Amaziko okunyanzelisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, asebenza njengomthombo womsebenzi onzima wokulondoloza ucwangco logama ehlonela inkululeko yabemi. Iindlela abazisebenzisayo kufuneka ziqhubeke ziguquka zicombulule iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho ezitshintshayo, inkqubela yobugcisa, kunye notshintsho lolindelo loluntu. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela ziyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcaphephe zezomthetho kodwa kwanakubemi abafuna ukuqonda ukuba imimandla yabo igcinwe ikhuselekile kangakanani. Oku kuhlolwa kwandisiwe kwimigaqo engundoqo yokunyanzelisa umthetho, iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezineengxaki, iprojekthi exhotyiweyo, i-zerobithi yokunyamezela, kunye ne-omatilithi ye-omatilot , kunye neendawo ezishushu zezicelo zabo zeli hlabathi, amandla, iingxoxo ezikhoyo, neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ezikhoyo.

UMthetho weSizwe

I-Protomic yoLuntu imela ukutshintshwa komthetho wesithethe osebenza ngokuhambelana noluntu, ijonge abasebenzi bamapolisa njengabaphulaphuli abangasebenziyo, abasebenzi bezobupolisa njengezixhobo ezidibeneyo zokhuseleko. Ekwakhelwe ukuthembana, unxibelelwano, kunye nentsebenziswano, eli cebo lifuna ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezisisiseko ezibangela ulwaphulo-mthetho nesiphithiphithi-

Imigaqo esesikweni nokusetyenziswa

Isiseko sobupolisa boluntu sisekelwe kwintsika ezintathu: umanyano loluntu, utshintsho lombutho, nokucombulula iingxaki. Amagosa asebupoliseni abelwa kwiibhate ezikhethekileyo kangangexesha elide, eziwavumela ukuba ahlakulele ulwalamano nabanini-mashishini basekuhlaleni, abalawuli bezikolo, iinkokeli zokholo, kunye nabemi. Olu nxulumano lunceda amagosa ukuba aqokelele ubulumko obungenakuze bubonakale kwiingxelo ezisemthethweni nokuchonga imibango ngaphambi kokuba akhule abe lulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.

Amapolisa oluntu abandakanya igunya elifanelekileyo lokwenza izigqibo. Amagosa aphambili anikwe amandla okusebenza namalungu oluntu ukuyila iimpendulo ezixoxwe kwiengxaki zobulali. Oku kungaquka ukulungiselela umlindi wobume bengingqi, ukuququzelela iinkonzo zesixeko zokucoca ipaki engahoywayo, okanye iingxoxo phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo. I-COPS Office yeSebe leJaji ye-U.S. ixhase ixesha elide lomzekelo, inika uqeqesho kunye nokunika amaziko kwilizwe lonke.

Iingenelo Nobungqina Bokuphumelela

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ipolisa loluntu linokuphucula ulwaneliseko lwabemi, likhulise ukuthembana komthetho, linciphise uloyiko lolwaphulo-mthetho. I-meta-alysis epapashwe yiCampbell Colinanttion yafumanisa ukuba iinkqubo zobupolisa zasekuhlaleni zinxulumene nokuncitshiswa okunentsingiselo encinane kolwaphulo-mthetho neengxaki, ingakumbi xa zidibene namanyathelo acothayo achaphazela iingxaki. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abanonxulumano oluqinileyo namapolisa banokusebenzisana nolwaphulo-mthetho, baxele imisebenzi ekrokrelekileyo, nto leyo ebangela umjikelo olungileyo wokhuseleko.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwesithembiso sawo, amapolisa oluntu ajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Kufuna utyalo-mali olunzulu kuqeqesho, ixesha, kunye nabasebenzi, abazama ukunikezela ngemali. Abahlalutyi bakwaphikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa kungenziwa ngokuphandle ukuba kuqaliswe njengomsebenzi wonxulumano lukawonke-wonke kunokusetyenziswa kokwenyaniso kwenkguqulelo kwibutho. Kwezinye iimeko, abaphathi bemisebenzi yobupolisa basekuhlaleni bayakhutshwa ekukhutshweni kweminxeba yongxamiseko, ukuphelisa ulwakhiwo lonxulumano. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphumelela kwalenzalo kunakho ukulinganiselwa kuluntu ekungaqiniseki komthetho, apho amashumi eminyaka eenkqubo engekho semthethweni ewongalinganiswanga, aye aphelisa ukuthemba kanye oko ukufunwa ngumsebenzi woluntu.

