Ukwazisa: Umgaqo - siseko Ohlala Ukho

Ingxoxo ngomgaqo nokungaguquguquki komthetho yenye yezona zinto zingapheliyo nezinesiphumo kwizoqoqosho lwezobupolitika. Asiyongxoxo emileyo kodwa sisixhobo esiguquguqukayo esinamandla, esiphendula kwiimeko ezinzima zezoqoqosho, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika, kunye nemigangatho yentlalo eguquguqukayo. Engundoqoni, le ngxoxo ibuza umbuzo obalulekileyo: Iyintoni indima efanelekileyo karhulumente ekulungiseni ukuziphatha kwemarike nabadlali abangaphakathi kuyo?

Lo mbuzo awunayo impendulo enye, ehlala ixesha. Umgangatho olungileyo nohlobo longenelelo lukarhulumente lwahluka kakhulu kushishino, amaxesha, kunye nenkcubeko yenkcubeko. Uhlalutyo olulandelayo luhamba ngaphaya kwento ezimbini ezilula "ezilungileyo" okanye "ezingalunganga" umgaqo wokuhlola iingcambu zembali, iinyaniso zamacandelo, kunye neengxaki zexesha elizayo zale nkqubo intsonkothilekothileyo. Kubafundisi-bafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abaqulukileyo, ukuqonda eli lizwe, kubalulekile ukuze baqonde amandla abumba izoqoqosho nebutho lethu.

Ukuchaza Iingcinga Zomsebenzi

Ukusebenzisa le ndawo, umntu kufuneka kuqala akhe ummiselo ocacileyo. Ummiselo ubhekiselele kumgaqo kunye nomthetho wolawulo osetyenziswa ngabameli boluntu ukulawula okanye ukulawula imisebenzi yezinto ezizimeleyo. Le mithetho ingaba ngumthetho odityanisiweyo kwi ulawulo lwezezimali , olulawula ungeniso lwemakethengiso, amaxabiso, kunye neziphumo (umz., izikhuseli zikawonke-wonke) kunye ulawulo olungokwandiswano olubanzi , olujolise iinjongo ezifana nezempilo kawonke wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nokhuseleko lwemeko-metho (ug., iimigangatho zokhuseleko lokhuseleko lomsebenzi, ii-octive transty systling systmestionstions).

Ukwandiswa yinkqubo yokucutha okanye yokususa ulawulo lukarhulumente kushishino oluthile okanye umsebenzi. Isoloko iphunyelelwa ngenjongo yokwandisa ukhuphiswano, ukukhulisa, kunye nokunciphisa amaxabiso kubathengi. Noko ke, ucalulo lunqabile ukususwa okulula kwemithetho.

Oku kukhokelela kwingcamango yokwahlula-hlula . Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukuthotywa kwemithetho kwelinye ixesha kusoloko kukhokelela kwiintlobo ezintsha zolawulo kwenye njengokuba iziphumo zonikezelo lwentengiso zibonakala. Inkqubo yangoku ayikukhetha phakathi kwemakethe ekhululekileyo nelawulwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa malunga nokwenziwa kolawulo oluchanekileyo lwemithetho elawulayo [ izakhiwo ezinokufunda kumava nokuphendula kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Imbali Engachananga

Amava aseMerika anikela umzekeliso onamandla wendlela ukuguquka kwendlela yokulawula ukuguquka kwendlela yokusebenza kweziganeko ezinkulu.

Inkqubela Nexesha Elitsha

Igalelo lokuqala eliphambili lomgaqo-siseko wezoqoqosho lwavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 njengempendulo engqalileyo kwiNguquko yezoshishino. Ukusekwa kweKhomishoni yeNterstate Commerce (1887) kunye nokudlula kweSerman Antixlant Act (1890) yoMthetho we-Sherman Antixlaint) yayizama ukuphinda iqaliswe kumgaqo-siseko somgaqo-mzimlokazi kunye nokuthenjelwa. Lo moya waqhubeka nokudalwa kolawulo lwe-Fod neDrugnment Administration (FD) kunye neKhomishini yeFTC (FFT).

Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Komgangatho Ophezulu woo-1930 kwadala umzuzwana, igalelo elikhulu lomthetho phantsi koMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Developt. Inkolelo engundoqo yayikukuba iimarike ezingalawulwanga zasilela ngokwentlekele. Eli xesha labona ukuzalwa koomasebe abatshintshayo njengeSikhundla kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC) kumapolisa athengisa imali, iFederal Deposit Issurance (FIC) ukukhusela ugcino-mali, kunye neNational Laborty Relationstion Board (NLRB) ukuze kukhutshwe iimbambano zomsebenzi. La maziko ayila i-RCTScreastrick of regatation yalement, enzelwe ukulungiselela ukhuseleko nokhuseleko kwimekobume yezoqoqosho ephithiyo.

