Ukuqonda Umthetho Olawulayo

Umthetho wolawulo ngumthetho olawula imisebenzi yamasebe olawulo karhulumente. La maqumrhu asungulwa ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ukuze enze imimiselo ethile kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente. Intsimi ixhalabele indlela amaqumrhu asebenzisa ngayo amandla awo anikiweyo, kuquka ukumisela imithetho, ukubhalisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-mthetho iyawulawula umgangatho womntu, ngokungafaniyo nomthetho olawulayo, ogxininisa ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabemi bawo.

Umthetho wolawulo wale mihla uchaza imvelaphi yawo ekukhuleni kwemeko esisiseko yolawulo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Njengoko amaqumrhu asebenza ngokuvelela iindawo ezintsonkothileyo ezifana nokunganqabiseki, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla, imfuneko yemilinganiselo yeprocedvement yomthetho engaguqukiyo. Umthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) ka- 1946 omiselwe ngokusemthethweni ukwenzela ukuba kwenziwe imigaqo yolawulo, kuquka isaziso sikawonke wonke, amaxesha okugqabaza, kunye nohlaluliso logwebo. Namhlanje, umthetho wolawulo utsala kwimigaqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko (ingakumbi inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokwahlula amagunya), umthetho omthetho omthetho, kunye nomgangatho obalulekileyo wokuchaza urhulumente.

Uxanduva olungundoqo kumthetho wolawulo kukulungelelanisa ubuchule bolawulo kunye nobuchule nokujongana nolawulo kunye nokuhlola amandla. Izikhululo zisoloko zisebenza ngoochwepheshe abakhethekileyo ``iingcali zezoqoqosho, izazinzulu, injineli/oononjineli/onolwazi-/ononokuyitshintsha ngokukhawuleza imimiselo kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Noko ke, aba bathunywa bemithetho-wisogration, abalawuli abalawulayo, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba banyusa inkxalabo ngomthetho. Umthetho wolawulo unika izikhuseli zokulungisa imfuno yendalo kunye nezo zisebenza phantsi kwedemokhrasi ukuphendula loo ngxaki, ukuyenza ibe ligumbi lesiseko lolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

ISiseko esingokwasemthethweni seZiko loLawulo

Amaziko olawulo enziwe ngokukwazi ukwenza imimiselo echaza umsebenzi wawo, amandla, kunye nemiqathango. Le mimiselo ingumthombo wegunya lombutho lokuthatha inyathelo, kwaye amaqumrhu akanako ukugqitha oko kunika igunya. Xa emisiwe, amaqumrhu aqhelisela iintlobo ezintathu zemisebenzi: ukwenza ulawulo, ukufushanisa, nokugcina umthetho.

Umthetho

Ukwenza umthetho yinkqubo apho abameli benza imimiselo enamandla omthetho. Phantsi kwe-APA, ukwenziwa kwemithetho okuninzi kulandela isaziso- kunye nenkqubo yolawulo: le nkqubo ikhupha isaziso sokwenziwa komthetho ocetyisiweyo kumthetho Fateral REP[, imema amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, iqwalasela igalelo, kwaye ikhupha umthetho wokugqibela ngentetho yesiseko nenjongo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela achaphazelekayo aqinisekiswe ukubumba umthetho. Amanye amasebe ayasebenza ekuyimiseni ngokungacwangciswanga okanye ekulungiseni umthetho ngexesha likaxakeka xa kuyimfuneko. Umthetho wokwenza umgangatho wokhuseleko lwemeko-bume (EPA) umisela umgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womgangatho we-Surekance ne-Exchange (ECDEC).

Imithetho yomthetho inesiphumo esibophelelayo njengemimiselo. Imithetho yokutolika kunye neengxelo zenkqubo, ngokuchaseneyo, icacisa imithetho ekhoyo okanye isalathisi senjongo zoshishino kodwa ayithwali ubunzima obunye obusemthethweni. Iinkundla zidla ngokuzibamba zijonge kwingcaciso esengqiqweni yombutho yemimiselo yayo engacacanga, imfundiso esekelwe ngokubhekiselele kubuchule bombutho.

