Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente lubumba isiseko somthetho wenkqubo ye-United States, ulawula yonke into ukusuka kumalungelo omntu ngamnye ukuya kumgaqo wezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olukhawulezileyo ngendlela imithetho enxulumene ngayo, iphelelisana, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ingqubana, inika imizekelo ecacileyo ukucacisa ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo. Ngokuhlolisisa imigaqo yesiseko, iindawo zegunya, iimbambano, kunye nemigudu yentsebenziswano, singalungelana kakuhle ulungelelwano olukhoyo lwegunya elilawulayo iMelika.

Isiseko somanyano lwaseMelika

Embindini wolawulo olusemthethweni lwaseMelika kukho umGaqo-siseko, omisa inkqubo yorhulumente, , eyahlula-hlula urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko unika amandla akhethekileyo adweliswe kurhulumente wesizwe, njengamandla okulawula ushishino lwezombuso, ukubhengeza imfazwe, kunye nemali yengqekembe. Onke amanye amagunya, ngaphandle kokuba awalelwe ngokucacileyo kumazwe, agcinelwe kwiimeko okanye kubantu. Lo mgaqo umiselwe kuMgaqo-siseko we-ten Development , osebenza njengembombo yesiseko segunya lezwe.

Urhulumente wesizwe ungomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo, aphathisiweyo, lo gama amagunya aphakamileyo, amapolisa ngokubanzi akhusele impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi bawo. Oku kwahlulwa kwesiseko kuthetha ukuba imithetho yorhulumente nemithetho yorhulumente isoloko ikhona, nomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente osebenza kwiimbumba ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, imida ephakathi kwezi mbulunga ayisoloko icacile, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika.

Imibhrashi esusiweyo. Amandla agciniweyo

Icandelo lesi-8 lidwelisa amandla eBhunga, kuquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, ukuseka iiofisi zeposi, nokubhengeza imfazwe. La ngamandla adwelisiweyo. Okwangoku, IsiHlanziso semithetho-Mda sichaza ngokucacileyo: “Amandla anganikwanga iUnited States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelelana, okanye abantu. Lo candelo lidala ulawulo oluphindiweyo, uphawu oluvumela ukusebenza njengeedemokhrasi ze-dekhrasi (iex-expediat) kunye nemigaqo enokuthi kamva yamkele i-ok

Ngokomzekelo, ngokwesithethe ulawulo lomtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuba nabantwana, ukuba nempahla, izivumelwano, ii-arts, kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente wesizwe, kwelinye icala, uphatha ukuwa kwamalungelo, imvume, imvume yokugunyazisa, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, kunye nokufuduka. Eli candelo, nangona kucacile ngokwemigaqo, ngokufuthi linemida ekuqheliseni njengenkqubo nemigaqo yorhulumente ngokwesithethe egcinelwe amaphondo, njengemfundo kunye nezonyango.

Umanyano lweSupremacy kunye noKhuselo

Umthetho woburhulumente u-Claus kwiQumrhu VI, u-Claus 2 lomGaqo-siseko umisela ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Ithi abagwebi kurhulumente ngamnye babotshelelwe ngumthetho karhulumente, “nawuphi na umGaqo-siseko okanye imithetho yelizwe echaseneyo." Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho karhulumente ungquzulwano nomthetho wesizwe osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni, umthetho karhulumente umele uphumele. Noko ke, ingxabano kufuneka ibe nyani---kakhulu---kakhulu apho umthetho worhulumente uthulile okanye apho iBhunga lingathanga ndawo.

Imfundiso ye epheleleyo yokukhululwa yakha kwiSupremacy Claus. Intelekelelo ingabonakaliswa, xa iKhomishini ichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokukhulula umthetho kumthetho, okanye ichazwa, xa ucwangciso lolawulo lwequmrhu lubanzi kangangokuba alushiyi gumbi lesenzo sombuso (ukukhululwa kwebala), okanye xa kungenakwenzeka ukuthobela onke amatyala nomthetho worhulumente (ukukhululwa). Ukuqonda ezi hlelo kungundoqo wokuhlolisisa indlela okusesikweni nemithetho yorhulumente elungelelanisiweyo.