Ukunyuka kweNtlalo (1960s-1970)

Iliza lesithathu lavela ngeminyaka yee-1960 kunye nee-1970, ngoku lijolise iliso kungabi kwisakhiwo sezoqoqosho kodwa kwiziphumo zentlalo. Liqhutywa ngumbutho okhulayo wokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabathengi, urhulumente wadala amaqumrhu anamandla anjenge-Ovironmental Protection Safety Agency (EPA), i-Occupational Safety kunye noLawulo lwezempilo (OSA), kunye neConsumer Providuct Safety Commission (CPSCC). Eli xesha laphawula ulwando olubalulekileyo lwendima karhulumente ekulawuleni iingozi kunye nobuchule boshishino.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, ngoko, kwaqalisa ukuvela umva ngokuchasene nobunzima obudityanisiweyo bale mithetho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egqithisileyo kwakukukucinezela ukusungulwa kwemithetho, ukuthwalisa amashishini ngexabiso eliphezulu, kunye nokufak' isandla ekuphazamiseni izoqoqosho. Oku kwamisela iqonga lenguqu enkulu kumoya wezobupolitika.

IMbutho yoLawulo (1970s-1999)

Umqhubekeko wokwahlukanisa umgangatho othe gqolo phantsi koMongameli Jimmy Carter kwaye wakhawuleza ngokuphawulekayo phantsi koMongameli Ronald Reagan. Eli xesha laphawulwa ngenkolelo eyomeleleyo kwimpumelelo yezorhwebo ezikhululekileyo. Umthetho weMajor bipartarian wakhokelela ekuphelisweni kwemisebenzi yezoshishino enzima, kuquka iinqwelo-moya (1988), iilori, iziporo zoololiwe (1980), kunye ne-tenternation (19966), icandelo lemali, uwiso lwe-Glasss-S-Staall Act ngo-1999 wasusa imiqobo yolawulo yodandatheko-ooovimba benqanawa bezorhwebo.

Eli xesha lavelisa impumelelo ephawulekayo, ingakumbi kwizithuthi, apho ukhuphiswano lwakhokelela kumaxabiso asezantsi kakhulu kubathengi. Noko ke, labeka isiseko semeko yemeko yexesha elizayo ngokucutha ulawulo kwicandelo lemali kunye nokudala iimeko zomanyano olukhulu lwamashishini oshishino.

Ukuphinda-phindwa kweNtloko yePhondo-2008

Ingxaki yezoqoqosho yowama-2008 yasebenza njengesikhumbuzo esicacileyo somngcipheko wokwanela umgaqo. Ukuwa kwamaqumrhu amakhulu ezoqoqosho kwabangela umgudu omkhulu wokuzinzisa, ngokungakumbi iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho wokuKhuselwa kwezoqoqosho eUnited States kunye neBasel III uvumelane ngezizwe ngezizwe. Eli liza lijolise kumngcipheko wenkqubo, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, nokubonakala okungentla kwizixhobo zemali ezintsonkothileyo.

Namhlanje, i-pendulum iyatsalwa ngamandla amatsha. Ukwanda kweBig Tech, isisongelo esingxamisekileyo sokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neziphumo zobuchule bokwenziwa zibangela ixesha elitsha lengxoxo yokulawula. Abenzi benkqubo baxakene neengxaki ezingafanelani kakuhle nezakhiwo ezindala, ukusuka kwindawo yogcino-lwazi kunye nolwaneliseko lobungcathu bemithetho kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon.

Iintsuku Ezingundoqo Zecawa

Le mpikiswano ithe ngcembe idla ngokugxininiswa kakhulu xa isetyenziswa kwimimandla ethile yezoqoqosho.

Iinkonzo zemali

Icandelo lemali mhlawumbi ngumzekelo ocacileyo womjikelo wolawulo. Imimiselo e-New Deal-era, efana .Glass-Stagell, inikezelwe ngamashumi eminyaka yozinzo. Iintshukumo zolawulo zoo1990 ezivunyelweyo ukudalwa kobukhulu, ukudityaniswa kwemali. Ukungangamele kwimisebenzi yelizwe kunye nokubolekisa okungaphantsi kwe-prime kwadala ukungqubana kwesixokelelwano solawulo oludubula ngo-2008.

