Ukuqonda ulawulo nolawulo lukarhulumente

Ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezi nkonzo zezolawulo lwamasebe oluntu kunye nezobucala lusebenza kwimida ekhusela abemi, iimarike, kunye nemekobume. Embilinini yayo, ulawulo yinkqubo yemithetho, yokuhlola, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukulungiselela ukulungelelanisa indlela yokuziphatha yabantu, imibutho enomdla obanzi. Ngaphandle kokungajongwa kwaloo ndlela, ooshishino banokubeka ingeniso encinane kukhuseleko lwexesha elide, olusesikweni, okanye oluzinzileyo. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lwendlela imigaqo esebenza ngayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo, ukubaluleka, iingxaki zabo, kunye nezo zijongenezo zinto zinokuzenzayo ikamva le nkqubo yolawulo ehlabathini lonke.

Ingcamango yomthetho iqala kwiinkulungwane zakudala, ukusuka kwimigangatho yequmrhu lolawulo lwezobukhomfa kuse kwimithetho yakudala yogcino-mali. EUnited States, i-Interstate Commerce Act yango1887 yaphawula enye yemigudu yokuqala karhulumente yolawulo lwezoshishino lwabucala. Namhlanje, phantse lonke icandelo(ukusuka ekutyeni nakumayeza ukuya kwimali, amandla, unxibelelwano, kunye nezithuthi) zobugqeba obunjwe luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo akuyomfuneko kubenzi bezomthetho neenkokeli zoshishino kodwa kwanabemi abaxhomekeke kwimveliso ekhuselekileyo, kwimibutho ecocekile, kwimibutho ecocekileyo, nakwiimarikethengiso.

Iintlobo Zomatshini Ezisetyenziswa Ngurhulumente

Ulawulo lukarhulumente asingomsebenzi woburhulumente obunye. Luthatha iintlobo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye inamandla ayo, imiqathango yayo, kunye nemithetho yayo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kucacisa indlela amandla omthetho asasazwa ngayo aze asetyenziswe ngapha nangapha kwamasebe namanqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Iziqu zomthetho ezigunyazisayo . njengeziqu zeBhunga leNgqungquthela okanye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente eUnited States.. Ukumiswa kwemithetho yesiseko echaza oko kulawulwayo nendlela. Zinegunya lokugunyazisa amaqumrhu, izimali ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokudlulisela imimiselo emitsha enwenwayo okanye egunyazisiweyo. Ulawulo lwasemthethweni lukwaquka ukuva, uphando, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweentloko zeziko. Umzekelo, iikomiti zengqungquthela zihlola rhoqo i-Arhente [[FLT: 0] Entron ukulungela i-ENTERITP [PA:1] ukuqinisekisa ukuba iphumeza imithetho ecocekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lingawenzi igunya okanye lingayityesheli.

Ulawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo liphumeza ukwenziwa komthetho wemimiselo ngosuku. Ngokufana neSebe leMimiselo eliLawulayo, iSebe leMisebenzi, i-FRANT (FDA), kunye noLawulo lwe-Occupational Safety kunye noLawulo lwezempilo (OSHA).

Ulawulo lwezomthetho

Iinkundla zisebenza njengeenkokeli eziphambili zesenzo somthetho. Zitolika imimiselo, zihlola izigqibo zowiso-mthetho nolwamava, ziqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ayiwachasi amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ulawulo lwejaji lunika uvavanyo nxamnye nokwenziwa komthetho ozenzekelayo okanye oguquguqukayo. Iimeko zokuphawula njenge-Chevron v. IBhunga lokhuselo lwezendalo limisela imfundiso yokucofwa kwemigaqo ecacileyo, nangona imimiselo yeNkugqibelelko ePhakamileyo iqala ukucutha loo mithetho ingelukileyo. Ngaphandle kokuvelela kwekomiti yezomthetho, amagosa amagosa asebenza ngokusemthethweni angenzangakhange aphenduleli.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo oluzimeleyo

Ezinye iziqu ezilawulayo ezisebenza ngaphandle kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwesebe eliphetheyo ukugquma isalathisi soxinzelelo lwezobupolitika. Izimiliselo ezifana ne- ukhuseleko kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC), iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano lweFederal (FCC), kunye neKhomishini yeFederal Trade Commission (FTC) ekhokelwa yi-bipartistons amalungu ayo aneeeeeeee mithetho emisiweyo. Esi sakhiwo siwavumela ukuba aqhubeke neenjongo ezinde zolawulo, ezifana nokukhusela okanye ukhuphiswano kwi-temcolo-mscreance, ngaphandle kokuphenjezelwa yimijikelelo emfutshane yezopolitiki.