Ukwahlulwa

Ukugwetywa kubandakanya ukucombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo, okanye phakathi kwamaqela angawabo, ngokuchophela ityala. Amasebe amaninzi aneejaji zawo zomthetho wolawulo (ALJs) ezilawulayo, ezilawulayo ekuvikicheni, ezifumana ubungqina, kunye nezigqibo zokuqala. Ezi zenzo azimiselwanga kakuhle kuneenkundla zenkundla zikarhulumente kodwa zisafuna imigaqo efanelekileyo yokuzikhusela, njengesaziso, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo ongenamkhethe. Imizekelo iquka ukuva kwezezokhuseleko lweSocialcuty, ukususwa kwetyala lokufuduswa kwelizwe, kunye ne-OSHEa. Isigqibo sokugqibela sombutho sokhuseleko sisenokubhenela kwinkundla yorhulumente.

Unyanzeliso

Imikhosi yeenkonzo ithobela imithetho ngokuhlola, uphando, ii-poenas, kunye nezigwebo zamakhaya okanye zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, iOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) iqhuba uhlolo lomsebenzi kwaye isenokukhupha ucatshulo kunye nentengo zokwaphula ukhuseleko. I-Foood and Drug Administration (FDA) yenza uhlolo lokuqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwemikhwa elungileyo. Izenzo zokunyanzelisa kufuneka zivumelane nomthetho weSine Solawulo Somguqulo-Mdaba-mthetho ongekho ngqiqweqweleneyo kunye neemfuno ze-mthetho; kungenjalo, ubungqina bungakhutshwa okanye bungahliswanga.

Imisebenzi yeCore yoMthetho wolawulo

Umthetho wolawulo usebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo exhasa umthetho nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwimeko yowiso-mthetho.

Umbuzo

Umthetho wolawulo unika abameli ityala ngezenzo zabo. I-APA ifuna ukuba abameli bachaze iinkqubo zabo, balandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe, baze benze ngokwegunya labo abanike lona. Uhlolo lwezeejaji luvumela iinkundla ukuba ziphumeze izenzo ezingaphaya kwegunya lomthetho, zingqubanise inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye zijongene nempazamo. Ngaphezu koko, amaqumrhu aphantsi kokungalawulwa yiBhunga ngokuchotshelwa, ulawulo lwemali, kunye ne-ofisi yeNkqumrhu le-akhawunti yeRhulumente.

Ukubonakala kwelinye icala

I-APA inika imiqathango yokuba abameli baqhube ishishini labo ngokukhululekileyo. Iingqwalasela zokwenziwa kwemithetho ecetyisiweyo kufuneka zipapashwe kwiFederal Register, kunye nemithetho yokugqibela iquka ingxelo ecacileyo yesiseko nenjongo yabo. Inkululeko yolwazi inika uluntu unikezelo kwiingxelo zomaziko, ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa okulinganiselweyo. Urhulumente kwiSinsune Act ufuna ukuba iintlanganiso zabameli abafumana amaqela amaninzi zivuleke kuluntu. Ukwema kolwazi nokuzenze ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwibutho, uvumele abemi ukuba baqonde baze baphembelele izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo

Umthetho wolawulo ukhusela abantu kwisenzo soburhulumente sobuqu. I-Awth Procession Claus yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine yoHlaliso ifuna iinkqubo zobulungisa xa umbutho uhluza umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kwimeko eziphawulayo ezifana . UMqulu-Mathews v. Eldidge[, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokufumanisa ukuba yintoni ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo, i-inika inzala yomntu, imfuno yempazamo, nenzala karhulumente. Esi siseko sisebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi yesebe, ekupheliseni iinzuzo zokurhoxisa iilayisensi. Umthetho ukwakhusela amalungelo ngokuvumela abantu ukuba bavavanyelwe izigqibo zeziko eziphakathi kunye nokugwebo.