Inkcubeko eQumrhu

Ingxaki yobupolisa (POP) yaveliswa nguHerman Goldstein ekupheleni kowe-1970 njengempendulo yokungaqiniseki kweziganeko zobupolisa. Endaweni yokuphatha isicelo ngasinye somsebenzi njengesiganeko esisodwa, i-POP ikhuthaza abaphathi ukuba baphawule iimeko eziphantsi ezidala iingxaki eziphindaphindiweyo. Le nkqubo isoloko isenza ukuba umgangatho ocwangcisiweyo wokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Imodeli YeSARA

Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokwenziwa kwe-politiki enengxaki yimodeli ye-SARA: ukuxilonga, uhlalutyo, uHlaziyo, kunye noHlaziyo. Ngexesha lokuhlola, abaphathi-mikhosi kunye namalungu oluntu bachaza iingxaki eziphindaphindiweyo . Njengeqela loqhekezogxabha, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okuzingisileyo kwipake, okanye izikhalazo zengxolo ezingapheliyo. Uhlalutyo lubandakanya ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwimithombo emininzi ukuyiqonda indalo, ubungakanani, umlinganiselo, noonobangela bengxaki. Isigaba sokuphendula sibandakanya ungenelelo oluzinzileyo, olunjengolawulo lwekhowudi, iinkonzo zoluntu, okanye imisebenzi kawonke wonke. Ekugqibeleni, uhlolo-hlolo luthatha iziphumo ezifunwa yinjongo yayo.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi eziyinyani

Umzekelo obhalwe kakuhle wengxaki yopolishi owenziwe yiNewport News, Virginia, iprojekthi yonyaka wama-1980, apho amapolisa ahlalutya uthotho lwee-beba kwizithuthi afumanisa ukuba ezininzi zenzeka kwindawo yokupaka kufuphi nesityalo sokwenza. Ngokusebenza nesityalo ukuphucula ukukhanya, wongezelele, kwaye ushicilele abasebenzi abapaki imoto, isebe linciphise ubusela obumalunga nama-60%. Izicelo zakutshanje ziquka uvavanyo lwe-PRCURC [ lweenkqubo ze-POP kuBukumkani boMputha, ezafumanisa ukuba ingxaki eninzi etshintshayo i-injini yokupaka imoto iyakwazi ukukhokelela ekuncipheliseni kwemiphelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokungabikho koshengano.

Amandla Nokusikelwa Umda

I-POP iyanconywa ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle, njengoko ibhekisa ubuncwane kwiingcambu zezizathu kunokuba ziphawule. Ikhuthaza uhlaziyo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe. Noko ke, i-POP ifuna umgangatho ophezulu wobuchule bobuchule bobuchule kunye nofikelelo lolwazi olungaphaya kwamandla amasebe amancinci. Ngaphezu koko, imodeli ingaba kukufumana ixesha lokuzidibanisela ixesha, kwaye ngaphandle kwenkxaso emandla yentlangano, abaphathi-mikhosi bangayibuyisela kwiindlela zobuzwelo. Abahlalutyisi baphawula ukuba i-POP ngamanye amaxesha iye yasetyenziswa ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo woluntu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekucombululeni inkathalo yokuthetha ngemicimbi yabemi.

Ipolitiki ebekwe ngobuntlola

Amapolisa aqikeleliswe ngobuntlola (ILP) aphuma ekuqondeni ukuba abameli bomthetho baqokelela ubuninzi obukhulu bogcino-lwazi kodwa basoloko bengena iinkqubo zokuguqulela olo gcino-lwazi kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo. I-ILP imisela ukusetyenziswa kobulumko (ukuqokelelwa kwabasebenzi bezolwazi) ngokusuka kulwazi, ekujoliseni, ekuhloleni, ekuhlalutyeni ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namaqumrhu asebenzisanayo.

Amalungu Angundoqo kunye Neenkqubo

I-ILP ixhomekeke kumjikelo wokuqokelela, ukuqulunqwa, ukuxilonga, uhlalutyo, kunye nokusasazwa kobuntlola. I-offalisa isebenzisa i-projekthi yokuzoba ulwaphulo-mthetho, isalathisi selayisensi esizisebenzelayo, ukujongwa kwe-sografiki, kunye nezibhengezo ezifihlakeleyo zolwazi olunzulu ukuze zakhe umfanekiso obanzi weenkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezisongelayo. Obu bukrelekrelekrele busetyenziswa ukubeka iliso eliphezulu labantu, iindawo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. ISebe lamapolisa laseNew York lisebenzisa inkqubo ye-P, i- Compstat, iveliswe kwii-1990, umzekelo odumileyo wokuhlola ulwaphulo-mthetho nokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunetyala.

