindawo engaphaya kolu tshintsho oluqhelekileyo lwemithetho yomthetho, baguqukela kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Ukhuseleko Lwamalungelo: Umgangatho nobhaso

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela ifloor yamalungelo abantu ngabanye. IBhili yamaLungelo iqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluncinane oluthile olusebenza kubo bonke abantu baseMerika, kunye nokupheliswa okulandelayo okufana noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko we-14 ogqithisele olu lukhuselo kumthetho nxamnye nenkqubo karhulumente ngemfundiso yokuquququzelelwa. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente, nokokuba, ungaseka ukukhusela [ okungaphezulu komgangatho worhulumente. Imimiselo emininzi yesizwe iqula amalungelo agqithe lawo afunyenwe kuxwebhu olunolawulo.

Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo lemfundo, into engakhankanywanga ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Eminye imiGaqo-siseko karhulumente iquka ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa elibanzi kunezo zikhuselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Umgaqo-siseko weRhulumente eKhalifoniya, eMinnesota, neTexas utolikwe ziinkundla zawo eziphakamileyo zeli lizwe ukuba zifune imigangatho ephakamileyo yemali kwizikolo zikarhulumente kunokuba kufuneke umthetho karhulumente. Ukhuseleko lwemithetho-Rhulumente lwabasebenzi, abathengi, kwaye imekobume idla ngokuhambela phambili koko kumiselwe yiBhunga.

Olu mahluko lunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu. Ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe eliqinisekisa ilungelo lokusingisele kwimekobume entle -- njengakuMgaqo-siseko weMontana -- lingasebenza njengesiseko sokuzinziswa okungasayi kubakho phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Ngokufanayo, ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lwaseburhulumenteni lwamalungelo athe athe athelekelelwa okanye amanyathelo okulwa nohlanga angomelela ngakumbi kunamanye awo.

Uphinda-phindo lwendawo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ubusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ukususela ngo-1789, kukho zonke iinguqu ezenziwe kwinkqubo yokulungisa kunokutshintsha okuninzi. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko uthathelwa indawo ngokupheleleyo. Lo Louisiana ubenomgaqo-siseko oyi-11 ukususela ekuvulweni kwawo kwi-Union, oyena mtsha wamkelwayo ngo-1979. IGeorgia iye yafumana umgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko engundoqo xa usiseko wezopolitiko, wezoqoqosho, okanye iinguqulelo zentlalo-ntlalo-ntle zifuna ulawulo olutsha olutsha. Umgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko we-rerada eMzantsi watshintshwa njengoko imicimbi yephondo itshintshiwe. I-mazwe awenziwe ngexesha lolwando lwawo lwawo lwawo lwangaphambili emva kokufikelela kwegunyazwe.

Ubuninzi bokubuyiselwa bubonisa isimo sengqondo esahlukileyo ngokusisiseko kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko kumgangatho wombuso. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe ujongwa njengoluncedo, uxwebhu oluphilayo olufanele luguqulelwe kwiimfuno zabantu, kunokuba lube njenge-quasi-engcwele, engapheliyo ekufuneka iguqulwe ngokunqabileyo kwaye ngobunzima obukhulu.

Idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo kunye nezihlomelo zemfazwe

Enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zomthetho-siseko wesizwe kukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi ngqo. Malunga nesiqingatha samazwe, abemi bangacebisa ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko ngenkqubo yokuqalisa, bashiye indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Eli gunya alikho kumgangatho karhulumente, apho zonke iziphene zimele zivele kwiBhunga. Amanyathelo karhulumente okubala aye asetyenziselwa ukumisela imida yexesha elifanelekileyo kumagosa karhulumente, umya wemfama, umisela intengo yerhafu, ukwandisa iMedicaid, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo okuzala.

Lo mlinganiso wedemokhrasi ngqo wenza umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uthabathele phambili kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa ukwawubeka phantsi kobungozi bamaqela enzala athe kratya, ulwimi olulahlekisayo, nokudinwa ngabavoti. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulula kakhulu ukuba uphele, okuphumela kumaxwebhu anokungagqibeki koluhlu lwemithetho kunokuba afakelele isiseko sokulawula.

Umanyano: Indlela ezihambelana ngayo iinkqubo ezimbini

Ulwalamano phakathi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe lulawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko we- we-federali. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, urhulumente wesizwe unawo kuphela amandla agunya agunyazisiweyo nguMgaqo-siseko, ngeli lixa amazwe egcina onke amagunya angagunya anikwenga urhulumente worhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-siseko usebenza kwisangqa esikhulu segunya, ugqubucala namalungelo empango oyawo ukuze afumane imfundo, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Noko ke, iSupremacleus Claus iqinisekisa ukuba xa umthetho karhulumente norhulumente ungquzulwano olunyanisekileyo, kulawula umthetho wesizwe. Le mfundiso yokukhulula isebenza kungekuphela kwimimiselo karhulumente kodwa nakumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Akukho lungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe elingalwaphula umGaqo-siseko wase-U. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente awunako ukumisela unqulo lwesizwe, awuyikhanyeli inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, okanye unyanzele ukwahlulwa kohlanga, nokokuba ngabavoti bakarhulumente bagunyazisa ilungiselelo elinjalo.

