Ukudibana Kolawulo Lwamanzi Nolongamo Lwamazwe

Amanzi asisiseko sobomi, kodwa ulawulo lwawo ludla ngokuba yindawo yedabi apho ulawulo lwawo lungqubana khona, imfuno yezoqoqosho, kunye namalungelo enkcubeko. Kubantu belizwe jikelele, amanzi akangovimba nje kodwa yinto ephilayo edityaniswe ukuba ibonakale, umsitho, kunye nokusinda. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yamanzi ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa okunentsingiselo kwamalungelo eenkqubo, ukuwohloka kwemekobume, ukuchasana okuqhubekayo, kunye neempikiswano ezingokwesiko eziqhubekayo ezingokwesiko. Oku kuhlolisisa ulwalamano olubalulekileyo phakathi komgaqo wamanzi kunye namalungelo azimeleyo, ukuvavanyanisa ukungalungisi ngokwembali, imingeni ekhoyo, kunye nemikhondo ekhokelela ekulawuleni ngokusesikweni nokuhlala kwamanzi.

Isiseko samalungelo eemveli zamanzi

Amalungelo amanzi ohlanga asekelwe kwinkqubo yangaphambi kobupolisa, umthetho wesithethe, kunye nonxulumano lokomoya. Amazwe amaninzi ahlala kwilizwe ajonga amanzi njengesihlobo okanye njengesipho esingcwele esimele sikhuselwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Le mbono yehlabathi yahluke ngokupheleleyo kumthetho weNtshona ejonge amanzi njengezinto ezimele zinikwe, zizimele, zize zithengiswe. Ukuqonda olu mahluko lubalulekileyo ekuyilani imigaqo-nkqubo yamanzi ehloniphe ulawulo lwama-Irandham.

Ulwazi Lwesithethe Nolawulo Lwamanzi

Iinkqubo zolwazi lwendawo zixhase ubuncwane bamanzi ngeminyaka eliwaka ngokwezenzo ezinjengokujikeleza kwemijikelo, ukulawula ukutsha, nokuvuna kwamaxesha exesha. Ezi ndlela zigxininisa ulungelelwano, ukuqukunjelwa, kunye nempilo yexesha elide yendalo. Umzekelo, Māori[[FLT]] [[FLT]] kuAteoroa New Zealand [1] ujonga amanzi njengento ephilayo enamalungelo ayo, ingcamango eye yaphembelela ukuqatshelwa okusemthethweni koMlambo iWhannui njengomntu osemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, Anishbe] [[FLT]] kummandla oPhaka Great Lakesss i-Events syndromes [Fluevelm:], iqwalasela izigqi zenzala ezisixhenxe zexesha elizayo.

Ngaphandle kokusebenza okuqinisekisiweyo kolwazi lwakudala, inkqubo yamanzi ephambili idla ngokucutha okanye ityeshele ngokupheleleyo iimbono zobuhlali. Oku kususwa akuwaphuli nje amalungelo oluntu kodwa kukwahlutha ulawulo lwamanzi oluluncedo lwendlela zokuzilungisa, ingakumbi kwixesha lotshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwemozulu. Uphando olukhulayo, kuquka umsebenzi we Zizwe ezimanyeneyo [[FLT:], igxininisa imfuneko yokudibanisa ulwazi lwe-ILT [iFLT: 1] ukuze lulawule njengombandela wobulungisa kunye nokusebenza kwendalo.

Imeko - ngqangi: Ukuhlaliswa Kwamanzi

Ukuhluthwa kwamalungelo eemfuyo zamanzi akunanto idityaniswe kwimbali ebanzi yokuthatyathwa kwamarhamncwa. Amagunya obukoloni amisela imithetho yamanzi eyamkela ukuba yeyawo okanye yeyamaqumrhu, ukucima amalungelo angokwesiko ngaphandle kokudibana okanye imbuyekezo. Kwimimandla emininzi, imfundiso ye iyatyhilwa[ nomgaqo we wokuqala ngexesha, okokuqala ngasekunene[ ukhuphiwe uluntu olusuka kwizabelo zamanzi.

UMthetho weSivumelwano

EUnited States nase Canada, izivumelwano ezisoloko zigcinele amazwe e-Orient America amalungelo amanzi, kodwa la malungelo kamva akhutshwa ngomthetho. I-1990 WS v. United States isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo samiselwa ukuba xa urhulumente wase-U.S. wenza amathandabuzo amaMerika, aye agcine amanzi aneleyo okuzalisekisa iinjongo zaloo mimandla. Noko ke, decades yangaphantsi kwe-intengiso neengxaki ezisemthethweni[ iye yashiya izizwe ezininzi zingakwazi ukungena emanzini ngokusemthethweni. Umzekelo, uNinginyawa i-Navajo lulwe ngeminyaka elishumi ukukhusela kuMlambo kunye nezinye imithombo zamanzi, ukuqhubekeka okuqhubeka namhlanje.

