Ukwazisa

Iinkundla zolawulo zinikela indlela ekhethekileyo yokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwabantu kunye namasebe karhulumente, esebenza njengendlela efanayo kwinkqubo yokugweba yesithethe. Ezi nkundla zibalulekile ukuze zigcine ii-checks kumandla olawulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zihambelana nemigaqo esemthethweni. Ngokunikela i-fourm enikezelwe kwimibandela yomthetho kawonke-wonke, zinceda abemi bangenele izigqibo ezinjengamatyala okuthoba, iingenelwa kwentlalo, kunye nokunganyanzeliswa komthetho ngaphandle kokukhulisela inkundla yenkundla yetyala eqhelekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umsebenzi, imigaqo, imigaqo, kunye neenkonganiso zehlabathi lonke, libalase indima yabo ekuxhaseni umthetho kunye namalungelo abo angabantu ngabanye.

Ziyintoni Iinkundla Zolawulo?

Iinkundla zolawulo ziziziko lobulungisa okanye iinkundla zolawulo eziziziko lomthetho ezidalelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuvelisa iimpikiswano ezikhoyo kwisigqibo nezenzo zamasebe karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zoluntu okanye zolwaphulo-mthetho jikelele, zijolise ingqalelo kuphela kwimicimbi yomthetho kawonke-wonke, zihlolisisa enoba izenzo zolawulo zisemthethweni, zisesikweni ngokwesithethe, kwaye ngaphakathi kwigunya elinikwe umbutho. Ezi nkosana zisenokuba yinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo (njengokuba kukho imizekelo emininzi yaseYurophu) okanye zidityaniswe kwijaji (njengokolunye umgaqo womthetho oqhelekileyo).

Ingcamango yokulawula iqala kwixesha likaNapoleon eFransi, apho iConeil d'État yasekwa ukusombulula iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nolawulo lukarhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amazwe amaninzi amkela umahluko walo mzekelo, edala imibutho ekhethekileyo ukusingatha ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo komthetho karhulumente.

Injongo Nokubaluleka Kweenkundla Zolawulo

Umsebenzi oyintloko weenkundla zolawulo kukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala zisemthethweni, zisengqiqweni, yaye zihlonela amalungelo abemi.

  • Bavumela abantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezifana nokukhanyelwa kweenzuzo, ukurhoxiswa kwelayisensi, okanye ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.
  • ukufumaneka kwemali kunye nokubonakala: Ngokumisela izigqibo zolawulo ukuqwalasela ngokuzimeleyo, ezi ntendelezo zikhuthaza ulawulo olulungileyo kwaye zithintela izenzo ezizizo.
  • ubuchule obukhethekileyo: Abagwebi kwezi ntena banolwazi olunzulu lomthetho wolawulo, olubenza bakwazi ukusingatha imiba entso yemithetho ngokunempumelelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ukwenzeka nokufumaneka: Iiprojekthi azisoloko zisesikweni kuneenkundla zesithethe, zicutha iindleko kwaye zikhawulezisa isigqibo kubemi abaqhelekileyo.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, Basebenza njengenkuselo kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho abameli basebenzisa ubuchule obubalulekileyo.

Iinkundla zolawulo zikwanendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokunikela ityala kwinyathelo eliyintloko, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisa umthetho.

Iintlobo zamatyala Aphethwe ziiNkundla zoLawulo

Ityala lenkundla yolawulo libanzi, liquka phantse yonke imimandla apho urhulumente asebenzisana nabemi.