Ubuchule

Izicelo zinokucombulula iimbambano ngokunempumelelo kuneenkundla zesithethe. I-ALJs ekhethekileyo iqonda umongo wolawulo, kwaye ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe kudla ngokukhawuleza kwaye akubizi mali ininzi kunelitha likarhulumente. Isebe lingadibanisa iimfuno ezininzi, ukusebenzisa iinkqubo ezilandelelanayo, nokusebenzisa ubuchule balo. Umzekelo, iNtlalo yoLawulo loKhuselo lweziphene ithetha izigidi zezigidi zeziphene rhoqo ngonyaka ngenkqubo yolawulo olucwangcisiweyo oluza kuphelisa inkqubo yenkundla.

Impinda yezeejaji: Ukubekwa kwetyala kwe-Arhente

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusisiseko somthetho wolawulo. Phantsi kwe-APA, nawuphi na umntu okhutshwe linyathelo lokugqibela lombutho unelungelo lokuhlola ikomiti ngaphandle kokuba ummiselo uyithintele. Iinkundla ziye zavelisa izindululo eziliqela zokubhukuqa izenzo zoorhulumente:

  • Igunya lomthetho: Umbutho kufuneka usebenze ngaphakathi kwamandla anikwayo ngommiselo wawo owenzayo. Ukuba ilawula into yeKhomishini engacwangciswanga, isenzo sizenzo ezigqithisileyo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Iimpazamo ezingokwentsingiselo: Iimfuno kufuneka zilandele iinkqubo ezigunyazisiweyo yiAPA okanye imimiselo yazo. Ukungaphumeleli ukunikezela ngesaziso kunye nokuququzelela, umzekelo, kungawenza angabi namsebenzi umthetho.
  • Arbitriant kwaye ijikajike: Inkundla ihlola ukuba ngaba umbutho ucinga ngoonobangela abafanelekileyo, ucacisa indlela aqiqa ngayo, kwaye ufikelele kwisigqibo esisengqiqweni. Oku kungumgangatho oqhelekileyo wohlolo lokwenza ulawulo.
  • Izenzo ezingahambelaniyo: Iingxamiseko azinakwaphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, afana nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, okanye inkqubo efunekayo.

Umlinganiselo wohlolo lomthetho ulinganiselwe kodwa unentsingiselo. Iinkundla zisoloko zibambezela iingxelo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ukuba zixhaswa bubungqina obuninzi, kunye neenkcazelo zombutho zemimiselo edidayo phantsi kwe iChevron [ imfundiso (nangona izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zakutshanje zinciphile oko kuthabatha ixesha). Iimfuno ezikhoyo ziqinisekisa ukuba abachazi bobucala banobungozi obucacileyo kwisenzo soshishino. Ngaphandle kwale migaqo, uphengululo logwebo luhlala lunguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwilizwe lolawulo.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene zoMthetho wolawulo

Umthetho wolawulo usebenza phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje. Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibonisa indlela ofikelela ngayo nowuchaphazela ngayo.

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA inika imithetho engundoqo yokukhusela imeko-bume, kuquka uMthetho we-Ceake Air Act, i-Cocreat Water Act, kunye ne- Comprehensive Environment Resotion, i- Compensation, kunye nomthetho we-Libacy Act (CERCLA). Imisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya ophezulu, imiqathango evumela ukukhutshwa kwenkunkuma, kwaye inyanzelela ukuhlaziywa kweendawo eziyingozi. Imithetho ifumana uhlalutyo olunzulu lwenzululwazi kunye noqoqosho lwamathel-omatshini, kunye namaxesha okutsala igalelo olusuka kushishino olusuka kushishino, amaqela emeko-ongingqinileyo, kunye noorhulumente. I-EPAPGRAN) isoloko ibandakanya imingeni ephakathi kwemithetho yokusetyenziswa kwe-Spotivelvel, kunye nomthetho olungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-Geneavierka, umgangatho othe ukusetyenziswa kwane. Umthetho othenjiso.