E-Australia, isigqibo sonyaka ka-192 esaziwayo sobuzwe, kodwa amalungelo amanzi ahlala edidadekile de kube Umthetho weSihloko 1993 wachazwa ukuquka amalungelo athile amanzi. Kwanangoko, amaqela e-Irantric asoloko ephethe amalungelo angengowomntu wonke kwaye ejongene neengxaki zorhwebo. Imeko ye- Abrigiod ne-Torres Islandsssssssssss[ ihlala yoyindishobo, kunye noninzi lwengingqini efumana amanzi anzima ahlala engakhuselekanga nangona ehlala kumazwe anobuncwane obuninzi bamanzi.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni: Inkqubela Nemida

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uye wenza inkqubela ekuqapheleni amalungelo amanzi esizwe. Isibhengezo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo samaLungelo Abantu Abanemida [UNDRIP]], esifunyenwe ngo- 2007, siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu belizwe lokugcina ubuncwane babo bamanzi nokubandakanyeka kubaphathi babo. Inqaku le 25 lichaza ngokucacileyo: " abantu banelungelo lokugcina nokomeleza ulwalamano lwabo lokomoya olukhethekileyo kunye nolwabo lwesithethe okanye olukhoyo okanye olusetyenziswayo, amasimi, amanzi olwandle lwaselwandle, namanxweme.[FLT]

Ngokufanayo, [[NTL:0] iSindululo kwiMigangatho yeMichiza yeMichiza kunye noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe kwiMali, ngokwentlalo nangokweNkcubeko unika isiseko sokuxhasa. Kodwa, uzalisekiso lwasekhaya luhlala lungalingani. Amazwe amaninzi akafakwanga ngokupheleleyo i-UNDRIP kumthetho wesizwe, kwaye kwanalapho anayo, ukunyanzelisa kubuthathaka.

Umahluko Wamanzi Omthetho

EKhanada, [[FT:0] uMthetho woNxulumaniso lwamanzi e-Ofisi yase- kunye noMthetho Wamanzi ase-Canadian wenza iinkqubo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwelizwe, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ezi zizinto ze-advisory kunokuba zibophe. i-Astyle yezizwe zokuqala ibizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuba yi-omati akhuselekile amanzi akwimfuno yemfuno. Ku-Latin America, amazwe afana izibhaka] kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT:] kunye [FT]

UMthetho wamanzi woMzantsi Afrika wesizwe ka1998 wasungula ingcamango I-, ebeka bucala amanzi ukwenzela iimfuno ezisisiseko kunye nokulondolozwa kwendalo. Noko ke, uluntu luyaqhubeka luzama ukufikelela ngokulinganayo, njengokuba ubuntlola bolawulo namandla ezoqoqosho kudla ngokugqitha imigaqo-siseko.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo: Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu, Ukukhutshwa Kwayo Nokungahambelani Nemigaqo - siseko

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni abangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukukhutshwa koovimba nokuhlaliswa kwemali.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuhamba Kwamanzi

Abemi belizwe bahlala kumazwe asezantsi asengozini enkulu yembalela, ukhukhuliseko, kunye nokunyibilika komkhenkce. Umzekelo, i- I-Inurit [ e-Arctic ibona ukunyibilika kwenkungu ye-petrol kunye nokutshintsha umlambo ophazamisa amanzi. Kumsinga wePasifiki, i-almon ibaleka `neasence'' kumgangatho wempucuko, kunye nokunyibilika komkhenkce. I-YUROK[[[FLT]] itshona ngenxa yokufuduza amanzi kunye nokurhoxakeka komlambo okutshintshileyo. Ezi ziphumo aziko zobugcimbini kodwa zisemthethweni: njengoko ukufumaneka kwamanzi, ukufumaneka kwamalungelo akhoyo, kwaye amaxesha amaxesha asoloko athengwa amaqela eezwezwezwe elingu-e-atmote.

Ukukhutshwa kukavimba Nongcoliso

Ukusuka kwi-oyiless eKhanada ukuya kwi-lithium yemigodi ekwi-Andes, ushishino oluphumayo lusongela imithombo yamanzi ehlala khona. Ukumelana neRock Sioux Yove ukulwa neDatal Acces Pipeline yaba luphawu lwehlabathi lonke lokulwela amalungelo amanzi. Umbhobhobho, owenziwe phantsi koMlambo iMissouri, usongela ekuphela komthombo wamanzi okusela. Ngoxa uvukelo lwabangela ukuba umbane udibane nobe lwamazwe ngamazwe, ekugqibeleni wagqitywa phantsi kwemvume kamongameli wokukhusela amalungelo e-IGrands nxamnye nembutho.