Imizekelo yeGunya eliliLicinezelayo

  • [[FLT: 0] Umthetho wodityaniso: Urhulumente wengingqi unamandla okutshintsha abantu nokuzimela. Amazwe akanakumisela imithetho ephazamisa inkqubo yokufuduka yesizwe. Umzekelo, Arizora v. United States (20202], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi amalungiselelo aliqela e-SB 1070, kuquka nomthetho wesizwe owenza ukuba ube ngulwaphulo-mthetho wokungabikho kwelizwe ukuba lifune umsebenzi. Inkundla yayikholelwa ukuba la malungiselelo akhutshiswe ngumthetho worhulumente, osele emisele inkqubo ebanzi.
  • Urhwebo lwentengiselwano: I-Classia (Icandelo lesi-8, u-Classiclaus 3) inika iBhunga amandla okulawula ushishino phakathi kwamazwe. Eli gunya libanzi kwaye liyitshayela imithetho yezombuso ebangela umthwalo phakathi kwezorhwebo. Umzekelo, imithetho echokoza ikhethe nxamnye noshishino lwamazwe okanye ebeka imithetho engqubanayo kwiiloringce ze-odolalll enqamlezayo ze-odolal ingabethwa phantsi kwe-Classiste Classias. Umzekelo wesithotho wale uzama ukulawula irhafuthezo lwe-intanethi, ehlawulwa yimeko ephikisanayo.
  • Impahla yokwaphula imali kunye neMisebenzi ePhakathi ePhakamileyo: umthetho woManyano ulawula kuphela ukubhaliswa kwamalungelo emali (Phantsi kweQumrhu I, Icandelo 8, Claus 4) kunye nemvume yamalungelo kunye namalungelo asemthethweni (Clause 8). Ama-United States akanakwenza izicwangciso zawo zokubhalisa imali okanye anike imvume ezingqubana nomthetho wesizwe. Umzekelo, urhulumente akanakuwudlulisa umthetho ovumela amatyala ukukhulula amatyala ngaphandle kwenkqubo yolawulo lomthetho ombaxaso-mali, kwaye akanakukhupha ukhuseleko lwawo.

Ummandla obanzi wegunya likaRhulumente

Phezu kwako nje ukuphakama kwemeko-ntle yorhulumente, amazwe agcina amandla amakhulu okulawula kwiindawo ezininzi. amandla alawulayo ligunya elingokwemvelo lamazwe okumisela imithetho yokulunga koluntu, kuquka impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle jikelele. Eli gunya livumela amazwe ukuba alawule imisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, isithuthi, imida yawo, nezinye iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imimandla Engundoqo Yokulawula Umbuso

  • Imfundo: UmGaqo-siseko awukhankanyi imfundo, ngoko ke uphantsi kolawulo lorhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela eyakhe imigangatho yohlelo lwenkqubo (umz., isiseko esiqhelekileyo, kodwa ngotshintsho olucacileyo lukarhulumente), iimfuno zomfundisi-ziqinisekiso, kunye neenkqubo zemali yesikolo. Amaphondo asekuhlaleni, azizidalwa zomthetho wesizwe, azalisekisa le migaqo-nkqubo. Oku kukhokelela kwinguquko-guquko enkulu kwimfundo nomxholo wezwe lonke.
  • uMthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho olungqongqo: Ngelixesha kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamaqumrhu (umzkl., ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi kwimida, ukuphangala kwebhanki, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-ibhrashi), uninzi lwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho esekelwe kurhulumente. Izwe ngalinye lichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olufana nokubulala, uhlaselo, kunye ne-arson, kwaye limisela izigwebo ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba into ebangela ukubulala kokuqala okusemthethweni, isenokuhluka kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye izigwebo zento ezikhoyo zeziyobisi ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. [[FLT:] Umthetho wePentel umgaqo wemithetho ephembelelayo] uphendulo, kodwa uthi ukuba kuthathwe okanye kulungiswe i-Ibration, kodwa kumele ukuba kulungele okokuba.
  • UMthetho woLusapho: Umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nelifa ziphantse zimiselwe ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente. Umzekelo, imithetho yesizwe imisela isizukulwana esisemthethweni somtshato, izizathu zoqhawulo-mtshato (akukho mmiselo v.impazamo esekelwe), nendlela inkxaso yomntwana ekhuselwa ngayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kwe-'Umgangatho ka-Claste Clause (bergefell v. Hodges), kodwa ithi abaququzeleli bomtshato bafanele batshate
  • Umthetho wezendalo wokwenene (ubunikazi, irejista, izivumelwano) kunye nomthetho wesivumelwano (unyanzeliso lwezivumelwano) zingumbandela oyintloko. Umbuso ngamnye unemimiselo yawo yobuqhetseba, iinkqubo zokushicilela umhlaba, kunye nemithetho yokuyila isivumelwano. Oku kudala umsebenzi wesiqendu, kodwa kukwavumela nemithetho yokwenza imithetho elungelelanisa iimeko zoqoqosho kunye nentlalo.
  • Imithetho yokhuseleko nokhuseleko: Ama-odola alawula uqheliselo lwamayeza, ukuthunyelwa kweengcali zezonyango, imigaqo yokwakha, ikhowudi yokutya kwimida yawo, kunye nemithetho yokukhusela abathengi. Umzekelo, urhulumente angafuna imilinganiselo yokhuseleko ephezulu yopaki yokuzonwabisa kukwimigangatho ebekwe nguMbutho we-Consumer Product Safety Commission. U-ognone unika abasebenzi iinkqubo zembuyiselo kunye ne-inshorensi ye-yorferance.