Ukhuseleko noLawulo lwempilo (OSHA)

I-OSHA imisela ize inyanzelise imilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini phantsi koMthetho we-Occupational Safety and Health Act. Le nkqubo inika imigaqo ethetha ngeengozi ezifana netshefu, ukuwa kokhuseleko, kunye nezifo ezasulelayo. Abaqeshi kufuneka bathobele le migaqo kwaye baxele iingozi ezinzulu. Abahloli-majoni bangangena emsebenzini ngaphandle kwesaziso (imida yeSine soMbetho) kwaye badlulisele izifungo zokwaphula umthetho phambi kwe-Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission evumela abaqeshishine ukuba bakhuphisane nabaqeshi boko. Inkqubo yokuzimela imigaqo yomsebenzi nokukhusela umsebenzi ngaphandle kokugweba, iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zomthetho zilandele imithetho ecacileyo.

Ukutya noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA)

IFDA ijonge ukhuseleko nokusebenza kweziyobisi, i-biologics, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nokutya. Inkqubo yayo yokulawula ifuna iimvavanyo ezingqongqo zezamayeza amatsha, imvume yangaphambili yokuveliswa kwezixhobo eziphezulu, nokunamathela kwimisebenzi yokuyila elungileyo. IFDA ikwajonga iziganeko ezingalunganga kwaye inegunya lokukhumbula iimveliso eziyingozi. Umthetho wolawulo uqulunqa iziphumo zenkqubo zeFDA yokwenza izigqibo: iintlanganiso zekomiti yekomiti yezonyango zivulelwe uwonke wonke, abenzi bayakwazi ukubhenela izigqibo ezingalunganga, kwaye iinkundla zihlola izenzo zokugqibela zokusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi. Iimeko eziphezulu, ezifana nezibandakanya nezigunyaziso zongxalo, zibalase ukusetyenziswa kobungozi, ukubonakala kobungqina obucacileyo, inyathelo elisekelwe kwi-ovimba abacacileyo.

IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)

I-SEC ilawula iimarike zamakomkhulu ukukhusela abatyali bemali nokugcina iimarike ezifanelekileyo. Ibandakanyeka ekumiseleni imithetho yokuzalisekisa imithetho yokuvalwa kotyala, njengoMthetho weSiseko ka-1933 kunye noMthetho we-Exchange ka-1934. I-SEC iqhuba uphando lokungabhanga okunokwenzeka, izisa izenzo zokunyanzelisa (kunokuba kwinkundla yesizwe okanye phambi kwabagwebi bayo abalawulayo), kwaye ibeka izigwebo. Inkqumlo yemithetho-siseko yemiba ye-SEC ivavate yolawulo lweNkulawula iye yacelwni enzima, ikhokelela kumatyala abalulekileyo ekwahlulele amagunya, kuquka LULOC v. [2017]

IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluManyano (FCC)

I-FCC ilawula uthungelwano phakathi kwelizwe kunye nezizwe ngezizwe ngonomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nentsontelo yentsimbi. Ilawula izabelo zobubanzi, imithetho yobundilele, imida yobumnini-media, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela abathengi. Izenzo zomthetho zidla ngokutsala inxaxheba enkulu kwiinkampani ze-telekhomfonom, amaqela abantu abanomdla, kunye nabantu ngokubanzi. Izigqibo ze-FCC zimele ukuqwalaselwa kwe-ongosombululo kwi-D.C.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nenkqubo Efanelekileyo

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke kuphawu lomthetho wolawulo. Amalungiselelo eAPA esaziso kunye nawolawulo anika abantu kunye nemibutho ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuphembelela imimiselo ngaphambi kokuba ibe yeyokugqiba. Ii-arhente kufuneka ziqwalasele zize ziphendule kumagqabaza abalulekileyo, adala incoko phakathi kombutho noluntu. Ngokufanayo, amaqumrhu asoloko ethetha uwonke wonke, ingakumbi ngemithetho ephikisayo okanye ezo zichaphazela asekuhlaleni. I-Federal Register isebenza njengempapasho esemthethweni yemihla ngemihla yemithetho ecetyikisiweyo, imithetho yokugqibela, nezinye izibonelelo zezikomkhulu, iqinisekisa ukufikelela koluntu ngokubanziwa ngokubanzi.