E-Australia, ibhombu ye-Adani Carmichael yamalahle (emva yabizwa njenge Bravus) yaphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuncipha kwamanzi asemhlabeni eGalili Basinin, ichaphazela imithombo engcwele yabantu bomthonyama. Nangona kwakunzima enkundleni, ibhombu yaqhubeka, ibalaselisa ukungakhuli kweziphumo ezichaphazelekayo zemekobume eziye zasilela ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo amaxabiso amanzi enkcubeko.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemali kunye neengcinezelo zezoqoqosho

Intsingiselo yokungena kwamanzi kumazwe amaninzi ingunobangela omnye wesisongelo. Xa iinkqubo zamanzi zithengiselwa abasebenzisi abazimeleyo, abantu bomthonyama badla ngokuphulukana nokufikelela nokufumana amandla okwenza izigqibo. ubuntu bamalungelo amanzi [, aqwalaselwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-2010, asoloko echaswa xa intshukumisa yengeniso iphazamisa impilo kawonke wonke kunye nenkcubeko. Amabhinqa ahlala ehlala ekwindawo ephezulu yabaqokeleli bamanzi, athwala umthwalo onzima osiside ubenokungena kutshona okanye angcoliswe.

Uhlolisiso Lomzekelo: Ukukhanya Indlela Ngaphambili

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, abantu belizwe lasekuhlaleni badala ubuchule bokwamkela ulawulo lwamanzi nokuphembelela ulawulo.

Uhlanga olumhlophe lwasemhlabeni nokhuseleko lwempepho yasendle

Anishimabe we-White Earth Now eMinnesota ikudala ilwa ukukhusela irayisi yasendle (manoulomin), ukutya okungcwele okuxhomekeke kumanzi acocekileyo, acocekileyo. Ukuphendula ekungcolisekeni kwemigodi kunye nolimo, isizwe samisela umthetho uManomin will [, oyawamkela amalungelo asemthethweni omsantsa wokufumana impunga, ukuchuma, nokuvundisa. Lo mthetho umisela umqathango wokwazisa amalungelo endalo kunye nowokulungisa i-IGRAPG.

IMāori neWanganii eMlambo

Ngo-2017, iNew Zealand yagqithisa uMthetho weAwa Tupua , inika iWhanau River ubugqeba obusemthethweni kwaye iqonda Whannui iwi njengonogada. Lo mbutho wesibonelelo waphelisa umzabalazo osemthethweni weminyaka engama-140 kwaye waseka isakhiwo se-gonnance apho i-I-agnonce nabameli bakarhulumente balawula umlambo kunye. Imodeli ikhuthaza inyathelo elifanayo eCanada, Colombia, kunye neIndiya, ebonisa oko kuphuhliswanyana okusemthethweni kunokuzimanyanisa kunye nembono yamanzi.

Iintlanga Zokuqala kunye noLawulo lwamanzi olunemicu eBritish Columbia

[[NTLT:0] IKotast Saltish kunye iziNtlanga eBritish Columbia zibandakanye kwizivumelwano zesivumelwano sephondo kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo namaqumrhu ephondo kunye nezwe ukukhusela amaqumrhu axhotyisiweyo ezixhobo zesalmon. [[FLT:] [4] British Later Complication Datibility Act[ ivumela umiselo lwezicwangciso zoluntu [ ezibandakanya imithetho kunye nemisebenzi. Ngoxa inkqubela-phambili ibonisa ukuba ukunxibelelana okunentsingiselo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono kunye namalungelo omeleleyo.

Iindlela ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi olinganayo

Ukuguqula inkqubo yamanzi ukuze kuhlonelwe amalungelo esizwe kufuneka utshintsho lwenkqubo yelizwe kwimigangatho emininzi. Abenzi bemigaqo, abameli, kunye noluntu kufuneka basebenze kunye ukuguqula ulawulo, iimfundiso ezisemthethweni, kunye nemali ephambili.

Imvume ekhululekileyo, engaphambili nengachanekanga (FPIC)

Umgangatho wamanzi nakweyiphina inkqubo umgaqo we okhululekileyo, phambi, kunye nemvume echaziweyo, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-UNDRIP. IFPIC ifuna ukuba abantu abakwilizwe elithile bangadibani kuphela kodwa banikezele okanye bayeke ngokukhutheleyo phambi kokuba nayiphi na iprojekthi echaphazela ugcino lwamanzi iqhubekeke. Lo mgaqo mawunyanzeliswe ngokusemthethweni, hayi ngokusemthethweni. Amazwe afana [FLT] uquququzelo kunye [FLT:]] ne-NTY i-FLT] ifakwe kwi-FURD, kodwa ukwenziwa kwawo kuhlala kungena mithetho yamanzi, kodwa kuhlala kubuthathaka ngaphandle kokuhlolwa nokulungisa.

