Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo bonke abemi ngokulinganayo kubalulekile kwibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelinobulungisa. Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho umela enye yeengcamango ezisisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwale mihla, ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni, ukhuseleko, kunye nokulingana kudlulela kumntu wonke kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi, imeko, okanye iimpawu zobuqu. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi luhlola iziseko zokhuseleko olulinganayo, indlela iinkqubo zomthetho ezisebenzisa ngayo le migaqo, nendlela elokwenene yempembelelo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Isiseko Sokhuseleko Olulinganayo Phantsi Komthetho

Ukulingana phambi komthetho ngumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bakhuselwe ngokulinganayo ngumthetho. Le ngcamango esisiseko, ekwabizwa ngokuba kukulingana okusemthethweni okanye ukulingana komthetho, isebenza njengesiseko solawulo-mgangathweni woluntu lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Lo mgaqo ufuna umthetho olungelelanisiweyo ophawula inkqubo efanelekileyo yokubonelela ngokusesikweni okulinganayo kwaye ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye iqela labantu elinelungelo lomthetho.

Ingcamango idlulela ngaphaya kobulungisa obuqhelekileyo. Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lusisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sokuba akukho mntu okanye iqela eliza kukhanyelwa ukhuseleko phantsi komthetho olunanditshwa ngabantu okanye amaqela afanayo, abantu abathetha into efanayo mabaphathwe ngendlela efanayo. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziphatha abantu rhoqo kwaye ngaphandle kocalucalulo olungenamiqathango.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwembali Yokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Uhambo oluya kukhuseleko olulinganayo lunemvelaphi enzulu yembali. I-Amelt Protection Claus, eyasebenza ngo-1868, iyakunika "naliphi na iLizwe ... liyakukhanyela nawuphi na umntu onegunya elilinganayo lokhuseleko lwemithetho". Intshukumisa ephambili yalo mgaqo yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungiselelo okulingana aqulethwe kuMthetho wamaLungelo kaNoval ka-1866, oqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi babenalo ilungelo lokukhuselwa ngomthetho.

Ngaphambi kokuba ezi zikhuseli zifakwe emthethweni, amaqela amaninzi ayejongene nokukhuselwa ngokucwangcisiweyo ekukhuseleni okusemthethweni. Ngaphambi kokudlula kweMimiselo yokuHlaziya, eyayiquka i-Melika i-Limelt Protection Clause, umthetho awuzange wandise amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kubantu abamnyama baseMerika, ababegqalwa njengabaphantsi kwabamhlophe nabaphantsi kobukhoboka bamazwe. Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela kwaphawula ukuguquka kolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Intsingiselo ye-Auncilime Protection Claus ibingumbandela wengxoxo enkulu, kwaye yaphefumlela ibinzana elaziwayo elithi "IJaji ePhantsi koMthetho". Eli binzana, libonakala ngaphambili kwisakhiwo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, lichaza injongo enqwenelekayo yenkqubo yomthetho yokunika bonke abemi okusesikweni ngokungakhethiyo.

Umthetho: Isiseko Sonyango Olulinganayo

Umthetho unika ummiselo obalulekileyo apho ukhuseleko olulinganayo lusebenza khona. UNobhala weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo-Jikelele uchaza umthetho njengomgaqo wokulawula apho bonke abantu, amaziko kunye namaqumrhu, uwonke-wonke kunye noobuqu, kuquka noRhulumente ngokwawo, banokuphendula kwimithetho ekhutshelwa esidlangalaleni, ngokulinganayo nenyanzeliswe ngokuzimeleyo, kwaye evisisana nemilinganiselo namalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke.

Umthetho yinkqubo ehlala ihleli yemithetho, amaziko, imigaqo, kunye nokuzinikela ekuhlaleni okuzisa imigaqo emine yendalo iphela: ukuphendula, umthetho wobulungisa, urhulumente ovulekileyo, nokusesikweni okufikelelekayo nokungakhethi buso. Le migaqo isebenza kunye ukuze kuveliswe iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni ezikhusela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yomthetho

Umthetho ufuna amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukubambelela kwimigaqo yobukhulu bomthetho, ukulingana phambi komthetho, ukuphendula umthetho, ukwahlulela ngokusesikweni ekusetyenzisweni komthetho, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ukwabelana ngesigqibo, ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni, ukuphepha ukuchana kwemiqathango nokubonakala kwangaphandle okusemthethweni.

Umthetho ubandakanya ukuzinikela kwimigaqo esixhenxe: (1) imithetho ecacileyo, jikelele, efikelelekayo ebekwe phambi kwecala; (2) ukukhangela izinto kwangaphambili kunokuphinda uzenze; (3) ukungqinelana phakathi komthetho kwiincwadi nomthetho ehlabathini; (4) ukuva amalungelo; (5) umlinganiselo wokwahlula phakathi kokwenza umthetho nokugcinwa komthetho nokutolika komthetho; (6) akukho nguqulelo ikhawulezayo kumthetho; yaye (7) akukho mpikiswano okanye kuguquguquka okunokuvela kumthetho.

Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abemi balapho bayayiqonda imbopheleleko yabo engokwasemthethweni, baxele kwangaphambili imiphumo yezenzo zabo, baze bathembele ekusetyenzisweni ngokungaguquki kwemigaqo yomthetho. Xa imithetho icacile, ifikeleleka ekuhleni, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo, badala imeko-bume apho ukhuseleko olulinganayo lunokuba yinto engenakubonwa ncam.

Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho Ubaluleke Ebuthweni

Umthetho usisiseko soxolo nokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nozinzo lwezobupolitika; ukufumana inkqubela yezoqoqosho nenkcubeko yentlalo; nokukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko. Uphando lubonisa iingenelo eziphathekayo kuluntu oluphakamisa le migaqo.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba umthetho olawula ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho, uxolo olungakumbi, imfundo engakumbi, kunye neziphumo zempilo eziphucukileyo. Xa abemi bekholose ukuba imithetho iya kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo, banokuceba ikamva, bathelekelele kwimimandla yabo, baze babe nenxaxheba ngokuzeleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle.

Umthetho usekelwe ekufikeleleni kwabantu kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ukunqanda urhwaphilizo, ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, nokuseka isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabantu norhulumente. Le sivumelwano sixhomekeke ekuqondenina koluntu ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, ukusuka kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukuya kwabona basemagunyeni anamandla karhulumente.

Indlela Iinkqubo Ezisemthethweni Eziqinisekisa Ngayo Unyango Olufanelekileyo

Iinkqubo zomthetho zisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ikhusela wonke umntu ngokufanayo. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente noluntu, zisenza izinto zokukhusela ezidibeneyo ekucalukeni nasekuphathweni ngendlela engalinganiyo.