Iindawo Zongquzulwano: Xa Urhulumente nomthetho weSizwe

Kuvela iingxabano ezicace kakhulu xa oorhulumente bakarhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente begunya labo bemisa umgaqo-siseko omnye, okanye xa oorhulumente becela imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente abakholelwa ukuba ingumgaqo-siseko ochuliweyo. Le milo idla ngokukhokelela ekuhlaziyweni nto leyo enyanzelisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba icacise imida yorhulumente. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho imizekelo emininzi ebalaseleyo nengachaphazelekayo.

Ukwenziwa kwephepha Okusemthethweni: Ukwahlula Okusemgceni

Mhlawumbi eyona mfazwe iqhubekayo ithe yaziwe ingaphezulu kwe-cannabis. Phantsi kwe- Developted Substances Act (CSA) ka 1970, intsangu ithathwa njengeShedyuli I-Id shoppy echazwa njengengenayo ngoku intsebenziswano yezamayeza kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kakhulu. Oku kwenza ukuvelisa, ukusasaza, okanye ukuba nomjujuba ube ngulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-1990, amazwe amaninzi aye ashukutyelelwa ekubhaliseni umya umya ngenjongo zonyango, kwaye ukususela ngo-20 2012, amaphondo eColunia aye agunyazisa ukuzisela abantu abadala ukuzonwabisa.

Oku kudala ingxabano engqalileyo: umthetho wesizwe uvumela oko umthetho wesizwe ukunqandayo. Urhulumente wesizwe uye wamkela kakhulu inkqubo yokunganyanzeli kwemithetho elawulayo, ekhokelwa yi-tactranda phantsi kwe IKole Intlanganiso [2013] kwaye kamva phantsi kwe [20] 2014] Robaker-Moster Amendrandment [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] ethintela iSebe leJaji ekusebenziseni imali yesizwe ekuthinteleni ukuzalisekisa imithetho yezonyango. Noko ke, ulawulo lwangoku kunye no 2023 Publima lushiye imeko engaqiniseki ngokusemthethweni, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukubhankitha nokulawula kwezoshishino. Urhulumente welizwe uRhubhendel-olknlkn, ungena qha kuba uloyiko lwemali kuba iimali zemali ezihlawulwa ngurhulumente zolawulo lorhulumente.

Ulawulo lwemipu: UHlomelo Lwesibini Noguquguquko Lwelizwe

UHlaziyo lwesibini lunelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo lutolikwa njengelungu ngalinye leNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa lunolawulo olunamandla okulawula imipu. kwiNkundla yeKolumbiya. IHeller [2008] [2008] kunye [FLT]] [McDonald v. isixeko saseChicago[[[FLT]]] [2010], iNkukholelwa ukuba iSinyuko sesibini sisebenza ngokudlula kwi 1449 Demendmentment, intsingiselo ayikwazi ukuvala ngokupheleleyo ukuphatha umlo wesandla. Noko ke, amaxwebhu anokuthi amisele imithetho esengqiqweni. Oku kukhokelele kwimisebenzi e-meedia: ama-stadions, ama-New York York, kunye ne-Illinony e-Illinony, ukuhlasela kwezixhobo, kunye neminye imiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha ye-Texa.