Ukubaluleka Kokubuyiselwa Koluntu Lwanamhlanje

Umthetho ophumelelayo uzisa iingenelo ezibonakalayo ezixhasa impumelelo yezoqoqosho nentlalo - ntle kawonke wonke.

Ukhuseleko lwabathengi

Imithetho ikhusela abathengi kubuqhetseba, iimveliso ezingakhuselekanga, kunye nezibhengezo ezilahlekisayo. FDA, umzekelo, ifuna iimvavanyo ezinzima ze-alphaniki phambi kokuba kuthengiswe iyeza elitsha. Ngokufanayo, iConsumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) imisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko yento yonke ukusuka kwi-cribripts ukuya kwi-electal. Le mithetho inciphisa umngcipheko wengozi kwaye inika intembelo yokuba oko bakuthengayo kuhlangabezana nemigangatho esisiseko enzima. Ngaphandle kolawulo, ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso kwemveliso enesiphene.

Ubuchule Borhwebo Nokhuphiswano Olufanelekileyo

Ujikelezo lukhusela ubuchule bokwenza utshintsho, luthintele ubuchule bokulwa nokhuphiswano, kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba iimarike zemali zisebenza ngokucace. SEC ifuna iinkampani ezitshintshiselwayo ekuhleni ukubhenca ulwazi lwemali, ukucutha uxinzeleleko lolwazi phakathi kwabangaphakathi kunye noluntu. Ukunyanzelisa ulawulo ngeFTC kunye neSebe leJaji lebloko zeJaji ezinokukonakalisa ukhuphiso. Imarikethelo lutsala utyalo kunye nolwando olukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweprojekthi, kodwa luxhomekeke kwisakhiwo esithe ngqo esigcina imithetho yomdlalo.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Imimiselo yendawo engqongileyo imisela imida ekungcolisekeni, ifuna uhlolo lwemekobume, kunye nokukhusela ubuncwane bendalo. UMthetho we-EPA ococekileyo woMthotho oGawulayo noNcococo lwamanzi uye wanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umoya kunye nongcoliso lwamanzi eUnited States ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970. Imithetho ikwathetha ngezisongelo ezivelayo ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuchanabeka kwemichiza enetyhefu. Ngokufaka ngaphakathi iindleko zemekobume, le mithetho inceda ekulondolozeni indalo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukhuseleko

Imimiselo yokhuseleko lwasemsebenzini enyanzelwe yi-OSH, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lwezithuthi emiselwe yiFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) kunye neNational Highway Traffy Safety Administration (NHTSA), kunye nemithetho yokwakha enyanzeliswe kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni yonke inegalelo ekuthinteleni iingozi nomonakalo. Umzekelo, imithetho efuna amabhanti okuhlala, iibhanti, kunye nolawulo lombane lusindisile amashumi amawaka obomi endleleni. Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lusoloko lungabonakali de lungaphumeleli, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo okuzinzisa imbombo yoluntu lwanamhlanje.

Ucelomngeni Olubalulekileyo Lokujamelana Nenkqubo Yolawulo

Nangona zibalulekile, iinkqubo zolawulo zineengxaki. Abenzi bemithetho, amashishini nabemi ngokufanayo bazama ukumelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo.

Iindleko zokuqokelela kunye nomthwalo wolawulo

Imithetho imisela iindleko ezithe ngqo kumashishini . njengayo irhafu, amaphepha, nemfuneko yokuqesha abasebenzi abathobelayo, kwaye nexabiso elingangqalanga njengexesha elicuthiweyo elifana nobhedu oluncinci kunye nolwandiso lwexesha. Imisebenzi emincinci, ngokukodwa, idla ngokuzama ukuqhuba iimfuno zolawulo eziqikelelwayo kwimisebenzi emikhulu. Ngokutsho kwe CD, umthwalo onzima kakhulu wokulawula ungaphazamisa ukuphuhliswa nokuncitshiswa kwezoqoqosho. Ukulungelelanisa iinzuzo zolawulo kunye nexabiso lazo kuxanduva oluqhubekayo.

Umgangatho wokulawula

Ukuphathwa kolawulo kwenzeka xa umbutho, kunokuba usebenzele umdla kawonke-wonke, ulawulwa yimizi - mveliso ekumele ukuba ilawula. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokuthabatha umsebenzi wendlu, ukukhuthaza, okanye ukuphuhliswa konxulumano. Umphumo uba ngumphumo wokungabikho komthetho olungileyo, ukubekwa kolawulo olulungileyo, nokuphulukana nokuthenjwa kwabantu. Umzekelo, iingxaki zemali zowa ngowama-2008 zatyhila indlela ukubanjwa komthetho ngomzinzo okufak'ukunciphisa ukuboleka nokuthengisa imali. Ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwemali kufuna ukuba kubekho ukukhazimla, ukuphatha ngokwesigxina, nokungamela, kunye nengxabano enamandla engongongongongowe-93ge.

