Umthetho olawulayo yingcamango esisiseko elawula indlela iintlalo ezisebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abadibana ngayo namaqumrhu abo alawulayo. Embilinini yazo, igunya libhekisela kwilungelo lequmrhu elilawulayo lokulawula nolwamkelo lwalo olufanelekileyo. Oku kwamkelwa akupheleli nje kulawulo; yinkqubo yenkolelo esebenzayo elawula ulungelelwano olusemthethweni, ukuthobelana, nokuzinziswa kwezobupolitika. Ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokusemthethweni, kwanolona gunya lifanelekileyo, ukuchasa nokuchasana kwemigaqo-mthetho, ukufezeka, yaye ekugqibeleni ukungaphumeleli. Eli nqaku lihlola ukuma komgangatho ohlukeneyo wobunewumelo kwigunya, ukubaluleka kwalo lokusebenza kakuhle, iziphumo ezingokokungabikho kwalo, kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo anokuyixhasa. Ukuqonda okuyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zezopolitiko, kunye nokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokukhula kwazo zonke iziphumo ezingoko zezoqoqosho.

Isiseko soMthetho

Ukusiqonda isizathu sokuba kufunyanwe isiseko salo somthetho, kuyanceda ukuqwalasela kuqala isiseko salo sobungangamsha. Ingcamango iye yahlolwa kakhulu kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika nakwinkqubo yentlalo. Isazi sentlalo yentlalo yamaJamani . IMax Weber ibone ezinye zezixhobo ezinempembelelo enkulu, ichaza iindidi ezintathu ezifanelekileyo zegunya elisemthethweni: ngokwesithethe, isingqi, kunye nokwezomthetho wesithethe. Igunya lesithethe lisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho ekhoyo nesiseko solawulo oluzuzwe, njengoookumkani okanye izikhulu zesizwe. Igunya le-Charism lifumana kwiimpatho ezithile zobuqu zenkokeli ```igorhards', umbono, okanye ubungcwele obubonwayo, okanye ubungcwele obubonwayo ngabalandeli bezopolitiko. (iiiiiiiiiiiiiimeko ezisemthethweni, izakhiwo ezilawulayo, imigaqo-mthetho, imigaqo elawula nemithetho.) kodwa isebenzisa imigaqo yomthetho.

Esinye isicimi esingundoqo, Jürgen Habbermas, sandiswa ngokusemthethweni ngokugxininisa indima yonxibelelwano nentetho kawonke-wonke. Kwi Habermas, ilungelo alinakubekwa phezulu; kufuneka iveliswe ngokuvula, ngokuququkileyo, nangokucamanga phakathi kwabemi. Le ngcamango inxibelelanisa ngqo neenkqubo zedemokhrasi, ukuququzelela inkqubo, kunye nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi. Urhulumente ongavumiyo ukubandakanyeka incoko enyanisweni yabantu bakhe yokuziphatha. Ezi mbono zithetha ngokuvakalayo zigxininisa ukuba ukulungelelana akuyo nje kungumbandela womthetho okanye unyulo; yinkqubo enzulu engokwentlalo-ntle, engundoqo emele ikhuliswe ngokukhutheleyo.

Kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko yanamhlanje, ukufaneleka kudla ngokwenziwa ngophando loluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukuthemba ii-dic, kunye nemiqondiso yolawulo. IBhanki yehlabathi Lonke Izixhobo zolawulo (WGI), umzekelo, iquka umlinganiselo “welaphu kunye nokuphendula kwetyala” obonisa umlinganiselo womlinganiselo wokungalinganiswa kwabemi abanokuba nenxaxheba kuwo ekukhetheni urhulumente wabo, kunye nenkululeko yokubonakalisa iimpawu, kunye neyokushicilela. Le migaqo inika ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo lokuthelekisa ubuchule namazwe kunye notshintsho olulandela indlela echaphazelekayo ngexesha elithile. IBHANGELE]

Imithombo Yomthetho: Ngaphezu kohlobo lweClassical Types

Abaphengululi bezolawulo bexesha likaWeber baye bafumana imithombo eyongezelelekileyo ecacisa indlela emele ibhalwe ngayo nexhaswa ngayo kwibutho lanamhlanje elintsonkothileyo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukufaneleka akungomnye umntu; kunokuvela kwimithombo emininzi ngaxeshanye.

