Ingxaki Ehlala Ihleli: Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Loluntu Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ulwalamano phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omntu luyenye yezona zinzima nezizinzileyo noluntsonkothileyo kumthetho kunye nolawulo. Ibutho ngalinye kufuneka ligqibe indlela yokukhusela amalungu alo ekonakaleni ngeli lixa ligcina inkululeko ebangela ubomi bufanele ukuhlaliswa. Olu lungelelwano alumi ndawonye; luhambelana neemeko zobupolitika, inkqubela yezobugcisa, kunye nobunzima obungabonwa kwangaphambili. Ukuqonda iziseko zalo, imigaqo esisiseko engokomthetho, kunye nemigangatho ekhawulezileyo yale mihla iyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba ube ngummi onolwazi kunye nokwenza imigaqo-mthetho.

Ukuchaza Iingcinga Zomsebenzi

Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lubhekisela ekukhuselekeni kwabantu ngokubanzi kwiingozi ezifana nolwaphulo-mthetho, ubugrogrisi, iintlekele zemvelo, kunye nezifo ezimandundu. Luxanduva oluphambili lukarhulumente, olusekelwe kwingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo esekelwe kwizithandi-lwazi ezingoorhulumente abanjengoThomas Hobbes noJohn Locke. Ngokufuthiswayo ukuze kukhuselwe ukhuseleko, abantu ngabanye balunike inkululeko ethile kurhulumente. Amalungelo abantu ngamanye, kwelinye icala, axhomekeke kwinkululeko yabo yokuthetha, inkululeko yokuzimela izinto, indibano, unqulo, kunye nenkuselo kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezingaxhomekekanga zilawulwa yimithetho okanye izixhobo zamalungelo abantu.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kulungelelene

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kocwangco nenkululeko lunemvelaphi enzulu yembali. Kuluntu lwamandulo, njengalo lulawulwa yiKhodi kaHammurabi (c. 1754 BCE), umthetho wabeka uzinzo loluntu kunye nempindezelo kukhuseleko lwabantu ngabanye. IRiphabliki yeRoma yasungula iingcamango ezifana as corpus (ukungakuko ukucel ’ umngeni ukuvalelwa komthetho okungekho mthethweni) kumgaqo, nangona kwakusetyenziswa ngokuguquguqukayo. Incam enkulu yokujika yavela ngo-1215 ngomthetho uMagnata , eyamisela ukuba ukumkani wayengekho ngaphaya komthetho yaye iqinisekiswa iinkqubo ezithile zomthetho ezisemthethweni zomthetho. Olu xwebhu lwalayilwayo inkqubo yomthetho elungele ukulawulwa nomthetho.

Ukukhanyiselwa kwenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kuqhubele phambili amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Abacingisisi abafana noJohn Locke balwela amalungelo endalo ebomini, kwinkululeko, kunye nempahla, ngelixa uMontesquieu exhase ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Linye iBhili yamaZwe yaMalungelo [ (1791]) ngokucacileyo amandla karhulumente alinganiselweyo ngokukhusela intetho, unqulo, ucinezela, nelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo. Ngokufanayo, iSindululo samalungelo oMntu namaNgeli woMveli [[FLT] [78])] savakalisa inkululeko nokulingana okuzinzileyo nengenakusetyenziswa. La maxwebhu akhuthalela umgaqo wokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni amele angabi yi-grobo.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, unyuko lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe ```Nazi'' Jamani, iSoviet Union' ichaza iziphumo eziyintlekele zokunikezela ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye ngenxa yokhuseleko oluyingqokelela. Isibhengezo somanyano lwamalungelo abantu [ (1948]) savela njengempendulo yomhlaba wonke, iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abantu akwindawo yonke kwaye kufuneka akhuselwe nangamaxesha ongxamiseko. Noko ke, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uvumela ukususwa kwamalungelo athile ngexesha likawonke wonke, ukuba amanyathelo alungelelaniswe kwaye angangeni macala angenalurhwebedu.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Esemthethweni Iyalawula Ukulungelelana

Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ekuhloleni nawuphi na umthetho okanye inkqubo ethintela inkululeko ngenxa yokhuseleko.

