Isizathu sokuba UmGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente Ube Nenkcazelo Engakumbi Ngaphezu KomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uyaziwa kakhulu, uqulethe amagama amalunga ne-4,500 kwaye umisela kuphela ulungiselelo olubanzi lukarhulumente worhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungaba ngamaxwebhu athe gqolo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko we-Alabama wowama-2022 (emva kokuhlanganisana) uhlala ungomnye wamagama amade kakhulu, ngokwembali engaphaya kwama-300,000, lo gama umgaqo-siseko othobayo njengo-Oregon usuka kwisibakala sokuba umgaqo-siseko usoloko usebenza ngokomthetho olawulayo kunye nemithetho esemthethweni, umgaqo onyanzelisayo ngokomgaqo-siseko wemithetho oyakhe yayawushiya kwiBhunga okanye umthetho-U.

Ngokungafaniyo, umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente usoloko uthetha ngemicimbi efana nesakhiwo sezikolo zasekuhlaleni, amanani nokungahlawulwa kwerhafu yempahla, ukusekwa kwamaqumrhu athile karhulumente, kwanemivuzo yamagosa karhulumente karhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umGaqo-siseko wase-United States uthumela imicimbi enjalo engqongqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente okanye kumazwe phantsi koMmiselo-Sihlaziyo weshumi. Lo mahluko ubonisa umgaqo osunguliweyo wokuba oorhulumente, besondelelene nabantu, bafuna imiyalelo ecacileyo yokuthintela ukuphamba nokuqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva.

Esinye isizathu sobude obugqithisileyo bomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kukulungela ukulungiswa kwawo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ufuna ukuba kubekho ubuncukubhede obukhulu bazo zombini izindlu zeBhunga kunye nolwandiso ngee-arhente ezintathu ezine, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uvumela abavoti ukuba bagqithe umthetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo ngenkqubo yokuqalisa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunyuseni kokupheliswa kwemibandela ukusuka kumalungelo okuzingela ukuqingqa iinkqubo, ukwenza umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ubenonkcukacha ezininzi nezingaphelelwa lixesha kunezo ezisebenza kunye nezingurhulumente wawo.

Inkqubo yoHlaliso: Ulungelelwaniso lukaRhulumente.

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. bayila inkqubo yokulungisa ukuba ibe nzima ngabom. Inqaku V livumela iindlela ezimbini: ivoti yesithathu kwizindlu zombini zeKhonkxa-mbuso okanye indibano ebizwa zii-3-3 zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ngapha koko, ukudityaniswa kufuna imvume ukusuka kwii-3-sine zamazwe. Ukususela ngo-1889, kuphela iziphelo ezingama-77 zimiselwe/a itestamente yokhupho lwamanyulwa lwamanyu.

Umgaqo-siseko wezwe, ngoko, utshintshwa ngobuninzi obukhulu. Umgaqo-siseko wombuso oqhelekileyo utshintshwe kamakhulu. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko weKhalifoniya ulungiswe izihlandlo ezingama-500 ukususela ngo- 1879. Uninzi lwamazwe lusebenzisa enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ndlela zilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi yokwahlula: Umthetho odluliswa kukungalingani kwazo zombini ezindlu, waze wathunyelwa kubavoti ukuze bafumane imvume.
  • I-Balthiotie: Abami baqokelela intsayino ukubeka intelekelelo ecetywayo ngqo kwivoti, igqitha indlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • Indibano yeKonsitituni: indibano ebizwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ngomvoti ukuphinda abhale okanye aphelise lonke uxwebhu, exhomekeke ekuvotisweni.

Oku kubhetyebhetye kuvumela amazwe ukuba aphendule ngokukhawuleza xa kuvela imiba ngezantsi. njengokuvumela ukuzonwabisa ngokusemthethweni okanye ukutshintsha irhafu ngaphandle kokulinda inyathelo lorhulumente. Noko ke, kwakhona kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ugqunywe ngamalungiselelo anokulawulwa ngcono ngemithetho eqhelekileyo. Utshintsho olunye lomgaqo-siseko kwelinye ilizwe lungaquka iinkcukacha kwimiqathango yemali yeeprojekthi zezothutho, ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awufane uthobe ngaphantsi kwemigaqo ebanzi yokwahlula amagunya namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Amalungelo Angaphaya KweBhodi Yamalungelo

Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo yase-U.S. ikhusela inkululeko esisiseko enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, nelungelo lokuphatha iimfazwe, imiqathango emininzi yorhulumente iye yahambela phambili. Amazwe embali aye asebenza njengeegumbi zolawulo-lwazi, ukhuseleko olwandisiweyo ngeendlela ezibonakalisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nezithethe zasekuhlaleni. Amalungelo awongezelelekileyo afumaneka kwimimiselo yorhulumente aquka:

  • Elungeni kwimfundo: Yonke imimiselo engu-50 yombuso iqulathe ulwimi olufuna urhulumente ukunikezela ngenkqubo yezikolo zikawonke-wonke ezikhululekileyo. Ezinye, njengazo zaseFlorida nase Washington, zigunyazisa ngokucacileyo ukuba “yanele” okanye“imali eninzi” okanye “imali eninzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwimeko- bume ecocekileyo: Montana, Pennsylvania, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi anemiqathango eqinisekisa abemi ukuba banelungelo lokucoca umoya namanzi, okanye ekulondolozweni kobuncwane bendalo.
  • IVictim yamalungelo:[ angaphezulu kwama-30 amazwe aye amkela “Umthetho kaMandla” okanye izivumelwano ezifanayo ezinika amaxhoba amalungelo afana nesaziso, inxaxheba kwimicimbi, kunye nokuhlawulelwa.
  • Privtacy: UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awukhankanyi ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuba wedwa, kodwa imimiselo emininzi yorhulumente yenza, ngokufuthi inezikhuseli ezibanzi zogcino-lwazi lobuqu nokhetho lokuzala.

La malungelo anwebekileyo athetha ukuba ukukhuselwa ngokuphawulekayo kommi kuxhomekeke kurhulumente ahlala kuwo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuqhomfa, elalikhuselwe ngurhulumente phantsi kwe-Roe v. Wade de kwangowama-2022, ngoku liqinisekiswe ngokucacileyo kwimithetho-siseko emininzi karhulumente, ngoxa abanye beye batshintsha imithetho yabo yokuxhasa ukukuthintela. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zidla ngokuwachaza ngokwazo la malungiselelo akhethekileyo, maxa wambi zinika ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kuneloMgaqo-siseko we-U.S.

Ukwakhiwa koRhulumente: Umahluko ekwahlukaneni kwamandla

Zombini umGaqo-siseko wase-United States kunye nomgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela amasebe amathathu karhulumente: imigaqo-siseko, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Kodwa ngoxa imodeli yesizwe ifana ngokwentelekiso, izakhiwo zikarhulumente zibonisa uludwe olubanzi lweyantlukwano kwindlela amandla anikwa ngayo navavanywa ngayo.

Isebe loMthetho

INebraska ima yodwa ngeuncameral, engeyoparatis. Wonke amanye amaphondo anendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimameral, kodwa amagumbi aphezulu nasezantsi ahlukile ngobukhulu, ubude begama, kunye namandla. Umzekelo, iNew Hampshire House yabameli inamalungu angama-400 .Nye yemibutho emikhulu yemithetho-mthetho kwilizwe lamaNgesi elithethayo.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Abalawuli bephondo basebenzisa amaqondo ahlukeneyo olawulo. Ngokungafaniyo nomongameli wase-U.S., iijaji ezininzi zabelana ngegunya eliphezulu namagosa azimeleyo anyuliweyo afana nomphathi-mikhosi, igqwetha jikelele, unobhala wezwe, kunye nomnini-mali. Le “modeli yesikhulu esiphezulu” ichitha amandla kwaye inciphisa amandla erhuluneli ukulawula isebe eliphetheyo lingakhange liphinde liphathwe. Umzekelo, iTexas, inerhuluneli ebuthathaka kakhulu xa ithelekiswa norhulumente onamandla osisigqeba njenge New York okanye iNew Jersey.

Isebe Lejaji

Iinkqubo zogwebo lwephondo zahluke kakhulu kunenkqubo karhulumente. Izahlulo zomGaqo-siseko we-U.S. Izixhobo zokwahlulela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo neenkundla eziphantsi ezisungulwe yiKhonkqele, kunye nazo zonke iijaji ezityunjwe ngumongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Ngokwahlukileyo, abagwebi beRhulumente, bangamiselwa yirhuluneli, enyulwa ngabantu, okanye bakhethwe ngenkqubo esekelwe kwi-project. Imithetho yesikhundla se-ofisi ephezulu iyahluka kwakhona: ezinye izigwebo zenkundla eziphakamileyo zisebenza ubomi, ngoxa abanye bejamelene nonyulo qhotho rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa. Esi sakhiwo sibonakalisa inkolelo yokuba abagwebi bamele baphendule ngokungqalileyo kubavoti.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya nolo rhulumente wasekuhlaleni