  • Ukhuseleko lwendawo kunye neenzuzo zentlalo-ntle: Iphikisa ngaphezu kokungafezeki, ukubala iinzuzo, okanye ukupheliswa koncedo.
  • [[Uvavanyo:0] lweziphumo nezohlwayo: ucelomngeni kwirhafu, uphicotho-zincwadi, kunye nemali ehlawulwayo ebekwe ngamagunya engeniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa nokubekwa kwelizwe: izibheno ngokuchasene nezigqibo zocwangciso lwasekuhlaleni, imvume yokwakha, kunye nempembelelo yemekobume.
  • Ukungaqiniseki nomthetho wengcali:[[FL:1] Ukungavumelani malunga nokungalungi, ukukhupha, okanye ukuchithwa kwelayisensi kumashishini, abaqhubi, okanye izifundiswa.
  • Ufuduko kunye nendawo yokhuseleko: Izigqibo kwizicelo ze vhisa, imiyalelo yokugxothwa, kunye nozimiselo lobundlobongela.
  • Imithetho yempilo neyoluntu: imiyalelo yeQumrhu, ungcoliso luvumela, kunye nezenzo zokunyanzelisa ingingqi zemeko-bume.
  • Ukufumana i-Public kunye nezivumelwano: ucelomngeni lokusebenzisa iinkqubo, izivumelwano, okanye ukususwa kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukunikezelwa kwezakhiwo nezindlu: Ingqumbo kuncedo lwabafundi, uqeqesho lwesikolo, okanye ukungangeni kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke.

Lo lawulo lubanzi lubonisa ukufikelela okukhulu koorhulumente bezi mini kunye nemfuneko yento ethile ekhethekileyo.

Isakhiwo seeNkundla zoLawulo

Isakhiwo sentlangano seenkundla zolawulo siyahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zomthetho.

Inkqubo yokuDibanisa (iYurophu)

Kumazwe anjengeFransi, iJamani, ne-Itali, iinkundla zolawulo zibumba inkqubo yolawulo eyahlukileyo kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni nezezaphuli-mthetho eziqhelekileyo. Kumgangatho osezantsi, iinkundla zolawulo zasekuhlaleni ziva amatyala okuqala. [ iinkundla zephondo [ zephondo [[FULT]] zihlola izigqibo, kunye nenkundla yolawulo yenkundla yolawulo [[FTLT:5] (njengeConseil dÉtat' okanye iBrentshile]) isebenza njengendlela yokugqibela yokulungisa i-transten. Le nkqubo ivumela ukusetyenziswa okunzulu komthetho nokhuthulo oluthe ngqo kumazwe azimeleyo.

Inkqubo Eyodwa (Amazwe Omthetho Omthonyama)

EUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, namazwe amaninzi aManyeneyo, ukungqinelana kolawulo kusoloko kuphethwe ngaphakathi kwejaji eqhelekileyo ngeenkundla ezithile okanye ngokuhlola okusesikweni. Amaqumrhu azinikeleyo njenge-UK's First-tier Tribunal Tribunal (inxalenye yeHM Courts & Tribunals Service) asingatha imiqulu emikhulu yamatyala, ngoxa iinkundla eziphezulu zihlola izigqibo zenkundla. Kulo United States, abagwebi bomthetho wolawulo (ALJ) abaqeshwa ngabameli beququzeli borhulumente ekuqaleni bagqiba iimpikiswano, kodwa izigqibo zabo zinokubhenele kwintloko yombutho kwaye ekugqibeleni kwiinkundla zolawulo.

Amazwe amaninzi anazo iinkundla zequmrhu ezinokuva amatyala abandakanya amalungelo asisiseko, angenawo agunyazisiweyo.