Imodeli Yomthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuqaphela, ukuva, ukumela okungokwasemthethweni, kunye nenkundla engenamkhethe. UMthetho-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine uqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo. Kumongo wokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, inkqubo efunekayo ithintela ukuvalelwa okungekho ngqiqweni okanye ukuvinjwa kwabantu ngokwezinto eziphathekayo okanye phantsi kwemithetho yokuvalelwa kufuneka bafumane ngokukhawuleza uphando lomthetho obalulekileyo. USP] USupme lityala leNkundla le-United States v. Salter [19877] [FLT]]

Ulwandiso

Umgaqo wokwahlula-hlula ufuna ukuba nawuphi na umlinganiselo wamalungelo ulungelelane nesongelo kunye nemfuneko kwibutho labantu ledemokhrasi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko omncinane awunakuwuthethelela ummiselo ogqugqisileyo. Uhlalutyo lomthetho wamalungelo abantu baseYurophu phantsi isiseko seConvention yaseYurophu kumalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, [[FLT]]] uSilver v. umanyano loBukumkani [19983], iNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo angabantu yawisa umthetho wokuba ukucinywa kweencwadi kufunekelwe ukhuseleko. EUnited States, iinkundla zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa ngokungqongqo koko kupho olubalulekileyo, ifuna ukungqinela inzala e-rhulumente.

Indlela Yokwalela

Okunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokulungelelana yimfuneko yokuba urhulumente akhethe iindlela ezingqongqo kakhulu ukufikelela injongo yakhe yokhuseleko. Ukuba kukho ezinye iindlela ezingezizo ezingephi zokuzikhusela. "ezifana nokujongwa endaweni yokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluninzi" urhulumente kufuneka awamkele ngokungeyomfuneko. Lo mgaqo wasetyenziswa ku Shelton v. Tucker [1960], apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho ofuna abafundisi ukuba badwelise onke amalungu entlangano, bawufumane ububanzi obungadibani nangayimfuneko. Uqikelelo olufanayo lwesine lokuHlunyuselwa ngokuphengulula okungaqikelelwanga okungaqikelelekiyo: isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo [i-FLTLD] [60], apho i-offseshorealorth se-oth se-mose.

Ungqubano

Amanyathelo okhuseleko lukawonke-wonke angekhe akhethe amaqela asekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, ubuhlanga, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Ukunyanzelisa ukubekwa komthetho womthetho womthetho kuphelisa ukuthembana kwaye kusoloko kungqubana nesiqinisekiso esilinganayo. Ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokuhamba ngamatyala ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump (umz., ] Trump v. Hawaii, 2018]] [2018]]) ibonisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nocalucalulo lonqulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukuvalwa komsebenzi kodwa igxininisa ukuthi imigaqo-mthetho yobundilele isenokubethwa phantsi ukuba ishukunyiswa yi-amis. Ngokuphikisanayo, [[FLT.[FLTL:]] [12:3] [2018] iphikisa ukuba imigaqo-yokhuseleko ichaphazela uluntu, i-milmsliklm, i-octimidiansdians, i-mthetho engongog.

Iindawo ezidanyazayo

Iingxaki zale mihla ziye zabangela ukuba impikiswano ikhule ngakumbi, ingakumbi xa kuthethwa ngemibandela apho izisongelo zikho khona, zisasazeke ngokubanzi okanye zisebenza ngobugcisa.

Ubugrogrisi Nokwanda

Ukususela kuhlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001, oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke bawathabathile amagunya okuhlola. USUSA PRITIOT Act , idlule ngo- 2001, ivumele ii-wap ezijikelezayo, ukufikelela kwiingxelo zeshishini, kunye nokwandisa ubukrelekrele. Ngelixesha abaxhasi bezi zixhobo zibalulekile ukuphazamisa amaqhinga abagrogrisi, abagxeki bekhomba inqaku elingunobugqhinga lokuxhaphaza [[FLT:] iprojeni enkulu ye-ONUSD ikhutshelwa nguEdwa nguEdwayiviko lwezigwebo ngo-Fogneyo yolu nyaka ka-2013. Inkundla yesibini yeNt. Inkundla yeNkquluqulu-TT, ekwayilwa yi-RGUTT, nangona ithe yafumana i-RGenethi ye-RGenethi ye-RGenethi.