Ukuxinezeleka kwakhula ngesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kuluntu ngokubanzi. INkundla yalenza ukuba imimiselo yemipu ihambisane nesithethe sesizwe somthetho wemipu. Le sigqibo sibangele ukuba kubekho imithetho yomthetho enzima kurhulumente wephondo lephondo le-New York, ukusuka kwixesha lokulinda ukuya kutsho kuvilelo lwephephancwadi eliphezulu. Okwangoku, urhulumente akanakuyiyeka yonke imithetho ngenxa yokuba uCamp Calcale nomthetho wesiBili. Isiphumo siyaqhubeka sikho ngomthetho we-omatilone-o-o-odoom, kunye nomthetho karhulumente olawulayo.

Ukuqhomfa: Ukubuyela Kwigunya LikaRhulumente Emva Kweebhokhwe

Kwiminyaka emalunga nama-50, umba ophawulayo u-Roe v. wamisela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe (773) oweyiseka ngokuphumelelayo imithetho emininzi yesizwe ekwakuthintelwe ukufikelela. IBBS v. Jackson AMandla aMabhinqa [202] [2022], iNkunye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yokukhupha isisuko] Ro kwaye [[FLT:] i-Pat:] i-Parents v. Umthetho [[FLT].[FLT] uCaselct:], ubamba ukuba umGwalm wezo woko], ubuyisela isigqibo sokukhupha ukuqhomfa. Isigqibo ngasinye sibuyisela ulawulo, ukuvumela ukunqanyulo.

Oku kuye kwadala ulwahlulo oluphawulekayo: amaphondo amaninzi (kumntla-mpuma kunye naseNtshona yonxweme) aye amisela imithetho ekhusela ukufikelela kokuqhomfa, lo gama amanye (ngokuqhelekileyo kuMzantsi nase Midwest) emisele malunga noluvo olupheleleyo okanye imiqathango enzima. Amanye amaphondo aye adala uvalo olusekelwe kumthetho owenziwe ngaphambi kwe[ [[FLT]] Imithetho okanye umthetho omtsha. Urhulumente wengingqi ungenele kumlinganiselo othile (ngoko ke, umgaqo womthetho owezonyango kunye noMALI) kunye noMALI Active Activective Active [[FLT]] ifuna izibhedleleka ukulungiselela unyango lwezonyango, nto leyo ithe yathethwa ngurhulumente enokuthi iqukelele ukukhutshwa ngumzekelo wokukhutshwa kwemeko-A. [i-MTBM-A i-A i-A ibonise ukuba i-ultivedmignedromed tradiation ibonise ukuba i-moult. trad

Ulungiso lokusingqongileyo: Umanyano kodwa lunempikiswano

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ngummandla othe wanento yokwenza nemithetho karhulumente, osoloko usebenza ngokufaka igalelo elibanzi kodwa ukwadala iimfazwe. UMthetho we-Eat Sound Air (1970) kunye noMthetho we-Cec Water Act karhulumente kodwa uvumela ukuba amazwe amisele imithetho eqinileyo. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya inegunya elikhethekileyo phantsi kwe-Ceape Air Act lokumisela imigangatho yayo yokukhupha imoto (ifakwe ngumlawuli wesizwe), kwaye amanye amazwe angakhetha ukulandela imilinganiselo yeKhalifoniya. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekucinezeleni ingxwaba xa urhulumente wesizwe ezama uku-Rhoxa i-Chostliter California, njengokuba kwenzeka phantsi kolawulo lweTrump, ikhokelele ekuyingeniseni. Ulawulo lwangokunje luye lwabuyisela i-raveraveuvel, kodwa luhamba phantsi kwemithetho ye-oventine, kodwa phantsi kwemo yemithetho engombutho engongomthetho engomthetho.