Umthetho Wedemokhrasi

Umthetho olawulwa ngedemokhrasi usekelwe ekuvumeni kolawulo olusemthethweni, oludla ngokuboniswa ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Xa abemi befumana ithuba lokuvotela abameli babo kwaye bebona ukhetho lwabo lubonakaliswa kurhulumente, basengozini yokuyiqonda inkqubo njengefanelekileyo. Noko ke, ukunyulwa komthetho wodwa akwanele. Kufuneka kukhatshwe kukukhuselwa kwamalungelo amancinane, umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika zokukhuphisana. Amazwe amaninzi agcina unyulo kodwa angenayo imimiselo yedemokhrasi epheleleyo, ekhokelela “kwindawo elungeleleneyo apho igunya lemveli libuthathaka khona. [[FTLT:]] IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kulawulo-demokhrasi zibalase ukubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika ezingoonele zolawulo olusemthethweni.

ISebe

Ukufaneleka komsebenzi kubhekiselele kubuchule bukarhulumente bokudlulisela iziphumo ezibonakalayo kubemi bakhe: ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, izibonelelo, unyango, kunye nemfundo. Olu hlobo logunyaziso luyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe asakhasayo apho amandla karhulumente asoloko elinganiselwe. Urhulumente osoloko engakwazi ukunikezela iinkonzo ezisisiseko .Ookanye ophatha kakubi iintlekele ezifana neentlekele zemvelo okanye iindyikitya zokufa. Umthetho ubizwa ngokuba “ugunyaziso,” ngokwahlukileyo ku“ ukufaneleka okungenayo” okugxininiswayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Zombini ziyagxeka; urhulumente onamandla olawulayo kodwa ongaphumeleli kolawulo-demokhrasi usenokulahlekelwa kusesikweni ukuba akukwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo.

Inkcitho kunye noMthetho-siseko we-ofisi

Ukuba ngumthetho kukwaphuma ekubonakaliseni ubulungisa nasekubonakaliseni iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Xa iinkqubo zenziwe ngokuziqonda, ngokungazimiseli, nangenkqubo evulekileyo (ngokwamathuba okungeniswa kwegalelo likawonke-wonke kunye nokuhlolisiswa kwezomthetho) (ukuze abantu bamkele iziphumo, nokuba abavumelani nezigqibo ezingqalileyo. Oku kungenxa yokokuba iinkundla ezizimeleyo, amaqumrhu achasene nobom, kunye nokufaneleka komsebenzi wasekuhlaleni kuyimfuneko ukuxhasa umthetho.

Umthetho ongokwasemthethweni nowesithethe

Nangona zingalawuleki kakhulu kumaphondo anamhlanje, imithombo entle nengokwesithethe isenento ebalulekileyo. Iinkokeli ezixhasayo zingakhuthaza ukunyaniseka okunzulu nobuzwe, kodwa olu hlobo lobungangamsha aluzinzanga ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuba luxhomekeke kwiimfanelo zobuqu zenkokeli. Ukungagunyaziswa komthetho-siseko kuyaqhubeka kwimibutho yolawulo (umz., i-United Kingdom, iJapan) kunye nakumabutho apho umthetho oqhelekileyo uhlala unegunya ecaleni komthetho wesizwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho Ube Ngumthetho Woluntu

Ukubaluleka kokufaneleka komthetho kudlulela ngaphaya kwengcamango engekho ngqiqweni yezobupolitika. Ineziphumo ezicacileyo, ezingenakuthelekiswa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bobunye, ukusuka kwimpumelelo yezoqoqosho ukuya kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu kunye nokudibana kwentlalo.