Iziko leNtloko kunye nolwahlulo lolwazi

Ukwandisa ixabiso lobukrelekrele, amasebe amaninzi athatha inxaxheba kumaziko okudibanisa ukhuseleko lomthetho, ukhuseleko, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamacandelo azimeleyo. La masebe anceda ukwabelana ngobukrelekrele kuzo zonke isixeko, iphondo, iphondo, kunye nemigca karhulumente, ukuze akwazi ukufumanisa kwangethuba izisongelo ezifana nobugrogrisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha. uNxulumaniso lwe-National Debutic Accumentism Center [

Ukuphumelela Neengxubusho

Ubuchule bobupolisa buye banconywa ngokuphazamisa imibutho emikhulu ethengisa iziyobisi, ukukhusela uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, kunye nokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kwiindawo eziphezulu. Noko ke, ukuthembela kwabo ekuhloleni nasekuqokelelweni kogcino-lwazi kunyusa uxinzeleleko olubalulekileyo lwemfihlo kunye nenkxalabo yenkululeko yabemi, ingakumbi xa isetyenziswa kuluntu oluncinane. Umngcipheko “wokuqhushukuma” . / / //_ukuthi ubulumko buqokelelwe ngenjongo enye busetyenziswe kwenye into ekhoyo. Ngokungakumbi, i-ILP ingakhupha uxambuliso ukuba abantu bacinga ukuba bakwindawo ephantsi kolwazi olusekelwe kulwalamano olungenasihloko.

Ukusebenzisana nenkqubo yeqanda

Inkqubo yokunyamezela iqanda ithatha indlela engqongqo yokusebenza, ijolise kwanamacala amancinane afana nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuselwa kotywala nokwaphulwa koxwebhu. Le ndlela inxulumene ngokusondeleyo “nengcamango eyaphukileyo yeefestile” exhaswe nguJames Q.Wilson noGeorge Kelling, ekwakusithiwa imiqondiso ebonakalayo yengxaki imema ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Ngokuthetha ngonyamezelo oluphantsi, abaxhasi baphikisa, amapolisa angabuyisela ingqiqo yolungelelwano kwaye athintele ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba lungangeni.

Amava AseNew York

Mhlawumbi okudume kakhulu ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi wokunyanzelisa uluntu owenziwe kwisiXeko saseNew York ngexesha lee1990 phantsi koMphathiswa wamapolisa uWilliam Bratton noMayor Rudy Giuliani. I-NYPD ijolise ingqalelo kwityala lobomi obufanelekileyo . Ngokufana nokutsiba, ukunxila kukawonke-wonke, kunye neziyobisi ezikwiqondo eliphezulu ezisetyenziswayo ezisetyenziswayo. / kwaye abaphathi bemimandla ephezulu ekwizitratone ze-trafiki kunye nemiyalelo yokubamba ukubopha nayiphi na into echaphazanyiswayo. Amaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka nokubulala, ehla kakhulu ebudeni beli xesha. Abaxhasi babonisa oku njengobungqina obungqongqo bokugcina intlukwano. Noko ke, baphikisa ukuba ukuwohloka koku kubandakanya kwemeko yonyaka-omntlaluphala nelanti.

Imigaqo Nokugxekwa

Umgaqo ongundoqo wonyamezelo lwama-0-frisk unyanzelo lwangoku: abaphathi abafaki zilumkiso okanye basebenzise ubuchule. Le ndlela yenzelwe ukuthumela umyalezo ocacileyo wokuba isiphithiphithi asizukunyanyekelwa. Noko ke, uphando lubonise ukuba uqalo lungakhokelela ekumisweni komsebenzi wonyaka nowe-frisk, ukuphelisa ukuthemba uluntu, kwaye isiphumo siphumela kwinani elikhulu lokubanjwa ngenxa yezenzo ezincinci ezivaliweyo ezivalela inkqubo yenkundla. ISwelo lwamacard Institute of Justice [[ iphawule ukuba ngelixa ukugcinwa komthetho onzima kungenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa konyanzelo olungenankathalo kudla ngokukhokelela ekupheliseni nasekunyukeni kwezikhalani kwezikhalani kwabami.

Ukubuyiselwa

Ngeli xesha amasebe amaninzi eshenxisile kwimigaqo ecacileyo yokunyamezelana, iziqalelo ziyaqhubeka kwimimandla eshushu yamapolisa kunye namaqhinga okulawula ucwangco. Ucelomngeni lokunyanzelisa umthetho wangoku kukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kwemithetho egcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke nokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egqithiseleyo yoluntu oluqeshiweyo. Amanye amasebe aye amkela ezinye iindlela ezidibanisa ukunyanzelisa nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, njengokunikela unyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi endaweni yokubanjwa kwezenzo ezincinane zeziyobisi.