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zithe intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko wazo wesizwe, zinikezele ukuba iinkcazelo zazo azingqubani nemilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkundla ephakamileyo yorhulumente isenokuchaza isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko wayo wesizwe sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngokuphangaleleyo kuneNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichaza iSigqibo sokuqala. Isigqibo senkundla yelo lizwe siba sisiphelo kuloo mcimbiso, logama nje ingawi ngaphantsi komgangatho worhulumente.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabemi Nabenzi Bemigaqo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente norhulumente uneziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Xa uqwalasela umngeni womthetho-- nokuba ubandakanya imbambano yerhafu, umbuzo wamalungelo empahla, umgaqo wolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye inkxaso-emali--umbuzo wokuqala kufuneka usoloko usebenza. [ nguwuphi umgaqo-siseko osebenzayo?

Kubenzi benkqubo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unikela onke amathuba kunye nemiqathango. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usoloko unemithetho echaza iinkcukacha zemali, njengeemfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungelelanisiweyo, imida yerhafu, kunye nerhafu kunye nemilinganiselo yenkcitho. Le mithetho ingenza kube nzima koorhulumente ukusabela ngokukhawuleza ekuwohlokeni kwezoqoqosho okanye ukuchithwa kwezinto eziphambili kwixesha elide. Kwangaxesha linye, umgaqo-siseko unika abemi bombutho inqwelo - mafutha yokumisela iinguqu zenkqubo ngqo, ukudlula i-drocklock.

Umzekelo, iNgqungquthela yesizwe ye- yeNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeMasipala ye- ikhupha utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko olunxulumene noqingqo-mali kunye nemali, olubalelwa kuma-300 kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Amaqela afana [ Brenan Center yeJastial[[[FLT:]] [3] ivelise uphando olunzulu kwimpembelelo yemiqathango yemithetho-somgaqo-siseko wesizwe kumalungelo okuvota kunye nokuyilela. Academic ephuma kumacandelo afana nemithetho yeB [[FLT]] kunye ne-FLT] ye-Mongaltic Center [FFFFLT]]

Isizathu Sokuba ImiGaqo-siseko Yaseburhulumenteni Ifanele Inikelwe Ingqalelo Engakumbi

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe asingowokuxelisa nje uxwebhu lukarhulumente olungekho mgangathweni. Ziyahluka, zinamandla, kwaye zinentsingiselo enzulu. Zibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMelika ngendlela obungalawulwa yimgaqo-siseko we-U. Xa uhlawula iirhafu zempahla, uthumela abantwana bakho kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke, uqhutyelwa phambili kwiindlela zikarhulumente, okanye uvele kwinkundla karhulumente, usebenza kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko wezwe lakho. Ilungelo lokufumana imfundo esemgangathweni, umthetho wokusetyenziswa komhlaba, isakhiwo soorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukuxhasa kweenkonzo zikawonke--- zonke zilawulwa ngomthetho wesizwe.

Ukanti, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente awunamdla kangako kwintetho yesidlangalala kuneyoMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Imfundo ye-COBIC idla ngokujolisa ingqalelo kuxwebhu lwaseburhulumenteni, ishiya abantu abaninzi baseMerika bengaqondi ukuba umgaqo-siseko wabo uqulethe amalungelo namalungiselelo abalulekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abemi basenokungaziqondi ngokupheleleyo izixhobo abanokuzifumana zokubumba imigaqo echaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Indima Yeenkundla Zeli lizwe

Iinkundla zelizwe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe ikhuphe izigqibo ezinika amalungelo nezokhuseleko ezingaphaya kwezo zigqalwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. "lo rhulumente omtsha," ovele kwii-1970, ukhokelele kwimigaqo engundoqo yokhuseleko esekelwe ngurhulumente kwiindawo ezifana nenkxaso yemfundo, ukuzifunela ulwazi, ukuthetha ngokukhululekile, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zingooomasipala baba ngabameli abaphambili bamalungelo omntu ngamnye ngexesha lolawulo lwezomthetho.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo yobulawuli obusisibonelelo

umahluko phakathi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nomgaqo-siseko we-U.S. asingombandela ongcono okanye obaluleke kakhulu. Ngamnye usebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMelika. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. umisela ulwakhiwo lwesizwe, uqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko, kwaye umisela umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Umgaqo-siseko uzisa ulawulo olusondeleyo kubantu, unika imithetho entsonkothile yombuso nemicimbi yommandla, unikezele nemigaqo eyongezelelekileyo ebonisa amaxabiso akhethekileyo kunye neemfuno zelizwe ngalinye.

Zidibene, zidala inkqubo elungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nolwahluka-hlukeneyo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuzinza ngolungelelwano. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika isakhiwo esihlala sihleli, ngoxa imimiselo yomthetho karhulumente isebenza njengequmrhu eliphilayo, elisabelayo elivisisana neemeko ezitshintshayo. Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo, okanye abafuna ukuba ngabameli abasebenzayo ukuze batshintshe, ulwazi lwamaxwebhu omabini lubalulekile. Kwixesha elizayo uvota kwimithetho-siseko yombuso okanye ufunde ngesigqibo esivela kwinkundla yakho ephakamileyo yelizwe, uya kubandakanye yezimo zedemo yedemo-yongarali ephakamileyo nephantsi kwegunya le-Melika.