Umanyano Noxolo

Xa abemi bewujonga urhulumente wabo njengofanelekileyo, basenokuwufanisa urhulumente wabo baze basebenzisane noluntu abahlala kulo kuzo zonke iingxabano. Ukungagunyaziswa komthetho kukhuthaza ingqiqo yelishwa lokwabelana kwaye kunciphisa amathuba emfazwe yobuhlanga, yonqulo, okanye yeemvakalelo. Kwimimandla apho urhulumente ebonwa njengoweedenti okanye ongekho mthethweni, amaqela acetyiswayo angalichasa ngokupheleleyo igunya, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimibutho elwa nokungabikho kwemfazwe yamakhaya, okanye ukungaguquguquki okungapheliyo. Uphando lwesizwe lwe-fragiodity lusoloko lungasoloko ludwela “ukungabi nagunya kurhulumente njengomqhubi ongundoqo wemfazwe.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngokuzithandela

Enye yeengenelo ezithe ngqo zomthetho yile ikhuthaza ukuthobela ngokuzithandela imithetho kunye nemimiselo. Oorhulumente abanomlinganiselo ophezulu bachitha imali encinane ekunyanzeleni ukugcinwa kwemithetho `umthetho, intengo, iinkqubo zentolongo'] ngenxa yokuba abemi bathobela imithetho ngenxa yengqiqo yokusebenza, hayi uloyiko. Oku kuthobela intlawulo yerhafu, imithetho yezithuthi, kunye nemigaqo yemeko-bume. Ngexesha lophando lweCOVID-19, amazwe akwimigangatho ephezulu yokukholosa kurhulumente abona ukunamathela kakhulu kwimilinganiselo yempilo kawonke efana nokunxiba isigqubuthelo kunye nokuthoba kwentlalo, nto leyo enciphisa imilinganiselo yokwasulelwa kweminxeba kunye nokufa. [[FTLD:0] Ihlabathi libonisa ukuncitshiswa kwe-CHOVID-19 [FLD]

Ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nokuveliswa

Ulawulo olusemthethweni luyimaginethi kwimali yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Amashishini afuna ukuxelelwa okusingqongileyo okusemthethweni, umgangatho osezantsi worhwaphilizo, kunye nezivumelwano ezinyanzelekileyo `zonke ezixhomekeke kumaqumrhu asemthethweni. Xa abanikazi beqonda ukuba urhulumente akavumelekanga okanye akanyanzelekanga, banegalelo “kunyuso-" olunyusa indleko yekomkhulu kunye nokunqanda ukuzinikela kwexesha elide. IBhanki Esenza ishishini lineengxelo ezisezantsi kunye ne International Countries Disk Guides, ibonise ukuba ukulawula umgangatho, ukudityaniswa nokulingana okuqinileyo, ukulingana neGDP kumgangatho wokwanda kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuphumelela kokudlulisela inkonzo kawonke - wonke

Kwakhona ukuba ngumthetho kuphucula ubuchule beenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Xa abemi bekholose ukuba imali yabo yerhafu isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangokunyaniseka, bakulungele ngakumbi ukuhlawula irhafu nokusebenzisa iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Ngokuchasene noko, kwimeko-bume ephantsi, abemi bayayiphepha imijelo esemthethweni, baphethule kwiimarike ezimnyama, abaxhasi abangekho mthethweni, okanye ababhaxeli berhafu. Oku kudala umjikelezo oyingozi: ingeniso ephantsi ikhokelela kwiinkonzo ezingekho mgangathweni, ezithendelelela phambili ekusebenziseni ngokufanelekileyo.

Imiphumo Yokungabi Namthetho

Ukukhukuliseka komthetho kunokubangela imiphumo emibi esongela ibutho labantu. Ukuqonda le miphumo kubalulekile ekuboneni iimpawu ezilumkisayo zokungaphumeleli kukarhulumente.

Ukungahambelani Nokungabi Nazintsebenziswano

Xa ukufaneleka komthetho kusezantsi komjelo onzima, abemi bavakalisa ukunganeliseki ngokukhulayo ngokuqhankqalaza, ukubetha, ukungathobeli kwabemi, ngamanye amaxesha nokuvukela kobundlobongela. Ukuqhambuka kweArabhu Spring ngowama-2010-2011 ngumzekelo onzima: amashumi eminyaka olawulo lolawulo olungqwabalala, ukonakala, nokungalawuleki kwezoqoqosho aye aphelisa igunya lolawulo kuMbindi Mpuma kunye noMntla Afrika. Amaxesha okuqhankqa, baqalisa ukulwa, babhunqisa ngokukhawuleza, babhukuqa oorhulumente abaliqela. Kwanokungaphindwa okungagobekiyo okungapheliyo, ukuthothothothothothothotho kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuphaphaza kwemi, ukuchasa, nokuchasa kwemihla ngemihla yonke igunya.