Impendulo, uDodd-Frank, yadala iConsumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) yaza yabeka iibhanki ezinkulu kuvavanyo loxinzelelo olunzima. Kodwa, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka namhlanje, besithi iimfuno zemali ezingqongqo zemali kunye nenkcitho yezokuthotho ziyingozi kakhulu kwiibhanki ezincinane zoluntu kuneeWall Street, ngeli lixa abaxhasi bephikisa ukuba ukuthomalalisa le mithetho kubeka omnye umngcipheko wentlekele.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo umele imeko esesikweni yongenelelo lukarhulumente ocetyelwe ukulungisa ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso: ungcoliso. UMthetho woMmoya ococekileyo kunye noMthetho wokuGcwalisa amanzi uphucule ngokuphawulekayo impilo kawonke-wonke nomgangatho wokusingqongileyo ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970, ubonakalisa amandla emilinganiselo yorhulumente.

Ingxoxo yale mihla apha ijoliswe ekutshintsheni kwemozulu. Abaxhasi bomthetho onamandla wokuxhasa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon, imida yokukhupha umbane engqongqo, kunye norhwebo oluninzi lukawonke-wonke kumandla aluhlaza. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi imimiselo enjalo ibangela iindleko ezinzima zezoqoqosho, ithintela imveliso yamandla, kwaye uphuhliso lwezobugcisa, endaweni yemiyalelo karhulumente, lunika eyona ndlela ingcono. UMthetho weInflateation Reduction umela ukutshintshwa kwemithetho ebalulekileyo, ukusebenzisa inkxaso-mali kunye nemiyalelo engqalileyo yokukhutshwa kwerhafuthelo.

Impilo

Impilo eUnited States yimekobume elungelelanisiweyo, entsonkothileyo esoloko ibangela ukungavisisani okukhulu kwezobupolitika. IFDA ilawula ukhuseleko nokusebenza kweziyobisi kunye nezixhobo. IAffordal Care Act (ACA) ilungisa kwakhona intengiso ye-inshorensi ngemithetho, inkxaso-mali, kunye nenkxaso-mali kwiimeko ezikhoyo ngaphambi kokuba zifike.

Uxinezeleko olungundoqo luphakathi komnqweno wokusasazeka, ukufikeleleka okunokufikeleleka kunye nemfuneko yokulawula amaxabiso kunye nokuphuhliswa kolwandiso. Abaxhasi bokupheliswa komthetho ukwenzela utshintsho olusekelwe emarikeni, njengokuvumela i-inshorensi ukuba ithengiswe kwiintambo zikarhulumente kunye nokwandisa ii-akhawunti ze-Health Saves, bephikisa ukuba ukhuphiswano luza kunciphisa iindleko. Abaxhasi bemigaqo-mthetho kwixabiso eliphezulu lolawulo lwenkqubo elawulayo kunye nomxhasi wokwandisa iinkqubo ze-inshorensi kawonke, ezifana neMedicareare, okanye ukusebenzisa izilathiso ezithengwa ngqo kwimichi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka nogcino-lwazi

Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemeko-ntle ye-Internet kuye kwadala i-athom elawulayo eqala ngoku ukugcwaliswa. Kwimihla yokuqala, indlela "yokuchopha okulula" ivumela izihandiba ezikhulu njenge-Google, Meta, kunye ne-Amazon ukuba zikhule zingenazithintelo zininzi. Noko ke, uthotho lweziphako ezibandakanya ulwazi olufihlakeleyo, ulwazi oluphosakeleyo, namandla entengiso abangele ukuphithana okuzinzisa ngamandla.

Ukhuthazo lwe-GDPR lwe-European Ugcino-lwazi jikelele lwe-Grounity luye lwaba luphawu lwehlabathi lonke lwendawo yogcino-lwazi. E-United States, abamisi-mthetho baphikisana ngotshintsho oluchasene nokholo olujolise ekuphuleni amandla odwa, kwakunye nemithetho yolawulo lolwazi lwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye nokubonakala kwe-algoric. Ucelomngeni lwekamva kukukhusela nokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuvela kwemveliso ezoqoqosho lwamanani.

Ityala Lokubuyiselwa

Abaxhasi bomthetho onamandla baphikisa ngelithi ungenelelo lukarhulumente lubalulekile ekulungiseni ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso okubhaliweyo. Ngaphandle kwemithetho, amashishini akanasizathu sakwenza umba ombi wokuphendula izinto ezingaphandle ezizibeka eluntwini, njengongcoliso okanye umngcipheko wemali. Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukuchaza ulwazi, apho abathengisi banolwazi oluninzi ngemveliso (njengomngcipheko wabo okanye ngemali) kunabathengi.