Imithetho ecacileyo neFikelelekayo

Umthetho ufuna imithetho ecacileyo, ngengqiqo yokuba abantu abafuni kuqagela ngentsingiselo yabo; oko kuyaqondakala; kwaye kuqhelekile, ngengqiqo yokuba basebenza kwiiklasi kunokuba babe ngabantu abathile okanye amaqela athile. Oku kucacisa kusebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo: yenza abemi baqonde amalungelo abo nezibophelelo zabo ngaphandle kokufuna ulwazi olusemthethweni.

Imithetho kufuneka ifikeleleke ekuhleni kwaye icace kwaye iqhelekile, kwaye kungoko kukho uthintelo kumthetho "wokufihla". Xa imithetho ifihliwe okanye ifihlwe, ayinakukhusela abemi ngokufanayo kuba abanye abantu baya kufumana ulwazi olusemthethweni ngoxa abanye behlala ebumnyameni ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zabo.

Imfuneko yemithetho ecacileyo ikwakhusela ekunyanzelweni komthetho osisigxina. Umthetho wobuqhetseba uya kunikwa ukuba nangona ingekho ngqiqweni, imimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho iza kuthathwa njengeyamkelekileyo kummangalelwa, kwaye lo mgaqo uyinto ecacileyo yokuba imithetho ifanele icace ukuze inike abantu isaziso esifanelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanakohlwaywa ngenxa yokwaphula imithetho abangenakuyiqonda ngokusengqiqweni.

Ijelo Elizimeleyo Nelingakhethi Buso

Inkundla ezimeleyo, engakhethi buso; imbono yokuba umsulwa; ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni nangokubandekileyo kwabantu ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungafanelekanga; indlela esengqiqweni nelungeleleneyo yokufumana isohlwayo; umsebenzi ongqongqo nozimeleyo osemthethweni; ukukhuselwa ngokungqongqo konxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo phakathi kwegqwetha nomxhasi; ukulingana kwabo bonke ngaphambi komthetho kuyimigaqo esisiseko yoMthetho.

Ukuzimela geqe kuthetha ukuba abagwebi abazimeleyo kwiingcinezelo neempembelelo zezobupolitika xa besenza izigqibo zabo, yaye ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umthetho. Xa abagwebi benokugqiba ngamatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakwiinyaniso, ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela kwezobupolitika okanye ingcinezelo kwimicimbi enamandla, banokuqinisekisa ukuba banokunyangwa ngendlela efanayo kuwo onke amaqela.

Ukugcina ijaji izimele ezi mpembelelo kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unethuba lokutyala ityala lakhe enkundleni yaye abagwebi abasayi kukhetha mkhethe ekwenzeni izigqibo zabo. Oku kungakhethi buso kubalulekile ukuze kukhuselwe ngokulinganayo/intlangano etyebileyo kunye nommi ngamnye kufuneka baqwalaselwe ngokusesikweni xa bevela enkundleni.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubela

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ithetha ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokuchongwa ngokusesikweni nangokungakhethi buso ukuze amisele amalungelo abo asemthethweni. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, loo mntu umele afumane isaziso nethuba lokuviwa.

Ilungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho nokhuseleko olulinganayo lomthetho ngoku lusebenza koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Olu khuselo lubini luqinisekisa ukuba abemi bafumana ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba basebenzisana njani na.

Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo luquka ilungelo lokwazi izityholo obekwa zona, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina namangqina, ilungelo lokunqamleza amangqina aphikisanayo, nelungelo lokufumana izigqibo ezenziwa ngabenzi besigqibo sobundilele. Ezi zikhuseli zikhuselweyo zithintela izenzo zikarhulumente ezizimeleyo kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziphatha wonke umntu ngokwemilinganiselo efanayo.

Isicelo esilinganayo kunye nonyanzelo

Lo mthetho ufanele usebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwisikhundla esinjani na kwibutho labantu – izityebi okanye amahlwempu, abaselula okanye abakhulileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banesini esinjani na, uhlanga, isithethe, unqulo, okanye nasiphi na esinye isidima, nto leyo ethetha ukuba wonke umntu uphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangoobani.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ngokulinganayo kuthetha ukuba kusetyenziswa imithetho efanayo kuye wonke umntu ngendlela efanayo, efuna ukuqwalaselwa ngendlela efanayo phambi komthetho, apho wonke umntu anelungelo lokufikelela kokusesikweni. Lo mgaqo udlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla yenkundla ukuze uqulunqe zonke iingxoxo kunye neenkqubo zomthetho, ukusuka kumavandla amapolisa ukuya kumatyala olawulo.

Imbopheleleko elinganayo ithetha ukuba wonke umntu umele alandele umthetho aze aphendule ngokulinganayo ngezenzo zabo aze amkele izigwebo xa umthetho waphulwa, njengoko kuboniswa yiMagna Carta, apho kwanoKumkani amele alandele umthetho. Akukho mntu umi ngaphezu komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba batyebile, banamandla okanye bakwisikhundla esinjani.

Ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko noHlaziyo lwezeMigaqo-siseko

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko lunika umgangatho ophezulu wezokhuseleko ezisemthethweni zonyango olulinganayo. EUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko amisela amalungelo asisiseko angenakupheliswa lula ziindlu zowiso-mthetho.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

IThe Acimime Protection Claus ithi abantu abakuloo meko mabaphathwe ngokulinganayo ngumthetho. Oku kubonakala kulula kunentsingiselo enzulu kwindlela oorhulumente abanokuwahlula ngayo amaqela abantu ahlukahlukeneyo baze bawaphathe ngayo.

Elona binzana lisetyenziswa rhoqo kwaye lisetyenziswa rhoqo kuMphetho-mva-mda weshumi elinesine "ukukhusela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho", ebalaselisa kakhulu kwizinto ezininzi eziphawula iziganeko, kuquka iBrown v. ibhodi yemfundo (ucalucalulo), i-Roe v. Wade (amalungelo okuphinda i-phinde ibekho), i-Bush . Gore (ukhupho lolwano), Reed v. Reed (ucalucalucalucalulo), kunye neYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya. Bakke (iinani elipheleleyo lemfundo).

Nangona injongo yantlandlolo yayikukukhusela abantsundu ekucalucalulweni, amagama aphangaleleyo aye akhokelela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuba ikholelwe ukuba lonke ucalucalulo lobuhlanga (kuquka abamhlophe, abaHispaniya, abemi baseAsia, namaMerika Omthonyama) lurhanelwa ngokusemthethweni. Olu lwando lubonisa indlela imigaqo yokukhusela, eyakha yamiselwa, eyanda ngayo ukukhusela onke amaqela ekuphathweni ngokungekho mthethweni.