Ukwahlukana Kokuthembana Nokungathembani

Abahlali abajonga urhulumente wabo njengongekho mthethweni ngokufuthi bayarhoxa kubomi bukawonke-wonke. Baba mancinane amathuba okuvota, ukudibanisa amaqela ezobupolitika, amatsha - ntliziyo, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu. Oku kudibanisa kwezedemokhrasi kunye nokwenza isithuba sepopulist, intsebenziswano echasene nenkqubo elulalulaza amaziko. Ukuthemba kumacandelo ``demon', media, iinkundla, inkonzo yamakhaya, ukuyekelela kunye, ukwenza “iiimpambo yokuthembeka.” [[FLT: 0] umsebenzi we-ECD wokuthemba urhulumente unika ugcino-lwazi nohlalutyo loluvo lwehlabathi lonke.

Ukunganyaniseki nokufuna

Ukungagunyaziswa kusoloko kuhambisana nokunganyaniseki okukhoyo. Xa amagosa karhulumente engaziva enoxanduva kuluntu, asenokulisebenzisa kakubi igunya ukuze afumane inzuzo. Ukunganyaniseki kuyenza ingasebenzi imeko, kudala icebo ekunzima ukuliphelisa. Iingingqi ezingokwasemthethweni zikwabona “ukufuna” ukuziphatha apho abantu namaqela ezama ukubamba ubuncwane bukarhulumente ngokunyoba, ukuphembelela, okanye ukuxhasa imibutho yezentengo kunokuba kusebenze ngemisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Ucelomngeni Lolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ekugqibeleni, ukubekwa phantsi komthetho kungakhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kwedemokhrasi − ukukhukuliseka okuthe ngcembe kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi, uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano, kunye nomthetho. Iinkokeli zingasebenzisa ukonakalisa uluntu ekulawuleni igunya, ekucinezeleni inkcaso, nasekunciphiseni inkululeko yamajelo eendaba. Oku kwenzeka kumazwe amaninzi namhlanje, apho oorhulumente ababekhe bajongwa njengolawulo-melo oluzinzileyo ngoku bajamelana namanqam. Ukubuyiselwa komthetho akufuni nje iinguqu-nkqubo yomanyano kodwa kufunekeko olusisiseko lokuthembana phakathi korhulumente nebutho labantu.

Ukwakha Nokuxhasa Umthetho

Iindaba ezilungileyo zithetha ukuba ukufaneleka komthetho asilophawu oluzinzileyo; kunokuhlakulelwa ngamaqhinga nangezenzo ezizinzileyo. Oorhulumente namanye amaqumrhu alawulayo kufuneka basebenze ngokunempumelelo ukuze bafumane baze balondoloze ukuthenjwa kwabemi babo.

Ulawulo oluququzelekileyo nolunenxaxheba

Ukusebenzisa abemi kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo kuyenye yezona ndlela ziphumelelayo zokwakha umthetho. Oku kudlulela ngaphaya konyulo lweentlanganiso zeholo yedolophu ngamaxesha athile, ukucebisana kwabemi, iijaji zikawonke-wonke, uqingqo-mali, kunye neeplatfomu zamanani ukuze kuvunywe. Xa abantu bebona ukuba ilizwi labo libalulekile, kwaye igalelo labo likhokelela kutshintsho olubonakalayo. Amazwe afana neBrazil neIceland aye azama ukuhlawula imali kunye nemithetho-siseko exhotyisiweyo, ngokulandelelana, ngempumelelo ephawulekayo ekukhuthazeni ukuthenjelwa kwezentlalo-ntle.