Iinkqubo kwiiNkundla zoLawulo

Iinkqubo zenkundla yolawulo zenzelwe ukulungelelanisa ubuchule nokusesikweni. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Imicimbi emininzi iqala ngokuthobela okubhaliweyo, apho amaqela anikela iimpikiswano zawo nobungqina ngaphandle kokuva ngomlomo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi ecacileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibeka imithetho esesikweni yobungqina: Iinkundla zolawulo zisoloko zivuma uludwe olubanzi lobungqina kuneenkundla zesithethe, kuquka iingxelo, ii-affidavits, kunye neembono zengcali.
  • Empasi kumaxwebhu:[ Irekhodi yolawulo] amaxwebhu aqwalaselwe lisebe xa lenza isigqibo (iphakathi) ukuhlola. Iinkundla ziqwalasela kuphela ubungqina obutsha kwiimeko ezithile.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Imilinganiselo ekhutshiweyo yexesha: isoloko icwangcisa amaxesha angqongqo okukhupha isibheno sefashoni kunye nenkundla ukunikezela isigqibo, ukuqinisekisa isigqibo esifike ngexesha elililo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo kunye nesinye isigqibo sempikiswano: Iinkundla ezininzi zolawulo zikhuthaza amaqela ukuba ahlale kwiinkomfa ezingacwangciswanga okanye angenelele phambi kokuchongwa okusesikweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibhedi yobungqina: Ixhomekeke kulawulo, umthwalo ungatshintsha phakathi komfaki-sicelo nomthombo. Ngokufuthi isibonelelo kufuneka sithethelele isigqibo saso esisekelwe kwirekhodi.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi nkqubo zingenayo, amaqela anelungelo lokubhenela kwizigwebo ezichaseneyo kwiinkundla zolawulo eziphakamileyo okanye kwijaji ethe rhoqo kwiingongoma zomthetho.

Iingenelo Neengenelo Zeenkundla Zolawulo

Iinkundla zolawulo zinika iingenelo eziliqela ezahlukileyo kunezo ziqhelekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Izehlo: [ ABagwebi namalungu enkundla athelekelele kwimimandla ethile efana nerhafu, intlalo-ntle, okanye ukufuduka, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezithe chatha.
  • Isiphumo semali: Imali ephantsi, iinkqubo ezilula, kunye nokuva okufutshane kunganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umthwalo wemali kwiimali ezithelekiswa nezenzo zenkundla yamakhaya.
  • Isantya senkundla ezininzi zolawulo zisombulula amatyala kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kunokuba zinike abahlali uncedo olukhawulezileyo oluchaphazelekayo kwizigqibo zikarhulumente.
  • Unikezelo: Ilitijiji ezizimelayo zisoloko zifumanisa kulula ukuqhuba iinkundla zolawulo ngenxa yobulula bolwazi kunye nokufumaneka kweentlobo ezicacileyo zolwimi.
  • Utshintsho oluncinci olukwimekobume ebangela uloyiko lukhuthaza abantu ukuba banikele amatyala abo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yesiluleko esingokwasemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukwazi ukunyanga: Iinkundla zolawulo azinakuphelisa nje izigqibo kodwa zikwayalela abameli ukuba banikezele izigqibo ezithile, bahlawule umonakalo, okanye bathathe inyathelo lokulungisa.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo zazo, iinkundla zolawulo zijamelene nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] oovimba abadityanisiweyo: umthwalo ophezulu kunye nokunganyuswanga kungakhokelela kulibaziseko, kusenenze kusithenjiso sobulungisa obukhawulezayo.
  • Imbono yocalulo: Kwezinye iinkqubo apho abagwebi bamiselwa ngumphathi ophetheyo, inkxalabo ngokuzimela ingavela, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezichaphazelekayo kwezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukulingana komelo: Amaqela karhulumente afunyenwe kakuhle asoloko enamaqela asemthethweni, ngelixa abantu abaninzi bengenawo amacebiso anokufikeleleka, nto leyo ebangela ukungalingani.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukugqibelela komthetho: Ubuninzi obupheleleyo bemithetho kunye nobuchule bemeko yempikiswano ezininzi bungenza kube nzima kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukuvelisa amatyala asebenzayo.
  • Umlinganiselo odityanisiweyo wohlolo: Ezinye iinkundla zolawulo zibambana kakhulu nobuchule boshishino, kuphela ukubhukuqa izigqibo ezingu "ongenakuqiqa" ezingasoloko zikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiba enika iziphumo: emaphandleni okanye kwiindawo ezikude zisenokungabi nazinkundla zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, zinyanzelisa amaqela ukuba ahambe imigama emide ukuya kuthethwa.