Ngaphezu kokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, ulawulo lusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yentlalo. Lukhusela abantu ababuthathaka ekuxhatshazweni, luqinisekisa umgangatho osisiseko wokhuseleko emsebenzini nasezinto zabathengi, luxhasa amalungelo abantu. Impikiswano ayithi imithetho ifezekile, kodwa ibutho labantu langoku, elintsonkothileyo alinakusebenza kakuhle okanye likhuseleke ngaphandle kwemeko ekwaziyo ukunyanzelisa imigaqo ecacileyo.

Ityala Lokwaliwa

Abaxhasi bogunyaziso baphikisa ngokuthi ungenelelo lukarhulumente lusoloko lungekho mgangathweni, luxabisa imali eninzi, kwaye luthinjwe lula yimizi-mveliso ekwakufuneka luyilawule. Bakhomba kwingcamango yokubamba [[[FLT: 0] ulawulo, apho abaxhasi abanamandla basebenzisa imiqathango ukwenza imiqathango ephazamisa ukhuphiswano nokukhusela ingeniso yabo.

Ngaphezu koko, iindleko zonyuselo lokuthobelana zinokuba ngumthwalo obalulekileyo, ingakumbi kumashishini amancinci nawaphantsi. Abaxhasi bolawulo baphikisa ngelithi intengiso yamahala, ekhokelwa ngokhetho lwabathengi kunye nolwamashishini, inamandla kwaye isebenza ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye indlela ecwangcisiweyo. Baxhasa impumelelo yempumelelo yokuthotywa kwentelekelelo, njengokuncitshiswa kwemali yenqwelo-moya kunye noqhushululu lophuhliso kwi-intengiso, njengobungqina bokuba ukususwa kwesandla esinzima sikarhulumente kungakhulula ukwanda kwezoqoqosho nokunceda abathengi.

Uphando lophawu lwetyala lwendlela

Ukuhlolisisa iziganeko ezithile zembali kusinika isifundo esicacileyo ngekamva.

UMthetho woKhuthazo loMmoya ka- 1978

Oku kusoloko kubekwa njengengxelo yempumelelo yokuthintelwa komthetho. Ngaphambi kowe-1978, ibhodi ye-aeronautics ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo kunye nendlela, ikhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu kunye nokhetho olulinganiselweyo. Umthetho wasusa ezi ndlela zokulawula, uvumela iinqwelo-moya ukuba zikhuphisane ngokukhululekileyo ngexabiso nangenkonzo. Isiphumo saba kukuhla okuphawulekayo kwintengo yexabiso (ngaphezu kwama-40% xa kulungelelaniswe ukunyuka kokwehla kwexabiso) kunye nolwando olukhulu lokufikelela kohambo ngenqwelo-moya kubemi baseMerika abaqhelekileyo.

Noko ke, ibali alineengxaki. Ukhuphiswano olunzulu lwakhokelela ekudibaniseni amashishini, nezithwali ezininzi eziwayo okanye ezifunyenweyo. Oku kuye kwaphumela kwintengiso ephezulu namhlanje, apho iinqwelo-moya ezimbalwa ezinkulu zilawula izikhululo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuxhalabeni ngokhuphiswano oluncitshisiweyo, iindleko zempahla eziphezulu, kunye nokuhla komgangatho wenkonzo kwezinye iindlela. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukukhutshwa komthambo kungenza iingenelo ezinkulu kodwa kwakhona kufuna ukuphaphazamiso oluqhubekayo nxamnye nohlobo olutsha lwamandla entengiso.

Ukungalawuleki Kwemali Nengxaki Yonyaka-mali

Ukuba ukususwa kwenqwelo-moya libali lempumelelo, ukususwa kwemali ekupheleni kowama-1990 kunye nasekuqaleni kowama- 2000 kusebenza njengentsomi elumkisayo. Ingxelo yeGlass-Steagell, idityaniswe noMthetho weCommodity Fumediation Fumediation Modertization ka 2000, eyathi ngokucacileyo yakhulula iziphumo zemali ezisuka kubaphathi, yadala inkqubo yemali eyayingashukumi kwaye ithambeka ngendlela engathethekiyo.