Icandelo loKhuseleko lwezeNkcukacha

Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo xa zivavanya ukuba imithetho iyangqubana na nemigaqo elinganayo. Imithetho emininzi ivavanywa phantsi "kokuvavanywa okufanelekileyo" apho nasiphi na isizathu esifanelekileyo nesesizathu esifanelekileyo socalulo sanele ukusinika umGaqo-siseko, kodwa imithetho exhomekeke "kucalucalulo olunengqiqo" iqwalaselwa phantsi "kohlolo olunzulu" apho urhulumente kufuneka abe nezizathu ezibalulekileyo okanye ezinyanzelisayo zokuthethelela ucalucalulo, kwaye ucalucalulo kufuneka lulungiswe kakuhle ukuze luphumeze olo sizathu.

Ngokuqwalasela imbali yeCompality Protection Claus, akumangalisi ukuba uhlanga nemvelaphi yesizwe zirhanelwa, kodwa iNkundla ikwakholelwa ukuba ubufanasini, ukufuduka, kunye nokuma komtshato kufanelekile ekuzalweni njengokurhanelwa. Ezi zimo ziqwalaselwa ngokugqithisileyo ngenxa yendlela embali yocalulo nokungaguquguquki kwezi mpawu.

Le ndlela idweliswe ngokwemiqolo kwingxubusho egwebayo ivumela iinkundla ukuba zahlule phakathi kokulungelelaniswa okusemthethweni korhulumente (njengokufuna abaqhubi ukuba babe nelayisensi) kunye nocalucalulo olubi (njengokungawafuni amathuba abantu asekelwe kuhlanga lwabo). Isakhiwo silungiselela ukukwazi ukumelana nemeko ngeli xesha sigcina ukhuseleko olunamandla nxamnye nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ityala lophawu lokuzimela elithe tye

INkundla ePhakamileyo yasilela ngamxhelo mnye ingcamango kaPlessy yaza yathi izikolo ezahlukeneyo zabantsundu nabamhlophe zaphula isigqibo se-Amelt Protection Claus kwisigqibo seBrown yenkcubeko yemfundo. IBrown yaba yindawo yokutshintsha kwemilo ethabatha amashumi eminyaka ukuphelisa ucalucalulo ngokweenkqubo zikarhulumente, kungekuphela nje ezikolweni kodwa kulo lonke ibutho labantu baseMelika.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iThember Couver v. Virginia yathi imithetho ethintela ukukhuselwa kwemitshato yeentlanga ezahlukeneyo yayaphula i-Oficity. La matyala abonisa ukuba ukhuseleko olulinganayo asiyongcamango engqinelanayo kodwa luxhomekeke ekuqondeni kwebutho labantu ukulingana.

ISinyuso seshumi elinesine sifuna ukuba isizwe sivume umtshato phakathi kwabantu besini esinye nokuwugqala umtshato phakathi kwabantu ababini besini esinye xa umtshato wabo ugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni kwaye usenziwa ngaphandle kwesizwe, njengoko kumiselwe kwiObergefell v. Hodges. Esi sigqibo sanwenwela imigaqo elinganayo yokuqinisekisa ukuba izibini ezingowesini esinye zifumana ingqwalaselo esemthethweni nengenelo efanayo nezibini ezingokwasexeni.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yokukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo

Ukuqonda ezi migaqo ziluncedo kunceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela abakhuselwa ngayo naxa loo mithetho isenokuchaphazeleka ngayo.

Imithetho echasene nokungalawuleki kwimisebenzi nezindlu

Imithetho elwa nokungathomalalisani iyabathintela abaqeshi nabagcini-zindlu ekwenzeni izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselekileyo ezifana nesizwe, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ukukhubazeka, kunye nokuma kobundlobongela. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba abantu banamathuba alinganayo okufumana indawo yokuhlala nokunqabiseka kungakhathaliseki ukuba baneempawu ezingahambelani noko okanye bayakwazi ukuhlawula.

Kumsebenzi, imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela ifuna ukuba ukuqesha, ukunyusela, imbuyiselo, kunye neziphelo zesigqibo zisekelwe kwizinto ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ezifanelekileyo kunokuba zisekelwe kwimigaqo enxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Abaqeshi kufuneka banikeze intlawulo elinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo kwaye abanako ukugcina imigaqo-nkqubo yomsebenzi enolwaphulo-mthetho olunempembelelo esemthethweni kumaqela akhuselweyo ngaphandle kokuba loo migaqo-nkqubo iphumele kwiimfuno zoshishino ezisemthethweni.

Imithetho elawula ucalucalulo lwezindlu iqinisekisa ukuba abemi, abasebenzi bezindlu, kunye nababoleki bezindlu zendlu abanakukwala ukuqesha, ukuthengisa, okanye ukuxhasa izimali ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Ukunyanzeliswa kwale mithetho kuquka izikhalazo zolawulo kumasebe karhulumente, ukumangalelwa ngasese, yaye kwezinye iimeko izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Amalungelo okunika abanye amela enye yezona nkonzo zisisiseko zemigaqo yokukhusela efanayo. Imithetho iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangathabatha inxaxheba kunyulo bakhusela isiseko sedemokhrasi sokuzilawula kwaye baqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uhlala ebuza kubemi bonke, kungekhona amaqela anelungelo.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota ngokwembali luye lwathetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zocalulo, ukususela kwiimvavanyo zoluvo lokubhala nokuhlawula irhafu ukuya kwiintlobo ezichuliweyo zokucinezela abavoti. Imithetho yala malungelo yale mihla iyalwalela izenzo ezinciphisa amandla okuvota amancinane, ezifana nokuncitshiswa kocalulo olungenalucalucalulo okanye iinkqubo zonyulo ezikhudlwana ezithintela uluntu oluncinane ukuba lungabanyuli abameli babo abakhethiweyo.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo ekuvoteleni ludlulele ngaphaya kokuvumela abantu bafake amavoloti. Lubandakanya ukufikelela ngokulinganayo ekubhaliseni, indawo yokuhlala esengqiqweni kubavoti abaneziphene, uncedo lolwimi lwabavoti abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, kunye nokukhuselwa kwesoyikiso okanye ukunyanzelwa kwiindawo zokuvota. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota linentsingiselo kwaye liyafikeleleka kubo bonke abemi abafanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni kumalungelo okuvota luyaqhubeka luguquka njengoko kuvela ubugcisa bokuvota obutsha kunye neendlela ezitsha. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise intsebenziswano ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente kukhuseleko lonyulo nolawulo oluchasene nelungelo elisisiseko lokulingana nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Olu xinezeleko luqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba ukukhuselwa okufanayo kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile nokuziqhelanisa.