Kwizicwangciso ezithe ngqo, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna umenzi wezigqibo zobundilele, isaziso semiba, nethuba lokunikela ubungqina kunye namangqina anqamlezayo. uMathews v. Eldridge ukulinganisa uvavanyo olufunekayo lumisela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo. Umzekelo, kwiimeko zokukhubazeka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba ukuva kwangaphambili akufuneki, kodwa ukuva kwasemva kombutho ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda kwanele. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abameli baye bajongana novavanyo lokusetyenziswa kolawulo olungenazo izikhuseli ezifanelekileyo, olukhokelela ekulungiseni ukulungiswa kweenkonzo ezifana ne-SEC ne-SC kunye neSebe lemfundo yoondrejiko.

Iingxaki Zomthetho Olawulayo

Phezu kwazo nje izinto ezintle, umthetho wolawulo ujamelana neengxaki ezingapheliyo ezichaphazela ukusebenza nokufaneleka kwawo.

Untsonkothile

Inkqubo yolawulo ixinene ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Imithetho yomanyano izalise amaphepha angaphezu kwe-180 000 kwimithetho yoManyano, kwaye imithetho emininzi ibandakanya imigangatho yobugcisa, imimiselo egqithisweyo, kunye nokhokelo olunenkcukacha. Abantu ngabanye kunye namashishini amancinane basoloko bezama ukuqonda iimbopheleleko zabo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphulweni kwemithetho enzima okanye ekuxilongweni kwexabiso eliphezulu. Le miqathango ifuna ukuba kunikezelwe imiqathango yokwenza imithetho ecacileyo nokunika uncedo olunokulungela ukuthobela.

Akukho Zinto

Amasebe amaninzi asebenza ngokungafumani nkxaso-mali kunye namaziko aneleyo. Ngokomzekelo, iEPA, iye yabona abasebenzi bayo abanyanzelisayo behla kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo, benciphisa uhlolo nezohlwayo zabemi. Izivumelwano zokubuyisela iliso kwisivumelwano, njengakuLawulo loKhuseleko loluntu, lilibazisa iingenelo kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kusenokukhokelela ekunyanzeleni ulawulo okanye uhlalutyo olungelungenekiyo, ukwandisa umngcipheko wokucel

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika

Izicelo ziyinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ziphantsi kwengcinezelo yezopolitiko evela kwiWhite House, Congress, kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla. Ukutyunjwa kweentloko zomasebe kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko lokulawula nge-Ofisi yolwazi neMicimbi yoLawulo (OIRA) kungaguqula inkqubo ephambili. Isisongelo soMthetho weBhunga leMithetho yePhondo, esinokuyibhukuqa imithetho yakutshanje ngevoti yoninzi, kwanalo nempembelelo kwindlela yokuziphatha yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa ukuphendula kwezobupolitika kuyimfuneko, ukuphazamisa okugqithisileyo nokungaguquguqukiyo kusenokuphazamisa ubungcazenzi.

I Ityala Impikiswano yomahluko

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, le mfundiso ibekelwe ingqalelo kulwazi olusengqiqweni lweziko lemigaqo ecacileyo phantsi IChevron U.A. Inc. v. IiNkundla zokhuselo lwezendalo (). Le mfundiso yanika amaqumrhu ububanzi obubalulekileyo, kodwa iye yakhupha ukugxekwa ngenxa yokushenxiswa kwamandla kwiinkundla ukuya kumaqumrhu nokudala ukungaqiniseki ngendima efanelekileyo yohlolo-mthetho. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibeke umda wetyala I-CHEvron, kwaye imfundiso isenokuphinda ibuyiselwe. Ikamva lokufuduka lingu ngumba ngumba ongundoqo oya kulungele ukulungele ukuhambelana kolawulo phakathi kolawulo kunye nolawulo.

Ikamva Lomthetho Olawulayo

Umthetho wolawulo awumi ndawonye; uvela nebutho labantu, ubugcisa, kunye neempembelelo zobupolitika. Izimo ezininzi ziyakuyila indlela yayo.