Ukucaca nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Oorhulumente bangazenza semthethweni ngokwabelana ngenkcazelo ephathelele izenzo zabo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nomsebenzi. Uphando oluvulekileyo lukarhulumente olupapasha ugcino-lwazi oluphathelele ukusetyenziswa, ukufunyanwa, kunye neziphumo zenkonzo luvumela abemi, intatheli, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuba baphendule iinkokeli. Ukubonakala kwaloo nyani kuthintela ukunganyani ngokunyusa amathuba okuchaphazeleka. Ngoku oorhulumente abaninzi “banelungelo lokufumana ulwazi” lwemithetho kunye neendawo zogcino-lwazi ezilawula ukubonakala ngakumbi.

Ukuxhasa Umthetho Namalungelo Asisiseko

Akukho rhulumente unokuzibanga esemthethweni ukuba awuwuhloneli umthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, kuquka nakumagosa karhulumente; ukuba iinkundla zizimele kwaye zisesikweni; nokuba abemi bayakwazi ukufikelela kokusesikweni. Ukuxhasa amalungelo abantu /inkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, unqulo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Xa abantu bebona ukuba umthetho uyabakhusela kwaye uyabohlwaya abenzi bobubi, basengozini yokuwujonga urhulumente njengofanelekileyo. Isiseko somgaqo-siseko esiqinileyo kunye neengcali ezizimeleyo zejaji ze-jaji ze-getracties zingulothe kule ndlela.

Imiphumo Emangalisayo

Umthetho wokusebenza ufuna ukuba oorhulumente baphumeze izithembiso zabo. Oku akuthethi ukuba kufuneka baphumelele kuzo zonke iinzame, kodwa kufuneka bajongwe njengabafanelekileyo, abasabelayo, kwaye bajoliswe kwizinto ezintle zikawonke-wonke. Uvenge lwezibonelelo, imfundo, impilo yoluntu, kunye nokhuseleko . "Izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo"ukungagqibeki ."ukungathembani okungagqibeleliyo. Kumaxesha amanqam, ulawulo lwengxaki lungaqinisa ngokomthetho ukuba luphethwe ngokucace gca. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukungaphumeleli okuyingozi (njengokungahambi kakuhle kwamanzi eMichigan, USA) kunokubangela umonakalo ohlala uhleli uthelekelelo.

Ukuchasana nokuTshaziswa

Ukulwa urhwaphilizo mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokwakha ngokusemthethweni. Oku kufuna amaziko azimeleyo achasene nokunganyaniseki: amasebe azimeleyo alwa nokuvunywa kwemikhala, ukhuseleko lokufutha impempe, iinkqubo zokukhupha impepho, kunye nokuphicotha-manani okuqinileyo. Iindlela zokuphendula ii-akhawunti . Ngokufana nolawulo lwepalamente, ii-ombustsperson ofisi, kunye namaphepha ababhali-manani achaza ukuba amagosa aphendula izigqibo zawo. Kwanenkqubela eqhubekayo ekunciphiseni ukonakala inokuphucula uluvo lukawonke wonke. Amazwe afana neGeorgia neSingapore aye abonisa ukuba imigudu yokulwa nokonakala exhaphaka iinko isenokuguqula amandla orhulumente kunye nokuthemba kukawonke.

Isiphelo

Ukulawula ngokusemthethweni akuyonto iyimfuneko; kuyimfuneko kulo naliphi na ibutho labantu elifuna uxolo, impumelelo, nesidima sabantu. Kusebenza njengeglu egcina abantu abahlukeneyo kunye, ibangela ukusebenza ngokumanyeneyo kunye nesisombululo soxolo semfazwe. Igunya likhuthaza ukuthobelana ngokuzithandela, ukukhuthaza ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke zifikelele abo balufunayo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungabikho kwazo kuzisa ingxubebangxwa, ukonakala, nokukhukuliseka kwemilinganiselo yedemo-demokhrasi. Ngoxa ukwakha imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kungu kungumzamo owexesha elide owenziwa kumacala amaninzi angaphambili , kwaye kubandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni umthetho, kwaye kumele kuxhaswe nakuwo onke amalungiselelo, kodwa kuvunwe, kodwa kuvunwe ukuba abemi, kodwa kuvunwe, kuvunwe, kurhoswe nakuhleleke ukulawulwa kwemibutho elingumhlaba, kumele ukuba kuxhaswe nakuswe ukusetyenziswa imigaqo eendla.