Utshintsho oluqhubekayo lujolise ekucombululeni ezi mpazamo ngokwenziwa kwamanani, inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo yelitha elizimelayo, kunye noqeqesho olungcono kubagqugqisi.

Indlela Iinkundla Zolawulo Ezahluke Ngayo Kwiinkundla Eziqhelekileyo

Nangona zombini ezi zakhiwo zicombulula iingxabano, iingxabano ezininzi ezingundoqo zahlula iinkundla zolawulo:

  • Ityala lesihloko: Iinkundla zolawulo zisingatha kuphela iimpikiswano zomthetho kawonke-wonke, kanti iinkundla zesithethe zigqumathelela umthetho wabucala (ii-arts, iitorts) nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Icandelo elikwindawo yecawa ye- elinye lisoloko lingumbutho karhulumente okanye uwonke-wonke kwiimeko zolawulo.
  • Isisesikweni sohlolo: Iinkundla zolawulo jikelele zihlola ubulunga bomthetho nobuchule besigqibo sombutho, hayi inzuzo zolwazi olusisiseko, nangona ezinye iinkqubo zivumela uhlolo olupheleleyo lwe-novo.
  • Iziphumo: Iinkundla zolawulo zingadibanisa izigqibo, ziyalela umbutho ukuba uphinde uqwalasele, okanye unyanzele inyathelo, ngoxa iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zinika intlawulo yomonakalo okanye imiqathango.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umgaqo-siseko osesikweni: Imicimbi yolawulo ayisoloko isesikweni kwaye ingaphezulu, abagwebi besenza indima esebenzayo ekuqokeleleni ubungqina.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] I-Exppect:[ Abagwebi boLawulo badla ngokuba noqeqesho olukhethekileyo kumthetho nakumthetho kawonke-wonke, ngokungafaniyo nabagwebi bobupolitika.

Le misantsa ibonisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba imibutho imele iphendule ngoxa igcina ulawulo lusebenza kakuhle.

Indima YaBagwebi Bolawulo

Abagwebi bolawulo (okanye amalungu enkundla) bafuna ukudityaniswa kobuchule obukhethekileyo. Kufuneka baqonde umthetho ongaphantsi omiselwe ummandla wombutho, babe nobuchule bokuhlola iirekhodi zolawulo, kwaye basoloko belawula amatyala asuka kwisimo sobukhokeli. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, abagwebi bangabasebenzi abasebenza iminyaka emininzi kulawulo lukawonke-wonke, ngoxa kwabanye benamava omthetho abamiselwe ukubeka izigxina. Inkululeko yabo ikhuselwa yimithetho elawulayo, kodwa isebenza ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-hiearchistellaste system. [[FLT:]] i-amplity ibalazwe , ibalasele iphambili; kufuneka balinganisele umdla kumalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokuzinzisa iinjongo zabo.

Iinkqubo Eziphawulekayo Zenkundla Yolawulo Ehlabathini Lonke

EFransi: IConseil d'État

I-France's ikhonkeli d'État iyinkundla ephambili yolawulo, isebenza njengeenkundla zombini zolawulo lokugqibela kunye ne-dvisor kurhulumente. Yaqala ngo1799 kwaye yaphembelela amagunya amaninzi asemthethweni. Inkqubo ijongene kakhulu, neenkundla zolawulo ezisezantsi (ii-administratif) kunye neenkundla zenkundla (ii-ooooooothoric's d'appel) zokuphatha isambuku. IConseil'État' isebenza ngokweenkundla kunye ne-mthetho ingumthetho engaqhelekanga; ihlola umthetho obhaliweyo phambi kokumiswa komthetho. [FTB] [2]

EJamani: INkundla Yolawulo Yomanyano

[[NTLT:0] iBoundesferwaltswedgericht (Inkundla yolawulo lombuso) yinkundla ephakamileyo yomthetho wolawulo eJamani. Iva izibongozo kwiinkundla zolawulo eziphezulu (iOverwaltterichte) kwaye iqinisekisa ukufana ekutolikeni komthetho wequmrhu. Inkqubo yeJamani iphawulwa ngogxininiso olunamandla kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omthetho, ngemfundiso ephuhlisiweyo yokulungelelanisa. Explore iNkuhlela yeJalammani.[FL:3]