Ubuntsonkothile Nokwahluka

Ulawulo olulawulayo kumazwe amaninzi luninzi lwemithetho ehambanayo yaye ngamanye amaxesha ephikisanayo ukusuka kurhulumente, kumazwe, nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ishishini elinye lisenokuvumelana namasebe amaninzi, ngalinye elineenkcazelo zalo, iinjongo zalo, kunye neefomu zalo zokunika ingxelo. Oku kuntsonkotha kunyusa amaxabiso okuthobela nokunyusa amathuba okuphulwa ngempazamo. Imigudu yokwaphula umthetho efana nemithetho yotshintsho ye-U.S.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Iinguqu kukhokelo lwezobupolitika zingakhokelela ekutshintsheni okuphawulekayo ekulawuleni izinto eziphambili. Ulawulo oluvumela ukupheliswa komthetho lungabangela ukuba ukwenziwa komthetho kungasebenzi, amaqumrhu akhutshiwe, okanye kutyumbe iinkokeli zobungane, ngelixesha ulawulo olulandelayo lungabuyisela umva kwikhondo luze lumisele imithetho emitsha. Oku kungaqiniseki kudala ukungaqiniseki kwamashishini, okumele kuqhubeke ukuhambelana neemfuno ezitshintshayo. Kungakwaphula utshintsho olude lwexesha elide lokutyalwa kwemali ngokuthobela. Ubungqina obungaguquguqukiyo bungaguquguqukiyo obusekelwe kwisivumelwano se-bipartisanan kwimistries kukhuseleko olungundoqo.

Uphando lwemeko lwezindululo ezisebenzayo

Ukuhlolisisa imizimba elawulayo ngempumelelo kusifundisa izifundo ezicacileyo kwimisebenzi nesizathu sokuba.

Ukutya noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA)

IFDA ijonge ukhuseleko nokusebenza kokutya, amayeza, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezithambiso. Inkqubo yayo enzima yokugunyaziswa kwamayeza − ukuvavanywa kwee-amayeza okunyanga − kwaye ilawula iziphumo ezininzi zegolide emhlabeni wonke. Isebe lihlola nezinto ezikhoyo emva kokuba zifike emarikeni ngeziphumo ezibi zengxelo zeziganeko zexa elizayo kwaye likhumbula. Ngoxa abahlalutyi bephikisa imigaqo ye-FDA icotha kakhulu, izigqibo zabo ziyahlonelwa kakhulu kwaye zidla ngokulinganiswa namanye amazwe. Ikhono lalo sebe lokuziqhelanisa nokuvela kwemichiza, njengogunyaziso olukhawulezileyo lwezitoliki zezonkani ngexesha le-CHOD.

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA inyanzelisa imithetho elawula ungcoliso lomoya namanzi, ilawula inkunkuma eyingozi, kunye nokukhusela indalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo koMthetho we-Cec Moyer kuye kwakhokelela ekuncitshisweni okuphawulekayo kokukhutshwa kwesulfur dioxide, i-nitrogen oxide, kunye nekhokeli. I-EPA iqhuba uhlolo lwemichiza eyingozi phantsi koMthetho wokuLawula i-Boshelahemi. Enye yamandla ayo angundoqo kukusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho ukubeka imigangatho esebenzayo. Indima yombutho ekulungiseni ukuguquka kwemozulu ngemiqathango yegesi eshushu yegesi iye yaba ngumbandela obalulekileyo wengxoxo yezopolitiko, kodwa iziseko zayo zenzululwazi neziseko ezisemthethweni zisesona sisesona sikhulu.

IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)

I-SEC ijonge iimarike zokungakhuselwa kweemali eUnited States ngokusebenza ushishino lokukhusela abanikazi bemali, ukugcina iimarike ezifanelekileyo nezifanelekileyo, nokulungisa amashishini. Ifuna ukuba iinkampani zikawonke-wonke zikhuphe iingxelo zemali ezithe rhoqo, inyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokurhwebelana nokuqhatha, kwaye ilawula ukutshintshisana ngamashishini. Izenzo zokunyanzelisa i-SEC ziphumele kumawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwii-erandi ezifumana izigwebo, zithintele ukunganyaniseki kwazo. Ubuchule bazo bokuqhelanisa nobugcisa obutsha bezentengiso noshishino oluphezulu lwe-200-200-20% luyaqhubeka luvavanywa, kodwa imigaqo yayo yesiseko sokubonakala nokuzivelela nokuziphendulela ijongwa ngokuba luncedo kakhulu.