Ukufikelela Kwimfundo Ngokulinganayo

Uhlanga lwabantwana kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kuphela ngenxa yohlanga luhlutha abantwana beqela elincinane lamathuba alinganayo emfundo, kwanokuba amaziko omzimba nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo zinokuba ziyalingana. Lo mgaqo, osungulwe kwiBrown v. Board of Education, uyaqonda ukuba ukhuseleko olulinganayo lufuna okungaphezulu kunomlinganiselo othe ngqo.

Ukulingana kwemfundo yale mihla kuquka ukufikelela kubafundisi-mfundo abafanelekileyo, izakhiwo ezaneleyo, ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lwezifundo kunye neenkonzo zokuxhasa. Izikolo azinakucalula kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselekileyo. Abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokufumana indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala neenkonzo ezibenza bakwazi ukungenelwa kwimfundo ngokulinganayo noontanga babo.

Ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwimfundo elungiselelwe ulwabelo lweencwadi. Nangona kungafuneki ukuba kuxhaswe ngokugqibeleleyo ngemali yesikolo ngokwemigaqo-siseko, izinto ezithe zahlula kakhulu abafundi kwezinye iindawo abafumana imfundo eyaneleyo zisenokungqubana nemigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela. IiNkundla ziye zaxhathisa indlela yokulungelelanisa ulawulo lwezikolo kunye nemfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bafumana amathuba afanelekileyo okufumana imfundo.

Imfundo ephakamileyo inika imibuzo eyongezelelekileyo yokukhusela, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukwamkela izenzo neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zeKoliji ezamkelekileyo zaphula iSikhuseli esilinganayo sikaClaus xa zingenawo amacebiso afanelekileyo kunye neenjongo ezingenakuthelekelelwa ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kohlanga, uhlanga olusetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga, olubandakanya ukujongeka kobuhlanga, kwaye lungenawo amanqaku abalulekileyo. Ezi zigqibo zibonakalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nendlela yokufumana imfundo eyahlukeneyo ngoxa zihlonela imigaqo yokukhusela elinganayo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwintiyo Yolwaphulo - mthetho

Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yentiyo inika izigwebo ezongezelelekileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhutywa lucalucalulo oluchasene neempawu ezikhuselweyo ezifana nesizwe, unqulo, ubuhlanga, imbonakalo yesini, okanye ukukhubazeka. Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphembelela ikhethe lubangela umonakalo kungekuphela nje kumaxhoba omntu ngamnye kodwa kwanakuluntu lonke, lubangela uloyiko yaye lubangela ukuncitshiswa kwentlalo.

Imigaqo yokukhusela elinganayo ixhasa imithetho yokuthiya ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuqonda ukuba ugonyamelo oluphembelela ucalucalulo lusongela idinga elisisiseko lokuba bonke abantu baya kukhuselwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Xa amaxhoba ezigwebi ngenxa yokuzichaza kwawo, ahlasela umgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanelwe lisidima nokhuseleko olulinganayo.

Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yokuthiya ifuna ubungqina bokuba umenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhetha ixhoba ngokusekelwe kuphawu olukhuselekileyo. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba isohlwayo esinyuselayo sisebenza kuphela xa kukho intshukumisa yekhethe, hayi kuphela xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lubandakanya amaxhoba kunye nabahlaseli beemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo kwale mithetho kufuna ukuba kwenziwe uphando olucokisekileyo nokutshutshiswa ukuze kuveliswe intshukumisa eva ikhethe.

Ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, ukusabela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithiyileyo ngokufuthi kuquka ukuxhaswa kwebutho labantu, iinkqubo zemfundo zokulwa nekhethe, kunye nemigudu yokwakha iibhulorho phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo. Ezi ndlela zibanzi ziyaqonda ukuba ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kukodwa akunakuphelisa ikhethe kodwa kumele kube yinxalenye yemigudu yoluntu yokukhulisa ukulingana nokuhlonelana.

Ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kunye neengingqi

Imigaqo yokhuseleko elinganayo ifuna ukuba bonke abemi bafumane iinkonzo zikarhulumente ngendlela efanayo. Iincwadi zoluntu, iipaki, iinkqubo zezithuthi, iinkonzo zempilo, kunye nezinye izinto ezilungiselelwe ngurhulumente kufuneka zifikeleleke ngaphandle kocalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Imithetho yeendawo zokuhlala kawonke wonke inikela imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela amashishini oluntu, njengeevenkile zokutyela, iihotele, amaholo emidlalo, kunye nezitore. Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba kwibutho lanamhlanje, ukufikelela kwizakhiwo zorhwebo kubalulekile ukuze ube nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi boluntu. Amashishini akanakulwamkela inkonzo okanye anikele inkonzo ephantsi esekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo zabathengi.

Imfuno zokufikeleleka kubantu abakhubazekileyo imela ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke nakwizindlu. AmaMerika anoMthetho weNgqilazeko kunye nemithetho efanayo kufuneka aguqulelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye nezithuba eziphathekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene bayakwazi ukungena kwiinkonzo nakumaziko alinganayo nabanye. Ezi mfuneko ziyaqonda ukuba ukulingana kokwenene maxa wambi kufuna unyango olwahlukileyo ukuze kuhlaliswe iimfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Ukufikelela kweelwimi kumela omnye umlinganiso wokhuseleko olulinganayo kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka anikele ukutolika kunye neenkonzo zokuguqulela ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo eziyimfuneko, ukuqonda amalungelo abo, nokuzalisekisa iimfuno zabo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngaphandle kolwimi, ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni akunantsingiselo kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuyiqonda.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe Imilinganiselo Yokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Nangona imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela isekelwe kwinkqubo yomthetho esesikweni, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kujongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo kunye nokusikelwa umda kwemfuza. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abemi balapho bamela inkqubela ngoxa belindele ukuba ukulingana okusemthethweni kuphumelele.

Imfundiso Karhulumente

Iziqinisekiso ze-Acimime Protection Claus zisebenza kuphela kwizenzo ezenziwe okanye ngandlelha "zikhutshwe ngendlela ethile" ngurhulumente. IsiHlamli- Amendu seshumi elinesine asilwamkeli ikhusi kwihambo yabucala, nokuba kutheni kulula okanye kuphosakele. Lo mqathango uthetha ukuba imigaqo elinganayo yomgaqo-siseko ayiluthinteli ucalucalulo ngabantu okanye imibutho yabucala.