Kwakhona i-Asmente inembopheleleko eyintloko yokusebenzisa umgaqo kunye namalungelo amanzi, anokungqubana nemimiselo yemekobume. Umzekelo, urhulumente ungayivumela imigodi okanye inkqubela eyingozi kwintlobo zendalo ezikhuselwe ngurhulumente okanye kwithafa, ekhokelela kwizenzo zolawulo phantsi koMthetho we-Engered Species Act okanye i-Device Water Act. INkundla ePhakamileyo isandul'ukunciphisa intsingiselo ye- “amanzi e-United States” kwi- Sacrett v. EPA [2023], enokuthi inciphise ulawulo lomthetho wolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe asemaholweni kwaye inike igunya elingaphezulu, kodwa ikwabeka umgalelo ozi.

Umanyano Lomanyano: Xa Kukho Amandla

Ngaphandle kongquzulwano oluphambili, uthungelwano oluninzi phakathi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente luyasebenzisana. Ingqungquthela idla ngokusebenzisa amandla ayo okuchitha ukungenisa amazwe akwimeko zorhulumente, inika iimvo zemali zezwe ekuthobeleni urhulumente. Oku maxa wambi kubizwa "ulawulo olusemgangathweni,” kodwa ikwakhuthaza intsebenziswano kwizinto eziphambili ezahlukeneyo.

Imizekelo Ebalaseleyo Yomanyano Lwamaqabane Omanyano

  • .MEDIC: Urhulumente worhulumente umisela isiseko semfuno kwisiseko sesiseko sentlawulo ye-Medicaid, ukufezeka, nomgangatho, kodwa urhulumente unika inkqubo kwaye abe nobuchule bokuyila iinkqubo zawo (umz., ulwandiso phantsi koMthetho wesihlo-mali). Ezo zingavumi ukwandisa iMedicaid azilahlekelwa kukufumana imali engakumbi yesizwe. Eli qela liqinisekisa ukuba umnatha wokhuseleko lwesizwe ngelixesha lokuvumela ulwamkelo lwesizwe.
  • Imali ePhakamileyo: Urhulumente wengingqi unika uncedo lwemali kumaphondo ohola wendlela ehamba ngoohola benqanawa kwiNgxowa-mali yeTshenxiso, kodwa amazwana kufuneka athobele imilinganiselo yesantya yesizwe, enjengesantya esiphezulu sesizwe se-55 mph edityaniswe nenkxaso-mali yemekobume. Amazwe agqiba ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokwakha nokugcina, kodwa iimfuno zikarhulumente zibumba iinkalo ezininzi.
  • Impilo entle: Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, urhulumente wezwe (CDC, FDA) wakhupha ukhokelo kunye nezogonyo ezivunyiweyo, ngelixa amazwe ephumeza amaphulo okugonya, ekhupha iimiyalelo zokuhlala ekhaya, kwaye elawula amandla esibhedlele. Inkonzo yempilo ye-Pubilic Service Office [ inika urhulumente opheleleyo ukuba aphendule kwiingxamiseko zempilo kawonke wonke, kodwa amandla awona amapolisa aphumele kwizandla zamazwe. Oku kwakhokelela kwintlalo yomanyano yomanyano nolawulo lwesizwe ne-ISGUSMPUS, kunye nezinye iingxelo zezomthetho-mthetho-oomasebe.
  • Isivumelwano sobugcisa sobuzwe sobuzwe, uninzi lweenkqubo zemekobume, njengazo ziphantsi kwe Cooc Water Act kunye ne Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, zivumela amazwe ukuba afakelele “ugunya” ukulungiselela inkqubo ngaphakathi kwemida yawo. Xa egunyazisiweyo, urhulumente uba ngumnyanzeli oyintloko wemigangatho karhulumente, kunye nongameli be-EPA. Aba bathunywa banciphisa ulawulo kunye nobuchule bombuso, kodwa bafuna ukuzinikela kurhulumente.
  • Isigqibo se-Diaster: Umthetho [[FT:2] we-Stafford ulawula isiphumlisi sentlekele yelizwe, kodwa ufuna isicelo sikarhulumente sesokubhengeza intlekele yomongameli. Xa sivakalisiwe, iFEMA isebenza kunye norhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukubonelela uncedo. Indima karhulumente ixhasa imigudu yorhulumente, ukwamkela oko kurhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphendula kuqala ngolwazi lweemfuno zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuphelisa Uxinezeleko Olunamandla