Imikhwa Ekhulayo Nekamva Lokubuyiselwa

Ukusingqongileyo okulawulayo akumi ngaxesha nye. Iziganeko eziliqela ziya kuphinda zitshintshe indlela ekuza kusebenza ngayo ulawulo kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Ushenxiso lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuLayishwa

Oorhulumente basebenzisa ubugcisa obuqhubekayo ukuqwalasela ukuthotyelwa, ukuva ukwaphulwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa komsinga. Izixhobo zobugcisa zolawulo (iRegtech) izisombululo zokwenza izinto. "ezifana nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluzenzekelayo, ukufunda ubuchule bomatshini ukuze kufunyanwe i-algorithm, kunye nezithintelo zokufumana iingxelo ezibonisa ukuma kuma-1940/ukusetyenziswa kwazo zombini iziva ezikude ukuze zijonge ukukhupha igesi. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka kwimithetho yemithetho-algorithsi kunyusa inkxalabo, ubumfihlo, kunye nokufuna ulawulo lomntu.

Imigangatho yomhlaba wonke kunye nolungelelwaniso

Njengoko urhwebo nekomkhulu liba yindawo ebanzi, ukwahlulwa komthetho kuzisa iindleko ezibalulekileyo kumashishini amazwe ngamazwe. Kukho uxinzelelo olukhulayo ekumanyaniseni imilinganiselo enqamleza imida ngezantsi kwemimandla enjengebhanki (basebacle III), ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi (GDPR njengemodeli), kunye nokunika ingxelo yemekobume. Iingqubano zezizwe ngezizwe njengentlangano ye-Secituration of Secituration Commiss (IOCO) kunye ne-Malifashoni ye-Mality Board (FSB) esebenzayo. Ngoxa ukuvumelana ngokupheleleyo kungenakufane kubangele umahluko kwizinto eziphambili zesizwe, ukuqaphelana nokuzinziwa kwento ekhoyo kunganciphisa ukuphinda kuphinde kusebenze xa kugcinwa iinguquko.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokubonisa ngaphaya Kweliso

Amaziko alawulayo asebenzisa izixhobo ezingakumbi zokubandakanya abemi kwinkqubo yokumisela imithetho. Isaziso thola amaxesha okufumana imvume, ukuva iindlebe, kunye namaqonga e-intanethi avumela abagcini-lwazi ukuba banikezele igalelo. Amanye amagunya azise uqingqo-mali okanye iibhodi zolawulo lobumi ukwenzela izigqibo ezithile zolawulo. Ukubonakala okungakumbi "ngokufana nokupapasha kwe-data yombutho, ukuqinisekisa, nokuphatha iingxelo, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana. Umzekelo, i- i-Refective.

Ulungelelwaniso Olulungelelanisiweyo Nolunesandi

Utshintsho lobugcisa obusetyenziswayo olukhawulezayo . Ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezifana nobuchule bokuzenzela, ukuhlelwa kwemizila yemfuza, kunye nezithuthi ezizimeleyo ezikwazi ukujika ngokukhawuleza. Umthetho wesithethe, onokuthi uthathe iminyaka, usoloko ucotha. Umgaqo wotshintsho usebenzisa imigaqo esekelwe kwimimiselo, ii-athority boxs (apho ii-innovators zingavavanya izinto phantsi kolawulo olupholileyo), kunye neentetho zokutshona kwelanga ezinyanzela uhlolo lwexesha. Umzekelo, i-U.K. i-PlaneticleAnce Licerity Aguebox ephumelelayo kwisiqalo senkwilikethi. Ukutshintsha isantya kunye nemfuneko yokukhusela okuzinzileyo kuhlala kungucelomngeni, kodwa ukungena kwephecaphulo kufumana iphecaza eliphambili kuphambili kwe-Premietator.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zolawulo lukarhulumente ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesivumelwano soluntu. Zikhusela abathengi, ziqinisekisa ingqibelelo yezorhwebo, zikhusela indalo, zikhuthaza nokhuseleko loluntu. Kodwa umthetho awungomthetho olungisa indalo, kufuneka wenziwe ngononophelo, unyanzeliswe, uhlaziywe rhoqo, kwaye uhlaziywe rhoqo ukuze uhlangabezane neengxaki ezintsha. Uxanduva phakathi kokuphumelela nokuphumelela nokukhusela, phakathi kolawulo lwezopolitiko nokuzilawula, kwaye phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe kunye nolwamanyamezelo lwehlabathi luza kuqhubeka lubumba iingxoxo ezilawula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda iintlobo, ukubaluleka, kunye nocelomngeni lomthetho kufuneka kuqululwe nabani nabani na ofuna ukulawula okanye ulawulo oluntluntlukwano olulawula ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Njengokuba ubugcisa noluntu luhambela phambili, ukusukelana kolawulo olunempumelelo, olufanelekileyo, nolawulo olulungelelwayo, olulungelelwayo, olulungelelanisiweyo luza kuhlala kuselukho umsebenzi wolawulo lwe-demo-demokhrasi.