Inyathelo elifunekayo lesizwe libonakalisa isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko, esimisela ngokuyintloko igunya likarhulumente kunokuba silawule indlela yokuziphatha yobuqu. Noko ke, lo mda ukhokelele kwiingxoxo malunga nehambo yangasese enxulumene ngokwaneleyo nesenzo sikarhulumente sokuxhokonxa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ziye zafumana isenzo sikarhulumente xa amaqumrhu azimeleyo ephumeza imisebenzi karhulumente engokwesithethe, xa urhulumente ekhuthaza okanye enceda ngokuphawulekayo ukuba kubekho ucalucalucalucalulo lwabucala, okanye xa ihambo yabucala ixhomekeke kulawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukhuseleko lwemithetho, njengemithetho yamalungelo abantu, luzalisa eminye imingxuma eshiywe yimfundiso yezenzo zikarhulumente ngokuthintela ucalucalulo ngabaqeshi, abasebenzi bezindlu, namashishini. Noko ke, le migaqo yokhuseleko ayichananga ngokupheleleyo njengokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwaye inokutshintshwa ngokulula okanye ibuyiselwe ngokulula yimithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Ukwahlula Ucalulo

UmGaqo-siseko awufuni izinto ezahlukileyo enyanisweni okanye uluvo olumele luphathwe ngokungathi ziyafana. Akuyondlela yonyango eyahlukeneyo eyaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo.

Ucelomngeni lukukwahlula phakathi kolwahlulo olusemthethweni olusebenza iinjongo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo kunye nocalulo olubalulekileyo olubonisa ikhethe okanye ukwenza izigqibo zobuqu. Iimfuno zeminyaka yokuqhuba, imigangatho yobuchule yokukhupha iintwala, kunye nezikhokelo zogwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho zonke zibandakanya ukuhlelwa ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa ezi candelo zisebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abawela kwiindidi ezichaziweyo.

Ngamanye amaxesha, kulungile ukuba umthetho uphathe abantu ngokwahlukileyo ukuba iimeko zabo zahluke ngokwenene. Umzekelo, ukunika abafundi abaneziphene ezithe kratya okanye ukunikela izibonelelo ezingakumbi kumsebenzi wamava orhulumente kubonakalisa ukwahlukana kokwenene kweemeko neemfuno. Umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba unyango olwahlukileyo luphumeza injongo esemthethweni kwaye lulungele umahluko ofanelekileyo.

Imida Yokunyanzelisa Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lusebenza njengendlela abasebenza ngayo. Abantu abaninzi abacalucalulweyo abanazo izinto zokufumana unyango olusemthethweni. Ukugwetywa komlomo kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kuthatha ixesha, kwaye amaxhoba amaninzi ocalucalulo akanakukwazi ukuhlawula amagqwetha okanye akanakuzibeka esichengeni sokuziphindezela kubaqeshi, abanini-ndlu, okanye kwamanye amaqela anamandla.

Kunzima ukuthi ummangalelwa uphathwe ngokusesikweni nangokungakhethi buso kwaye uye wanikwa ukuma okulinganayo phambi komthetho ukuba ummangalelwa kufuneka ajongene nelizwe ngaphandle kwegqwetha lakhe. Lo mgaqo, omiselwe kuGidiyon . Wainwright, uyaqonda ukuba amalungelo e-procedism athetha okuncinane ngaphandle kobuchule bokuwasebenzisa.

Ukufumana unyango lwezomthetho kudlulela nangaphandle kwamatyala angolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwasemthethweni zisebenza kuphela kubantu abafuna uncedo kwizindlu, umthetho wentsapho, ukukhusela abathengi neminye imicimbi yezomthetho. Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zomthetho ngaphandle kokuzimela, nto leyo edla ngokuphumela ekubeni bangakwazi ukulwela amalungelo abo.

Imiqobo yolawulo ikwathintela ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, imiqobo yolwimi, ukunqongophala kolwazi ngamalungelo, nokoyika amagunya karhulumente konke kuthintela abantu ekufikeleleni ekukhuseleni ngokusemthethweni. Ukulungisa le miqobo akufuni nje kuphela utshintsho olusemthethweni kodwa kwanemilinganiselo esebenzisekayo yokwenza iinkqubo zomthetho zifikeleleke ngakumbi kunye nobuhlobo bomsebenzisi.

I-bias epheleleyo nokungalingani kwenkqubo

Kwanaxa imithetho ingathathi cala ebusweni kwaye isetyenziswa ngokwenkqubo eziqhelekileyo, ikhethe elicacileyo kunye neziphumo ezibugcinwna zinokuba neziphumo ezingafaniyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abenzi besigqibo basoloko benobungcathu obungaqondanga obuphembelela izigqibo zabo, kwanaxa bezimisele ukuba nengqiqo.

Ukwahluka kwendlela yokusebenza kubhekisela kwiindlela zokungalingani ezihlala zikho, ngokufuthi njengelifa localulo lwembali. Nangona imithetho yangoku isenokulwalela ucalulo olucacileyo, ayinakuyisingatha imiqobo eqokelelwe okanye ezakhiweyo ekhuthaza ukungalingani. Ngokomzekelo, iinkqubo zemali ezixhaswa zisikolo ezixhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni zisenokukhuthaza ukungalingani kwemfundo kwangaphandle ngaphandle kokucalucalucalulo.

Ukusingatha ikhethe elicacileyo kunye nokungalingani okungaqondakaliyo kudinga ukufikelela ngaphaya kwemfundiso engokwesithethe elinganayo. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yokwenza izigqibo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo, kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo okuchonga nokuphelisa imiqobo yonke edlala iindima ezibalulekileyo. Le migudu iyaqonda ukuba ukufikelela ukulingana kokwenene kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokuqhubekayo kwithuba elifanelekileyo elingokwesiko kunye nelokulingana.

Iimbono Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Imigaqo yokhuseleko elinganayo idlulela ngaphaya kwenkqubo yomthetho yelizwe elinye. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomthetho wokwahlula-hlula umGaqo-siseko unika iimbono ezixabisekileyo ngendlela ibutho elahlukeneyo elifikelela ngayo kumgangatho osemthethweni.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

Inqaku le-7 leSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo oLuntu (UDHR) lithi: "Zonke ziyalingana phambi komthetho kwaye zinelungelo lokungacaluli ukukhusela umthetho ngokufanayo. Lo mlinganiselo wehlabathi lonke ubonisa ukuvumelana okungundoqo kokulingana okusemthethweni.

I-UDHR ithi wonke umntu umele aphathwe ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi uhlanga, isini, ibala, uhlanga, unqulo, isiphene, okanye ezinye iimpawu, ngaphandle kwelungelo, ucalucalulo okanye ikhethe. Le ndlela ibanzi yokulingana iphembelela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke.

Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe zakhela kwisiseko se-UDHR, zidala iimbopheleleko ezibophelelekileyo kumazwe awavumelayo. Ezi zivumelwano zithetha ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo zocalulo, kuquka ucalulo lobuhlanga, ucalucalulo kumabhinqa, kunye nocalulo olusekelwe kwisiphene. Amaqumrhu ahlola ukuthobela kwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye anika ukhokelo oluchaza iimfuno zokukhusela ezilinganayo.

Ukufikelela komGaqo-siseko okuthelekisayo

Isiqinisekiso jikelele sokulingana sinikwa yinkoliso yemimiselo yesizwe yehlabathi, kodwa uzalisekiso olukhethekileyo lwesi siqinisekiso luyahluka, kwaye ngelixesha imimiselo emininzi iqinisekisa ukulingana kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, bambalwa abakhankanya ilungelo lokulingana kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga.

Amazwe awahlukeneyo alungelelanisa imigaqo yokulingana nezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Eminye imimiselo iquka uludwe olude lwezizathu ezivaliweyo zocalulo, ngoxa eminye isebenzisa ulwimi olulinganayo oluqhelekileyo. Ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho zigxininisa ukulingana okusesikweni (ukuphatha wonke umntu ngendlela efanayo), ngoxa ezinye zivuma ukulingana okungalinganiyo (kungavumelaniyo nembali kunye nemiqobo yesakhiwo).

Uhlalutyo lwendlela ehlukeneyo yokuvuma izenzo, indawo yonqulo, imiqathango yokuthetha ukuthiyile, nezinye iindawo apho imigaqo yokulingana idibana namanye amalungelo kunye nemilinganiselo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa amava ahlukeneyo embali, inkcubeko, kunye nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Ukufunda kumava ehlabathi jikelele kungazisa iingxoxo ngendlela engcono yokusebenzisa imigaqo yokukhusela elinganayo.

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yephondo

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yengingqi eYurophu, eMerika, eAfrika, nakwezinye iindawo zinikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi kumalungelo okulingana. Ezi nkqubo ziquka iinkundla okanye iikhomishini ezinokuva izikhalazo ezingokwaphulwa kwamalungelo alinganayo nokukhutshwa kwezigqibo okanye izincomelo.

Iinkqubo zephondo zidla ngokuvelisa imithetho ephembelela iinkqubo zomthetho zesizwe. Umzekelo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu ikhuphe izigqibo ezininzi ezichaza ukulingana nokungaguquguquki kwemiqathango, ezithetha ngemibandela esusela ekukhetheni ubufanasini ukuya kumalungelo amancinane. Ezi zigqibo zidala imilinganiselo yokuba amalungu amazwe amele alandele aze aphembelele inkqubela engokwasemthethweni kweminye imimandla.

Iinkqubo zengingqi zikwanceda ukuncokola nokufunda phakathi kwamazwe ajongene neengxaki ezifanayo. Amazwe angabona indlela abamelwane bawo abayisingatha ngayo imiba yokulingana nokulungisa iindlela eziphumelelayo zokufikelela kwimeko yawo. Oku kungcoliswa kweengcamango kuqinisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo emhlabeni wonke.

Indima Yabemi Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Alinganayo

Nangona iinkqubo zomthetho zilungiselela ukukhusela okulinganayo, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ezi ndlela zokukhusela zihlala zinentsingiselo kwaye zisebenza.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Inyathelo lokuqala lokukhusela amalungelo alinganayo kukuqonda amalungelo onawo. Izakhamuzi kufuneka ziqhelane nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, amalungelo asemthethweni, kunye neengcaciso ezikhoyo xa amalungelo ephulwa. Imibutho emininzi inikela ubuncwane bamahhala obuchaza amalungelo asemthethweni ngolwimi olufikelelekayo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo kuquka ukwazi ixesha nendlela yokuwachaza. Oku kunokuquka ukumangalela abameli bakarhulumente, ukufuna imvume esemthethweni, ukubhala ucalucalulo, okanye ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo ukucel ’ umngeni ukuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni. Ulwazi lunika abantu amandla okumela amalungelo abo nokubeka ityala kumaziko abo.

Imfundo yamalungelo kufuneka iqale ngaphambi kwexesha iqhubeke ubomi babo bonke. Izikolo, imibutho yoluntu, amathala eencwadi, kunye nezinto ze-intanethi zonke zinika amathuba okufunda ngokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokukhuthaza

Abemi bangaqinisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Ukunxibelelana nabameli abanyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwetyala likawonke-wonke, nokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo konke oku kuphembelela indlela ekwenziwa nenyanzeliswa ngayo imithetho. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziyaqhubeka zisabela kwiimfuno nenkxalabo yabemi.

Imibutho yolawulo lobugcisa ifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Amaqela amalungelo oluntu, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, nabameli abasekelwe kuluntu basebenza ukuchonga ucalucalulo, ukuxhasa amaxhoba, ukurhoxa amatyala abalulekileyo nokunyanzelisa ukuhlaziywa komthetho. Ingingqi ingayixhasa le migudu ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngeminikelo okanye ngokuhlala nje zinolwazi ngemibandela yokulingana.

Ukwakhiwa komanyano kumazwe ahlukeneyo komeleza ukhuselo olulinganayo. Xa abantu abasuka kwimvelaphi eyahlukeneyo besebenza kunye ukukhuthaza ukulingana, bakha inkxaso ebanzi yokhuseleko olusemthethweni kwaye babonakalisa ukuba ukhuseleko olulinganayo lunceda wonke umntu, hayi amaqela athile.

Ukunikela ingxelo nokwalatha ucalucalulo

Xa kuvela ucalucalulo, kusetyenziswa iingxelo ezingokwasemthethweni ezixhasa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kuncedwa amasebe achaza indlela abacalucalulo ngayo abantu, yaye kuboniswa imiqondiso kwabo bachasayo ukuba ihambo yokucalucalucalulo ayisayi kunyanyezelwa.

Uxwebhu lubalulekile ekungqineni ucalucalulo. Oku kuquka ukugcina iingxelo okanye izenzo zocalulo, ukugcina amaxwebhu anxulumene nocalulo, ukuchaza imihla namangqina. Uxwebhu olunenkcukacha luqinisa izibhengezo ezingokwasemthethweni luze luncede abaphandi baqonde oko kwenzekayo.

Ukuxhasa abanye abacalucalulo kubalulekile. AmaNgqina anokunikela ubungqina obubalulekileyo, yaye abo bathetha ngokuchasene nocalucalulo banceda ekuveliseni izithethe ezikhuthaza ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukukhuthaza Uluntu Oluphelayo

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lusebenza kakuhle xa luxhaswa yimigaqo yentlalo exabisa ukulingana nokufakwa. Izakhamuzi zingakhuthaza le migaqo kwiindawo zemisebenzi, kwizikolo, kwimimandla, nakwiziko loluntu.