EUnited States: ABagwebi BoMthetho Wolawulo Nenqaku III

IUnited States isebenzisa imodeli exubileyo. Amasebe asebenza ngomthetho wolawulo (ALJ) asebenzisa abagwebi abasematyaleni abalawulayo ukusingatha amatyala anjengezityholo zoKhuselo loluntu, ukwaphulwa kwezakhono, kunye nokufuduka. Izigqibo zawo zingabheniswa ngaphakathi kombutho kwaye emva koko zisiwe kwiinkundla zikarhulumente phantsi kwe-Administrative Procedure Acture Act. I-US ikwaneenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezinjengeNkulwano yeSizwe neNkulwamvo yeFederal. Ngoxa i-aljs izimele ngokwasemthethweni, ixhalana ngempembelelo yegunya ephambili kwimibutho iyaqhubeka. [[FLT.0] Ingcelo yoHlungelo lwaseUnited States [FLT]

Utshintsho Lwakutshanje Neenguqu Kubulungisa Bolawulo

Iinkqubo zenkundla zolawulo ziyahambelana nokuhlangabezana neengxaki zale mihla.

  • Iinguqulelo ze-Digital: Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zamkela i-past ye-elektroniki, zigcine iindlebe ezizizo, kwaye zisebenzise iinkqubo zolawulo lwetyala ukunciphisa izithuba. kwi-intanethi yengxoxo yesigqibo yabaqhubi benqwelo-moya iya iqheleka kakhulu kwiziphumo zexabiso eliphantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano ephakathi yesigqibo se-(ADR): uhlolo lwangaphambili lobundilele lusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukusombulula iimeko ngaphandle kokuva okupheleleyo, ukugcina ixesha kunye neendleko.
  • [[Ukwahlula-hlula: 0] Ukubekwa kwexabiso: amagumbi amatsha akhethekileyo enzelwe iindawo ezinzima ezinjengolawulo lolawulo lonyango, ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
  • Iinkqubo zokunikezela ngecebo lomthetho elikhululekileyo, ukhokelo lolwimi olucacileyo, kunye "nomelo olucacileyo" nezicwangciso zijolise ekulinganiseni ibala lokudlala kubathathi-nxaxheba.
  • utshintsho olungokwentsingiselo: Amanye amagunya athomalalise iimfuno eziqinileyo eziqinileyo kwaye azise izenzo zabameli (imisebenzi yeklasi) ukuvumela amaqela ukuba acel ’ umngeni izigqibo zolawulo.
  • Amanyathelo okungahlawulwa kwemali: Amaxhoba oMsebenzi, iingxelo zokubonakala, kunye nemibutho yangaphandle yokuvelela inceda ukulondoloza intembelo yoluntu kwiinkundla zezolawulo.

Ezi nguqulelo zizabalazela ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokusebenzisa imigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni nokuzigocagoca.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zolawulo zinendawo ebalulekileyo kubume bale mihla obusemthethweni, zinika inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Ngokunika ingcali, ukufikeleleka, kunye nokusesikweni ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ziphakamisa umthetho kwaye zikhusela abantu kwisenzo sikarhulumente esizimeleyo. Ngoxa imingeni efana nemiqathango yemiqathango kunye nengqiqo yekhethe ihleli, utshintsho oluqhubekayo kunye nenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa iyaqhubeka isomeleza indima yabo. Njengoko ulawulo lwezinkundla zolawulo njengabameli bolawulo olusemthethweni luqhubeka luba yimfuneko ngakumbi. Ukuqonda imigaqo yabo, iinkqubo, kunye nokubeka izinto zabo kubaluleke kakhulu kumthetho ohamba urhulumente okanye urhulumente ofuna ukuphendula.