Ulawulo loluntu nolwabelo

Imodeli ye-cone-magenagede enika amazwe omda alinganayo kwisigqibo samanzi isebenza kakhulu kunemisebenzi yokulungisa. Imizekelo iquka Amachibi amakhulu Amanzi Ubunjani Isivumelwano , esiquka ukumela kwesizwe, kwaye isiCwangciso sokulungisa i-SALD kuMphetho-ntshona wePasifiki. Ezimo zifuna ubuchule bokwakha umanyano phakathi koluntu, kwanezobupolitiki zizakwabelana amandla. Ukuxhasa izibonelelo zamanzi kunye nolawulo kufuneka kubekwe endaweni yayo, njengoko ithe phindwa phantsi kwe-emini.

Ukusasaza Ulwazi Lwesithethe Kwinzululwazi Nomgaqo - siseko

Inkqubo yamanzi kufuneka ishukumise ngaphaya kovumo lolwazi lwesithethe olusuka kumanyano lokwenene. Oku kuthetha ukuxhasa ngemali uphando lwelizwe elinolwazi, ibhekisele kulawulo logcino-lwazi, kunye nokuqeqesha izazinzulu ezingezo abemi bomthonyama kunye nabenzi benkqubo yokuthobeka kwenkcubeko. Umzekelo, iJastical Justice Initive kwiYunivesithi yase-Arizona isebenza ukuvelisa ulwazi kunye nezizwe, isenza izixhobo zokuyila amanzi aquka amaxabiso eNtshona hydrology kunye ne-IOversity.

Utshintsho Nomthetho

Imithetho yamanzi ekhoyo kumazwe amaninzi yabhalelwa ukunceda abahlali bamathanga nabasebenzisi boshishino. Ukunika okanye ukuxhasa le mithetho ukuqaphela amalungelo amanzi esizwe kubalulekile. EUnited States, i-Indian Rater Rights Settlement Act [ uMthetho we-UND] ulungiselele inkqubo yokulungisa izicelo, kodwa imimandla isoloko ibekwa ixesha elide kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ingqungquthela mayiqukunjelwe inkqubo kunye nengxowa-mali. ECanada, ukuguqula uMthetho we-Indian [[FLT:] kwaye ukuphumeza inkqubo ye-UNDRIP ngomthetho (njengoBill C15] inyathelo elinzima.

Imeko Yemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nezoqoqosho

Ukuhlonela amalungelo amanzi esizwe akuyombopheleleko esemthethweni kuphela kodwa kukwayimfuneko yokuziphatha neyimfuneko esebenzisekayo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba amazwe akwindawo ezimeleyo asoloko enezinto eziphilayo ezintle kunemimandla eyayameneyo. IZibonelo zehlabathi [ ifumanise ukuba imimandla yoluntu igcina amashumi asibhozo% ezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, ezininzi zixhomekeke kumanzi acocekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuselwa kwe-IDID izibonelelo zamanzi kunye nolawulo lunyusa uvuzo lwezoqoqosho ngempilo ephucukileyo, incitshisiwe, kunye nokuphathwa kolawulo lwemicebo oluzinzileyo.

Ukusilela ukuthetha ngamalungelo amanzi esizwe akhuthaza udandatheko, ubuhlwempu, kunye nemfazwe. Abantu abangenazo izifo ezinokuthintelwa namanzi anokuthenjwa bajamelana namathuba emfundo, kunye nokukhukuliseka kwenkcubeko. urhulumente waseCanadia ukungaphumeleli kwamashumi eminyaka ukuphelisa ukusela amanzi ixesha elide kumathala eenqanawa zoLuntu `Ast ` Priverses'' izithembiso eziphindaphindiwe ``iiintengo ezitheza abantu abakwazi ukupheka.'

Isiphelo: Isimemo Sotshintsho Olunemiba Engakumbi

Ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi kunye namalungelo oluntu luzaliswe kukungalungisi okungokwembali, ukuntsonkotha komthetho, kunye nokungquzulwano kwenkcubeko. Kodwa lunika ithuba lokuguqula. Ngokubhekiselele kulwakhiwo lwawo, ngokubhekisele kulwazi lwesithethe, nokulungisa kwakhona ulawulo lwendalo, ibutho labantu linokwakha iinkqubo zamanzi ezingaxhaswanga kuphela kodwa ezingobulungisa. Umbutho wehlabathi lonke [[FLT: 0] ulawulo lwamanzi [[FLT: 1] kunye neqela lendalo [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] [5] amalungelo endalo [[FLT:]] akunika indlela engaphambili, kodwa ufuna ukuzinikela kokhuseleko lwemijelo. [FLT] umele ukulwa namanzi, njengoko kusenziwa kusetyenziswa namanzi.