Xa iqampu lezindlu ligqabhuka, ukunqongophala kokubonakala kwezibambi ezintsonkothileyo ezibangela ukurhoxa kwemali yonke kwabangela ukuba indleko yebheyile ephumayo kunye nokudodobala kwezoqoqosho zalinganiswa ngeezigidi zezigidi zeerandi. Le meko isebenza njengengxubusho enamandla yemfuneko yomthetho onamandla kumacandelo athile, ingakumbi apho ukungaphumeleli kwesakhiwo esinye kungaba neziphumo eziyingozi.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemali Nokubuyiselwa Kwemisebenzi

Ukunyuka kwamaqonga anjengo-Uber, Lyft, noGamboDash kuye kwadala indawo yedabi elilawulayo lale mihla. Ezi nkampani zaphazamisa iteksi elawulwa kakhulu kunye noshishino lwezothutho, zinika umsebenzi obhetyebhetye-the bhetye kunye namaxabiso aphantsi. Zathi abaqhubi bazo bangamashishini azimeleyo, kungekhona abaqeshwa, ziwavumela ukuba aphephe iindleko zomvuzo omncinane, ixesha elininzi, i-inshorensi yokungabikho kwemisebenzi, kunye nentlawulo yabasebenzi.

Olu hlelo luye lwakhokelela kumadabi anzima angokwasemthethweni nakwezobupolitika. I-odolowe-Ofisi ikhokelela kumadabi anzima angokwasemthethweni nakwezobupolitika. Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya amisela imithetho (AB5) ejolise ekuchazeni abasebenzi abaqeshi abaqeshiweyo njengezicaka, kodwa ukubona abavoti bevuma umlinganiselo weqonga (Iprojekthi) ukukhulula abaqhubi abasekelwe kwikhompyutha. Ingxoxo ingumsebenzi onzima wocelomngeni olubanzi: indlela yokusebenzisa imimiselo yenkonzo yenkulungwane yama-20 elungiselelwe uqoqo loshishino lweqonga elisekelwe kuma-21 akwiqondo aphezulu. Isiphumo siya kuba neziphumo ezinzulu kwikamva lomsebenzi kunye nomnatha wokuzinzo wokhuseleko.

Ukumisela Ikamva: Ulawulo Olulungeleleneyo

Ingxoxo endala yeezibini phakathi komgaqo kunye nolawulo iyaphelelwa lixesha. Ucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo lwenkulungwane yama-21(ukusuka kubukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo ukuya kwimo yezulu ukuya kulawulo lwendawo((demand) indlela entsha, entsonkothileyo. Injongo akufunekanga ibe kukuba norhulumente omninzi okanye ongaphantsi, kodwa ukwakha ulawulo olunobuntlola[ iinkqubo ezisebenzayo, ezisemthethweni, nezithambileyo.

Oku kubandakanya imigaqo emininzi engundoqo. Eyokuqala, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kwisiseko kufuneka kuthathelwe indawo amadabi engqiqo. Uhlolo lwempembelelo yomthetho kufuneka luhlalutye ngokungqongqo zombini iindleko neengenelo zemithetho emitsha. Okwesibini, imimiselo mayiyilelwe ukuba ibe yi efunyanisiweyo, kunye namalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga kunye nokwakhiwa kobuchule bokuhlola ukuze ihlaziywe njengendlela yobugcisa kunye nentengiso.

Okwesithathu, ivumela abafaki mveliso abatsha kulawulo lweziphene ezikhoyo ukuba bavavanye izinto ezintsha phantsi kweseti elula yemithetho, banike abalawuli izithuba ukufunda phambi kokubeka isakhiwo esisisigxina. Okokugqibela, umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe luyimfuneko ngakumbi kwiengxaki ezingawuhloneli umda, ezifana nokugexa kogcino-lwazi, ukupheza irhafu, ukuphepha, kunye nokukhupha ikharbon.

Isiphelo

Umbuzo wendlela yokulawula iimarike asingowokucombulula kanye ngokupheleleyo. Yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokufumana, ukuqhelanisa, kunye nengxoxo. Ukutshintsha kwenkqubo kuza kuqhubeka kujongwa njengendlela yokuphendula kwiingxaki ezintsha kunye nemfundo entsha. Injongo yokulawula ngokunempumelelo kukuqinisekisa ukuba olu guqu-guqu alupheli luye kubonakalisa umonakalo.

Akukho mthetho okanye ukuphelisa okusisixhobo. Sisixhobo ngasinye, kwaye ubuchule bomenzi wenkqubo buxhomekeke ekwazini ixesha nendlela yokuyisebenzisa. Ngokufunda ingxelo yembali, ngokubandakanya iindidi ezithile, nangokusebenzisa inkqubo yokufunda ngokuqhubekayo, singakha inkqubo enamandla nenamandla, ekhusela amandla emisika ngoxa ikhusela umdla kawonke-wonke. Ummi onolwazi, okwaziyo ukubandakanyeka kwezi mpikiswano zicacileyo, ungumchako obalulekileyo kule nkqubo.