Xa abantu besazi yaye behlonela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, abanakuyixhasa imigaqo yokubonisa ucalucalulo okanye babandakanyeke kwihambo yokubonisa ikhethe.

Izifundo ezifundisa ngeendidi, ukudityaniswa, kunye nokukhuselwa okufanayo zinceda ekuxhaseni inkxaso ende yemigaqo yokulingana. Le migudu kufuneka icombulule ucalucalulo lwembali kunye neengxaki zanamhlanje, inceda abantu baqonde ukuba kutheni imicimbi yokukhuselwa ilingana, nendlela yokuyisebenzisa.

Ucelomngeni Lwexesha Elizayo Lokukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo

Njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka, kuvela iingxaki ezintsha zokukhusela ngendlela efanayo. Ukuqonda le miba ivelayo kunceda abemi kunye nabenzi benkqubo balindele baze bathethe ngezisongelo zokulingana okusemthethweni.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nocalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko

Ubuchule obuzenzekelayo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo zichaphazela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zobomi, ukusuka kwizigqibo zomsebenzi ukuya kwityala elivumela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi nkqubo zingakhuthaza okanye zikhulise ikhethe elikhoyo ukuba ziqeqeshelwe ugcino-lwazi olunekhethe okanye zenziwe ngaphandle kolwazelelelo olufanelekileyo lokusesikweni.

Ucalucalulo lwemithetho-mthetho luphakamisa imibuzo elinganayo yokukhusela. Umthetho wesithethe olwa nocalucalulo okanye ukugqwetha ugxininisa kwimigaqo-nkqubo esetyenziswa ngabom ngempembelelo egqithisileyo, kodwa iinkqubo ze-algorithim zingavelisa iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ekunzima ukuziqonda okanye ukuvavanya. Ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwixesha lobukrelekrele obungeyo kufuneka iindlela ezintsha zokubonisa ukuba uyabona, uyaphendula, nokubonisa uxanduva, kunye nokusesikweni kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisa i-aromastialme.

Kusekho izicwangciso zolawulo zobulungisa bemithetho-siseko. Amanye amagunya aseqalile ukucela iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yesigqibo ezizenzekelayo, ngeli xesha amanye agunyazisa ukujongwa kwabantu ngezigqibo zomthetho-manani ngokwemeko ezithile. Ukulungelelanisa izinto ngokulinganayo kuya kuba lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka beqhubela phambili.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufumana Okusesikweni

Ukunyuka kobuhlwempu bezoqoqosho kusongela ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo ngokubangela umahluko ekufikeleleni kwisikhundla esisemthethweni, impembelelo yezobupolitika, namandla asebenzisekayo okuthethelela amalungelo. Xa ubutyebi bumisela ukufikelela kokusesikweni, ukulingana okusemthethweni kuya kuba lilize kwabo bangenazo izibonelelo.

Ukulungisa imiqobo yezoqoqosho ukuze ikhuseleke ngendlela efanayo kufuna iindlela ezininzi. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezandisiweyo zokwenziwa lula, iindlela zepro-paligi, ezinye izindululo zocombululo, kunye neziguqulo zokunciphisa iindleko zonke ezibangela ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho zifikeleleke. Ezinye imigaqo izama ngezisombululo ezisekelwe kubugcisa ukwandisa ulwazi olungokwasemthethweni neenkonzo.

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuchaphazela nokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika nokuphembelela ukubekwa kwemithetho. Iinkqubo zezemali zenkamkelo, imimiselo ekhuthazayo, kunye nokumela kwezobupolitika konke okunempembelelo ebonakaliswa yimithetho.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokusesikweni Kwemeko - bume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokuwohloka kwemekobume kuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abasweleyo, kunyusa inkxalabo elinganayo yokuzikhusela. Abantu abafumana ingeniso ephantsi kunye nabantu abahlala kwimibala engafaniyo basoloko bechanabeke kakhulu kungcoliso, kwiingozi zemekobume, kunye neengxaki zemozulu ngoxa bengenazo izinto zokuzilungisa okanye zokufudusa.

Imibutho yobulungisa bokusingqongileyo ifuna ukusebenzisa imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela ekwenzeni izigqibo zemekobume, iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bafumana ukhuseleko olulinganayo kwiingozi zemekobume nokufikelela kwiingenelo zemeko-bume. Oku kuquka ukuhlaliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezibonelelo ezingcolisayo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemekobume, nokuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwizigqibo zokusingqongileyo.

Imigaqo yokutshintsha kwemozulu nokungalingani komgangatho wemozulu iphakamisa imibuzo eyongezelelekileyo. Iingingqi zifanele ziwanike njani amaxabiso obuncwane ukuze zitshintshe imozulu? Ngubani oza kulahlekelwa kukutshintshela kumandla acocekileyo? Imigaqo ingayilungisa njani imozulu ngaphandle kokuphelisa ukungalingani okukhoyo? Le mibuzo iza kudala iingxoxo zokuzikhusela ezifanayo kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Iindidi Zokuchaza Amalungelo

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani nomlinganiselo kuyaqhubeka kuguquka. Ukwazi ubunikazi bendoda, umahluko wemithambo-luvo, nezinye izinto zomntu kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nendlela imigaqo yokukhusela elingana ngayo ekuveleni kweendidi zophawu. Iinkqubo zemithetho kufuneka zilungelelanise intlonelo ngokukhutshwa kolwazi oluzizo ngokudibanisa kunye nesiseko esithe ngqo esisemthethweni.

Ezi ziganeko zidla ngokudala impikiswano njengoko amaqela ahlukeneyo eneembono eziphikisanayo malunga nokuzichaza, amalungelo nokulingana. Ukugatya ezi mpikiswano ngoxa ukulondoloza izivumelwano zokukhusela bonke kufuna ingqalelo enonophelo kumgaqo nokuphumeza okusebenzisekayo. IiNkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye namaqumrhu olawulo konke kudlala indima ekuveliseni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni ehlonela isidima somntu nokulingana.

Incoko yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nohlalutyo lothelekiso lungazisa iindlela zasekhaya zokuveza imiba yokulingana. Iingingqi ezahlukeneyo zixakene nemibuzo efanayo, kwaye ukufunda kumava ahlukeneyo kunokukunceda ukwazi ukufikelela ngokunempumelelo ngoxa uphepha imigibe.

Ukomeleza Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Lwabo Bonke

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ikhusela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo kufuneka ukuzinikela ngokuqhubekayo kuzo zonke iindawo zebutho labantu. Umthetho unika isiseko esiyimfuneko, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomekeke ekuzalisekiseni, ekunyanzelweni komthetho nasekuxhaseni intlalo.