Name

Imimandla eshushu esetyenziswa ekuhlaleni yiqhinga elisekelwe kwindawo eligxininisa kakhulu kumaziko amapolisa kwimimandla emincinci apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka khona. Uphando lusoloko lubonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho alwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwiidolophu; inxalenye encinane yeengingqi zesitrato okanye ii-akhawunti zezehlo ezixhaphakileyo ukuze kungenelwe iziganeko ezingathethekiyo. Ngokugxininisa kwezi ndawo zishushu, amapolisa anokunikela iziphumo eziphezulu zokuzikhusela ngelixa usebenzisa oovimba abazinziyo

Ukuphucuka kolwaphulo-mthetho

I-projekthi yeendawo ezishushu zale mihla ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yolwazi lwezwe (GIS) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-software yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuchonga amaqumrhu olwaphulo-mthetho. Xa kufunyaniswa amabala ashushu, abaphathi bathunyelwa ngokuphandle okufutshane, okuxhaphakileyo kwezo ndawo. “Iqondo leKhoper,” libizwa ngegama lengcali ye-criminprofessor Koper, licebisa ukuba ukulinda okufutshane, okungaqondakaliyo kumiswe ngamanqaphaphaza-ngokunqanda 10 ukuya kwimizuzu eli-15.

Ubungqina Bokuphumelela

Uhlolo olubanzi olukwinkqubo ye- edityanisiweyo yeSiko loLuntu loBulungiseleli besizwe lufumanise ukuba indawo eshushu yopolishi ivelisa unciphiso olundilisekileyo kodwa olungaguquguqukiyo kulwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla kunye nezicelo zenkonzo. Isiphumo sisona sinamandla xa ungenelelo olushushu ludityaniswe neendlela zokulungisa-zinzisa-ingxaki . Oku kunokuthetha ngokuthetha ngokudityaniswa kwengxaki yomzimba okanye ukubonelela iinkonzo zentlalo-ntlalo-ntle. Uphando lukwabonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olushenxinekufutshane lulinganiselwe, kwaye ukuba ibala elishushu lingadala “ukuba ungenelo lwenzuzo olunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezingqongileyo.

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Indawo apho kuhlala khona amapolisa kufuneka i-data yokwenene, yexesha lokwenene kunye namandla abasebenzi abasebenza nge-fashoni. Iziphakamiso kufuneka zixhathise isilingo sokugcwalisa nje iindawo ezishushu nabaphathi-mikhosi, ezinokukhokelela kunyanzelo olunobundlobongela kunye nokudityaniswa kwemida yoluntu. Ngaphezu koko, abemi bakwimimandla ephezulu basenokuziva bebotshelelwe phantsi kwemithetho ekhuselekileyo ukuba amacebo ashushu awadityaniswanga nemigudu yokwenyaniso yokwakha ulwalamano loluntu. Ukulungelelanisa okuzinziswa komthetho kunye nokuganana nokuganana kuyingozi kwimpumelelo ende yexesha elide.

Urhwebo olufudukayo lolona mpembelelo iphezulu

Kuqheliso, bambalwa abameli abaxhomekeke kwicebo elinye. Amasebe asebenzayo adibanisa iindlela ezininzi, ezilungisa kwiimeko neengxaki ezithile. Umzekelo, isebe lingasebenzisa ubuchule bokusebenza ukuchonga indawo eshushu yokurhweba ngeziyobisi, lisebenzise amapolisa abekwe phantsi kwengxaki ukuhlalutya iziphumo ezikhoyo (ezifana neempawu ezishiywe phantsi okanye ukuswela ukukhanya), kwaye ekugqibeleni libandakanye uluntu ngenkqubo yoluntu ukuxhasa impumelelo. Le ndlela igqunywe ngobuchule bobuchule obubonke xa isenza ukuba ingasebenzi ngendlela entle.

Uqeqesho Nenkcubeko

Ulwakhiwo oluphumelelayo lufuna abasebenzi abaqeqeshelwe uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi, ukucombulula ingxaki, unxibelelwano, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezingokokuziphatha. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwamapolisa kunye nezisemgangathweni zidibanisa obu buchule. Impucuko yomanyano kufuneka ishenxise kujoliso olunciphileyo kumanani okubanjwa namaxesha okuphendula kumlinganiselo obanzi weziphumo zokhuseleko nokholoseko loluntu.

Isiphelo

Iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza azisombululo sinye somlinganiselo. I-politiki yoluntu yakha ugcino-lwazi olufunekayo kwintsebenziswano ende yexesha elide; uvavanyo lwengxaki ye-politiki olunengxaki lunika umlinganiselo wobuchule bokunyanzelisa unyanzelo lwamapolisa; kwaye icandelo lokunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lwendawo eshushu lobupolisa amapolisa alixanduva ugcino-mali apho zifuneka khona. Nganye inendawo yayo, kwaye nganye ithwele iingozi xa isetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela. Ucelomngeni lomthetho wangoku kukukhetha, ukudibanisa, nokusebenzisa la maqhinga kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zoluntu. Ngokwenza njalo, amaziko ayakwazi ukulondoloza ucwangco-o-ophakamo lwendawo xa ehlonela amalungelo abantu asebenza ngesidima.