Ulawulo lwamanani kunye nobuntlola obenziweyo

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela abameli abasebenza ngayo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokumisela imithetho ngoku ziyawamkela amagqabaza e-elektroniki, kwaye abameli basebenzisa ii-data ukuchaza ukungahambelani. Ubuchule obuzenzekelayo buyasetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yokuzinzisa, njengokuhlola izicelo zenzuzo okanye ukuqikelela kwakhona ukusetyenziswa kolawulo. Ezi zixhobo ziphakamisa inkxalabo ngokukhanya, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokungavumelani. Umthetho wexesha elizayo usenokufuna ukuphuhlisa imilinganiselo emitsha yokuphendula imithetho yemithetho-algorithrithi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezizizo ze-omatshini zilungile kwaye ziyaphinda-phinde zifunyaniswe. Ingqungquthela ye-mali ye-mali ye-mali ye-AUS isisele ikhutshisiwe ekusetyenzisweni kwe-AIIS.

Imfuneko engakumbi yokubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi nokuphendula

Ukuthemba urhulumente kuye kwancipha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kufuneke ukuba kukhululeke. Iinkqubo ziquka ukufuna abameli ukuba bapapashe uhlalutyo lwexabiso lwe-benofit, ukuchaza ugcino-lwazi olusemva kwemithetho, kunye nokwandisa amandla oluntu okuthabatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni ulawulo kwii-drugrafies ze-intanethi. Ukusetyenziswa kweebhokisi zokulawula kunye neenkqubo zomqhubi kungaphinda kwande, kuvumele amaziko ukuba avavanye imithetho ngemilinganiso encinane yemilinganiso phambi kokusebenza ngokupheleleyo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokumanyana Kwamazwe

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana nesivumelwano seParis sokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nesivumelwano sorhwebo nentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yezahluko zemigaqo-siseko, iphembelela umthetho wolawulo lwasekhaya. Ii-CPF kufuneka zilungelelanise namaqabane angaphandle zize ziqwalasele iziphumo ezongezelelweyo. Ukulungelelaniswa kwemigangatho yemiqathango , imichiza, kunye nemveliso yemali, zinciphisa imithwalo yeefektha zehlabathi lonke kodwa zinokulinganisela inkululeko yesizwe. Umthetho wezolawulo uya kufuneka uthethe namalungelo okunqamlezayo, njengamandla abo bafaka imente basemzini ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ekwenzeni ulawulo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo noLawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ulawulo lwakutshanje luye lwasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo efuna ukuba abameli baphinde bafumane imithetho emibini yemiqathango emitsha nganye okanye yokuvala amaxabiso asemthethweni. Le nkqubo iye yakhawulezisa ukususwa kwemithetho, kodwa iphakamisa imibuzo engokwasemthethweni malunga nenkqubo yokubuyiselwa kwemali kunye nokusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lwexabiso. Umthetho wolawulo uza kuqhubeka ukuxhathisa ngemilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokubuyisa imithetho, njengoko kubonwa kwiimeko ezifana Impetho yokhuseleko lwaseHomeland v. Regents zeYunivesithi yeKhalifoniya[FLT:] [20], eyakulahla ukurhoxa kwe-TRUP yolawulo lwe-DA.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wolawulo lilungu elisebenzayo nelisisiseko senkqubo yomthetho. Unika isakhiwo ukwenzela isenzo sikarhulumente esisemthethweni nesinempumelelo, uqinisekisa ukuba la masebe olawulo ````isebe lesine lorhulumente''' lisebenza phantsi komthetho. Ngokukhuthaza ukuphendula, ukubonakala, nokulunga, umthetho wolawulo ukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngeli lixa usenza urhulumente akwazi ukusingatha iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo. Njengokuba ubugcisa, ezopolitiko, kunye nemikhosi yomhlaba wonke iguquka, ngoko kufuneka imigaqo kunye nezenzo zomthetho wolawulo, ilungelelanisa ukulondoloza umsebenzi wayo ongundoqo: ukulondoloza igunya nenkululeko.