Utshintsho Oluphambili

Ukuqinisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kudla ngokufuna utshintsho olungokweziko. Oku kungaquka ukusetyenziswa kwamaqumrhu okwenza izigqibo, ukuzalisekisa uqeqesho olunekhethe, ukuphuhlisa ukuqokelelwa kolwazi ukuchaza ukwahluka, ukuvelisa iindlela zokuphendula, nokuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba abaneleyo bokugcina imigaqo-nkqubo

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi nokuziphendulela kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuseleni ngokufanayo. Xa amaziko ebona iinkqubo nezigqibo zawo, anika uphando olubonakalayo kwaye avelisa intshukumisa yokusetyenziswa kakuhle.

Iintlangano ezizimisele ukulingana zimele zihlakulele izithethe ezixabisa ubulungisa, ukuhlonela ukwahlukahlukana kwabantu, zikhuthaze abantu ukuba bathethe ngocalulo.

Imfundo nokulumkiswa

Imfundo emalunga nokhuseleko olulinganayo kufuneka isasazeke kwaye iqhubekeke. Izikolo kufuneka zifundise abafundi ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zabo, imbali yokungavisisani, nokubaluleka kokuphatha wonke umntu ngokusesikweni. Imfundo yobuchule kumagqwetha, abagwebi, amagosa agunyazisa umthetho, kunye nabanye abadlali benkqubo esemthethweni kufuneka bathethe ngemkhethe ecacileyo, ubuchule benkcubeko, kunye nezenzo ezifanelekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba unyango lulingana.

Amaphulo okulumkisa abantu anokubalaselisa imiba yokukhusela kunye namancedo akhoyo. Abantu abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo okanye indlela yokuwachaza. Inkcazelo ecacileyo nefumaneka ngeelwimi ezininzi neefom esetyenziswayo inceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kufikelela wonke umntu ofuna uncedo.

Irejista yezosasazo iphembelela ukuqonda uluntu ngemibandela yokulingana. Ukuchazwa ngokuchanileyo nangokuchanekileyo kocalulo nokhuseleko olulinganayo kunceda uluntu ukuba luxhase ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni nokutshintshwa kwentlalo.

Ukwakha Iindawo Zokwakha Nomanyano

Xa abantu beqonda ukuba ukulingana kuyingenelo kuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yaye ucalucalulo ludibene, banokuvelisa iinguqulelo.

Umanyano kwiimeko zomahluko luqinisa ukhuselo olulinganayo. Abantu abangazange bakhetheke ngokobuqu banokubaxhasa abo baye baphathwa ngokungekho sikweni, beqonda ukuba naphi na apho kuyingozi khona okusesikweni. Imikhosi idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphakamiseni amazwi aculiweyo nokusebenzisa ilungelo labo ukukhuthaza ukulingana.

Ukwakhiwa kwembutho kufuna incoko yokwenene, intlonelo, nokuvuma ukufunda kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo. Uluntu olwahlukileyo lusenokuba nezinto eziza kuqala okanye lunokufikelela kwimibandela elinganayo, kwaye imibutho esebenzayo mayikwazi ukuqhuba ezi zahlukano ngeli lixa igcina ubophelelo olwahlukeneyo ukuze kukhuselwe bonke.

Isiphelo: Idinga Eliqhubekayo Lokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho lumela ukuphumelela nomnqweno. Iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zenza inkqubela enkulu ekumisweni kwezakhiwo ezikhusela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo, kodwa kusekho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo abemi ngokulinganayo enika abantu amandla okufuna amalungelo abo, igcine amaziko ebeke ityala, yaye isebenzela ibutho elinobulungisa ngakumbi.

Umgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanelwe lukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho usisiseko kwisidima somntu kunye nolawulo lobudemokhrasi. UMthetho usisiseko sebutho labantu abaphucukileyo, umisela inkqubo ecacileyo efikelelekayo nelinganayo nabo bonke, kwaye uqinisekisa ukubambelela kwimigaqo ekhululayo nekhuselayo. Le migaqo ifuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokuzihlaziya njengoko intlalo-ntle ivela kunye nocelomngeni olutsha.

Abemi bafeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Ngokuqonda amalungelo abo, ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu, ukuxhasa abanye abajongene nocalulo, nokusebenzela ukwakha abantu abahlala kunye, abantu ngabanye banikela kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezikhusela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo. Idinga lokuzikhusela okulinganayo asikokuzibulala.

Njengoko sikhangela kwikamva, ukhuseleko olulinganayo lujamelene nocelomngeni kunye namathuba. Ubugcisa, ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho, iingcinezelo zemekobume, kunye nokuqonda okutshintshayo okukhoyo konke kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ikhusela wonke umntu ngokusesikweni. Ukulungisa le mingeni kufuna ubuchule, ukuzimisela, kunye nokusebenzisana ukudibana kweengxaki.

Uhambo olukhokelela ekulinganani ngokupheleleyo luyaqhubeka. Ngoxa sinokubhiyozela inkqubela ekumiseleni ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni nxamnye nocalucalulo, kwakhona simele sivume ukuba asilingani kwaye sisebenzele ukuthetha nabo. Ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo asiyondawo esisisiphelo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bafumana isidima, intlonelo, nokuphathwa kakuhle abafaneleyo phantsi komthetho.

Abo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngokhuseleko olulinganayo nangemibandela enxulumene nalo, oovimba abaxabisekileyo baquka iCornell Information Institute , enika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zeenkcazo ezingomthetho, [ uLawulo lweZizwe ezimanyeneyo lwezibonelelo zoMthetho [, olunika izibonelelo zezizwe ngezizwe, iProjekthi yePhondo yehlabathi yePhondo [[FLT:] yePhondo], elawula imiqondiso yomhlaba wonke, [[FLT] izikomGawulo zolwimi ezifikelelekayo], ezinika izibonelelo zokufundisa malunga namalungelo oluntu, kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT] kunye neManyathelo omthetho omthetho osemthethweni.[5]

Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo wonke umntu ngokulinganayo kwaye enenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekulondolozeni ezi ntaba, abemi banegalelo kwibutho apho okusesikweni, okusesikweni, nesidima sabantu sixhaphakileyo. Umgaqo wokusikhusela ngokufanayo usicel ’ umngeni ukuba siqonde uluntu lwethu olufanayo, sihlonele ukungavisisani kwethu, kwaye siqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni zinceda bonke abantu ngokusesikweni. Lo msebenzi uqhubekayo ubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe yaye kugcinwe ukhululekile, umgangatho osesikweni, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.