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuthethi nto nganto ithile kumbandela karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Wahlula-hlula amandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe, ushiya izixeko, amabala, needolophu njengezidalwa zikarhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yakuqinisekisa oku kwimeko yonyaka ka-1907 [[FL:0]] . Isixeko sePittsburgh, siphethe loo mithetho ilawula ngokupheleleyo koomasipala bayo.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, ngoko ke, udla ngokumisela ulawulo olubalulekileyo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nge “ imimiselo yolawulo lwasekhaya. Ulawulo lwasekhaya lunika isixeko okanye ingingqi igunya lokudlulisela imithetho yalo, ulawulo lwemicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kwaye luphakamise ingeniso, ukuba ezo zenzo azingqubani nomthetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko we-Alaska unika ulawulo olubanzi lwasekhaya nakuwuphi na umasipala owamkela umthetho wasekhaya, ngelixa umgaqo-siseko wecambhishophu unika izixeko kufutshane ne-mali epheleleyo yemicimbi kamasipala. Oku kuvumela ukuba iindawo zokulungisa iimfuno zazo ezikhethekileyo zifumane imivuzo encinane, ukrwelelo olufutshane lwexesha lokuqesha, okanye ukuvala iingxoko zeplastiki ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho-omthetho-omthetho-omthetho-onke-onke.

Iimbambano neMithetho yeNtlalo: ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente njengemibutho yokwamkelwa

Ngenxa yokuba umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ulula ukutshintsha kwaye uchaza ngakumbi, usoloko uba yindawo yedabi yengxoxo enkulu yentlalo nemithetho. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngokuthelekisayo awuthethi nto nganto ngemibandela emininzi yale mihla, ushiya amazwe eza kugcwalisa umgama (_kanjalo imimiselo yawo isoloko ibonisa imimoya yezopolitiko exhaphakileyo yelizwe ngalinye.

Imizekelo yemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu efakwe kumgaqo-siseko karhulumente iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenziwa kwasemthethweni kweMarijuana: umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ongaphezulu kwama-20 ngoku unentetho evumela umya wezonyango okanye ezokuzonwabisa, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa amanyathelo aphambili abemi. Umzekelo, uLawulo lweSimi seColorado 64 (202) olusemthethweni lokuzonwabisa lungasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwaye luvelise isakhiwo sokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo.
  • Ulawulo: Ngelixesha uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungamisela imiqathango eyongezelelweyo okanye uqinisekise ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zitolike ngokuphangaleleyo. Ngo-2018, umlinganiselo wokunyusa ixesha lokuthenga imipu eFlorida wamiselwa njengotshintsho lomthetho, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aye acinga ukuba umgaqo-siseko ukulungelelanisa okuza kuphelisa imithetho yemipu yasekuhlaleni.
  • I-Healthcare: Ngonyaka ka-2010], abavoti eMassachusetts bagunyazisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, kamva oqinisekiswe njengesiseko somthetho wotshintsho lwezonyango lwaseburhulumenteni, ofuna phantse bonke abemi ukuba babe ne-inshorensi yempilo. Kutshanje, amajelo achaza njenge Colorado neMaine asungula amanyathelo okukhetha i-inshorensi yempilo kawonke-wonke.

La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko anokuyivala inkqubo kangangamashumi eminyaka, ayenze ibe nzima ukuguqula umthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kuluncedo kwaye kuneengxaki: abaxhasi bayaphikisana ngokukhusela imigaqo-nkqubo ethandwayo ekungeneleni kwemithetho, ngoxa abahlalutyi bephikisa ngelithi ukuguqula imiba yengxabano engokwemigaqo-siseko kubangela ukuba kungabikho thuba lokulalanisa nokuqhekeka.

Imbali: Ukususela Kwizicangca Zoburhamane Ukuya Kuguquka Kwezi Ziimeko Zanamhlanje

Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wesizwe wabhaliswa ngexesha leMvukelo yaseMerika, ngokufuthi njengokulahlwa ngqo kwegunya lobukumkani. Ngokomzekelo, iMassachusetts, yamkela umgaqo-siseko wayo ngo1780 emva kwenkqubo eyaquka ukusetyenziswa kwedolophu ngenqanawa ngabantu qham.Imodeli eyaphembelela iNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko karhulumente woMgaqo-siseko. Imimiselo emininzi yangaphambili yabucala yaboleka kakhulu kumarhampasi, ilondoloza amalungelo anjengawo kuvavanywa ngabachobi kunye nenkululeko yonqulo.

Inkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 yazisa amaza okuzinziswa komGaqo-siseko. Ixesha likaJackson labona amajelo okunciphisa iimfaneleko zezinto zokuvota nokumisela abagwebi ukuba bakhethe kunokuba bamiselwe. IXesha leNkqubela lenza utshintsho lwenkqubo yedemokhrasi engqalileyo njengenyathelo lokuqala ne-arhenteum, kunye nezokhuseleko kunye namanyathelo okulwa nokonakala. Emva kwemfazwe yeSizwe, amaphondo aseMazantsi abuyisela umgaqo-siseko sawo ukubophelela uhlanga kunye nokukhulula idemokhrasi eethafa lokulawula intlalo-zwe-mda, kunye nelifa lempuku elithathe inkulungwane ukubhukuqaliselwa kumthetho wesizwe kunye nemithetho yeNkundla ephakamileyo.

Namhlanje, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usaqhubeka ukho ngamaxwebhu abonisa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali nakweminye imimandla. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe aseNtshona asoloko equka umlinganiselo wamanzi ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanzi kwimozulu eyinkqantosi, ngoxa kumazwe aseMpuma Coast kukho imimiselo emidala eguquliweyo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Oku kusikelwe kwembali kwenza umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngamnye ube yinkcazelo ekhethekileyo yendaleko yentlalo nenkcubeko.

Ingcaciso yezakhono: Imimandla yeLizwe elizimeleyo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo, -- kwaye ngokufuthi iingcinga eziphakathi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente norhulumente yindlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ingumxhasi wokugqibela womGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kwaye imithetho yayo kwimibuzo karhulumente ibopha zonke iinkundla zikarhulumente. Noko ke, iinkundla zikarhulumente zinegama lokugqibela ngentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko wazo, logama nje ezo zigqibo zingawuphuli umthetho worhulumente okanye umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Lo mgaqo wecala elipheleleyo lombuso owaneleyo nozimeleyo uvumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zinikezele ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunolo lweenkundla zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe yeWashington itolike itolike intetho yayo yezobuqu yephondo ukunikela ukhuseleko olubanzi nxamnye nophengululo olungagunyaziswanga lukunikwa yiSine soMmiselo-Mgaqo-siseko we-omgaqo-siseko wephondo. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York iyavuma ukuba inelungelo lokuxhasa imfundo enxulumene nemithetho phantsi komgaqo karhulumente ebekwe ngurhulumente obekwe yi-U.S.

Kwakhona abagwebi besizwe basebenza phantsi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha kunye neenkonzo zemithetho ehlukeneyo kunabagwebi besizwe, abanokuphembelela iindlela zabo zokutolika. Ngoxa abagwebi besizwe betyunjwa ukuze baphile, abagwebi abaninzi besizwe bajongene nonyulo ngamaxesha athile okanye amavoti angevayo, oku kubenza baphendule ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Oku kunamandla kunokukhokelela ekuchazeni imithetho esekelwe kumgaqo-siseko etshintsha ngokusondele ngakumbi kunye nemilinganiselo yomnyuli-vo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho KomGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Kubafundi bakarhulumente waseMerika, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente oqondayo asingombandela we-trivia(ukubalulekile) ukuqondisisa indlela esebenza ngayo i-United States. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko we-U.S. unika isiseko esiphezulu, imimiselo karhulumente imisela imithetho yosuku nosuku elawula izikolo, irhafu, amagunya amapolisa, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Zininzi ngakumbi ezinokuguqulelwa, kwaye zisabela ngokungqalileyo kubantu abakhonzayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi mithetho-siseko emibini kuthetha ukuba ilungelo elizukileyo kwelinye ilizwe lingabakho kwelinye. Kukwathetha ukuba iimeko zingaqhubeka zisebenza njengeelaboratori zophuhliso lwenkqubo, zizama iindlela ezintsha zemfundo, unyango, ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Ngokuthelekisa umgaqo-siseko wesizwe noMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., sifumana uxabiso oluphezulu ngenkqubo entsonkothileyo, elungelelanisiweyo echaza ulawulo lwaseMelika.

Ukuphinda ufunde, [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu loLwazi lomthetho ligcina uvimba omkhulu womgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nezigqibo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yesizwe [[ inika ugcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha ekuthatheleni phambili neenkqubo zesiphelo ezisetyenziswa kumbuso wezwe. Izazi-mbali zingaqwalasela imvelaphi yala maxwebhu nge- uqokelelo lwamathala ee mithetho yelizwe ye-Romatiliti kunye nemithetho-omatilo.