Ukudibanisa umthetho wesizwe nowesizwe akumi ndawonye; kuguquka ngokutolikwa kwejaji, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yequmrhu, nokutshintsha kweemeko zobupolitika. Iinkqubo eziliqela zinceda ukusingatha ezi ngxaki:

  • [[NTLT: 0] Impinda yoMkhosi weNtlanganiso: Inkundla Ephakamileyo isebenza njengomququzeleli wemfazwe, imisela ukuba umthetho wezwe utshayela umthetho karhulumente okanye ukuba umthetho wezwe uphule amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Imeko ezifana [[FLT: 2] MClulloch v. Mary [18] [18] [19] [[FLT]] ne [FLT] Geonn[FLT].[5][5] [5] [5] [5] [5]]) [FLT]
  • [[FLT: 0] Isenzo soMbutho soMkhosi oPhakamisayo: IBhunga lingayicacisa ngokucacileyo umthetho wombuso wokukhulula okanye livumele iimeko ukuba zikhethe. Ingadala iinkqubo zentsebenziswano njenge Medicaid okanye inike inkxaso- ngaphakathi ukukhuthaza ukuthobela urhulumente. Kwimimandla yengxabano, iBhunga lingayicacisa injongo yalo `umzekelo, ngokususa iCSA ii-s enabies kwiShedyuli I, ezakucombulula umlo wombango wombango.
  • Uxinzelelo lweNkxaso yoluNtu noluTyelelo loLuntu: inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwimiba efana nokwenza umbatho womthetho okanye imithetho engqongqo yemipu ingaphembelela zombini urhulumente kunye nomthetho karhulumente. Xa ubuninzi obubalulekileyo bamazwe busebenzisa inkqubo, bungabangela inkqubela kutshintsho lwamazwe, njengoko ibonwa ngomtshato ophakathi (amanani asemthethweni phambi bergecroll[FL:3]) okanye ukukhuthulwa komfamo wompu.
  • Izihlanganisi zeInterstate: Ama-United States angalungelelanisana phakathi kwawo phakathi kwawo kwiingqungquthela zesizwe (umz., iColorado River Compact okanye iPort Gunyameter of New York and New Jersey), ezizisivumelwano ezifuna imvume yomanyano. La maqumrhu avumela amaphondo ukuba athethe ngeengxaki ezingaphaya kongamele umntu ngamnye, edala ngokuphumelelayo uhlobo lwemithetho yolawulo esekelwe kurhulumente.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ozinzileyo

Ukudlala phakathi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente kunamandla, kubekelwe izithuba ezininzi, kwaye kubalulekile kuvavanyo lwamaMerika. Iyilo yoMgaqo-siseko yobukumkani obubini buvumela ukuba kubekho ubuhlanga obumanyeneyo ngeli lixa kugcinwa ulawulo lwengingqi. Ubukhulu bomanyano buqinisekisa umgangatho osemthethweni omncinci, lo gama igunya likarhulumente livumela ukwahlukahlukana, ukuhlaziya, nokusabela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Iingxabano azinakuphepheka kwinkqubo yamandla angenanayo, kodwa kwakhona zisebenza njengamathuba okucacisa okusemthethweni kunye nokunxibelelana kwezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda imizekelo esuka ekuqanjweni ngokusemthethweni kwemijelo ukuya ekulawuleni imipu, ukusuka kwintsebenziswano yemekobume ukuya kwiingxaki zempilo yoluntu, kutyhila ukuba ulwalamano aluyonkqubo nje elula kodwa luyintlukwano enzima. Kubafundi, ootitshala, nabemi abatshatene, ukuhlala benolwazi ngezi ntshukumo zihambayo kubaluleke. Uxinezeleko olungundoqo . /ukukhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe nolawulo lukarhulumente ngokunjalo namhlanje lusasebenza, kwaye luza kuqhubeka luyila umthetho waseMerika kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

[[NTLT: 0] Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa [[[FLT: 1]] iNtetho Yolwazi Yomthetho ye- ingcaciso ye-[[FLT:] ye-'FLT'] ka-'FLT' [[FLT'] [[11]] yeNkundla Ephakamileyo [[FLT:]; uhlolo lweNkuhlazo oluPhakamileyo [[FLT:] [FFF:]] [FFP]] [11], [11] imigaqo ye-FLT]; [FFLT] [12] [FFFF]