Ungquzulwano olufanayo lukho kuManyano eUnited Kingdom kunye noMthetho wamagunya akhuthaza inkululeko 2016 (iSicatshulwa sika-Snooper]), esiyalela ukuba iinkampani ze-intanethi zigcine imetam-data kangangeenyanga ezili-12. Umthendeleko ucelwe phantsi komthetho wamalungelo abantu baseYurophu, namaqela aphikisanayo ngenkululeko yabemi angenalo manyano kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo. Imithetho elwayo ne-'trikitractic isetyenziswe ukucinezela ungquzulwano, njengoko kubonwa kumazwe anjenge-Egypt neTurkey, apho amandla ongxamiseko abangela ukubanjwa kwabantu abanongxamisekile. Ucelomngeni lwehlabathi lucetyiswa ngempumelelo kodwa lunexabiso, kunye nokulawula ukuphethulwa kwemithetho yokusebenza kwemithetho yokusebenza kwe-mthetho-mthetho wokunqanda.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Ngexesha Lemizimba

Isifo se-COVID-19 sazisa urhwebo-lukhuseleko lwamalungelo okhuseleko kwijongo elibukhali. Izikhuseli, izigunyaziso, iimfuno zemaski, kunye neenkqubo zokunxibelelana zaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nemilinganiselo yegunya likarhulumente. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa isigunyaziso somjongo kubasebenzi bezonyango kodwa yabulala umgangatho wexesha likaxakeka wabaqeshi abaphezulu ([FLD:0]NFIB v. OSH[FLTY:], 2022). Isizwe esifana neFlorida neTexas sadlulisela imithetho yokuving isigqubuthelo kunye nemimiselo yokugoma, ichaza inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ngoxa abanye benyanze amanyathelo angqongqo okukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe uvumela ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo athile ngexesha longxamiseko lwezempilo yoluntu, kodwa amanyathelo kufuneka asekelwe kubungqina benzululwazi, ixesha elilinganiselweyo, kwaye alungelelaniswe. Intlangano yezonyango lwehlabathi igxininisa ukujolisa amalungelo abantu abambalwa kumalungelo abantu. Ekwenzeni, oorhulumente abaninzi abamiselwe amaxesha okufika ekhaya, abathintelweyo, kunye nabahlalisiweyo abanokugwetyelwa ngokweelwa ngokweemeko-mthetho, abanokugwetyelwa ukuba banciphisa usasazo nokukhusela abantu ababuthathaka. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa ukuhla kwemiba amapolisa ajolise imibutho emincinane ejongelwe phantsi kwendlela efunekayo) kunye nokuswela inkqubo efunekayo yokungaboni kakuhle kwemithetho efana [[FLT].[FLT] Ingxolo-ok-odk-odk-odftioth.

Indibano neMidlalo

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokuqhankqalaza lingundoqo kwidemokhrasi, kodwa isoloko ingqubana nocwangco lukawonke-wonke. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho efana neBlack Lives Matter kunye nokuguquka kwemozulu iye yabangela amagunya ukuba amisele imiqathango yokufika kwexesha, akhethe "ekungaqhubekiyo," kwaye asebenzise amandla okugxotha izihlwele. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zinyanzeleka ukuba zilungelelanise ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wokuqala woxolo nxamnye nogonyamelo, umonakalo wempahla, okanye ukuphazamiseka kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo.

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. [[FLT: 0] Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:] NAI-CP]. [1982] yaqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla isithi ayinakuvala uvukelo oluluxolo ngenxa yokuba inokwenzeka kwabanye. Kodwa ke, Barrett v. uSityalo [[[FLT]] [200]] [2006], inkundla yathi ithe ichaza ukuba ingabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, nemiqathango. Isitshixo kukuba imiqathango kufuneka ikhuselwe-neutral nenye imijelo yonxibelelwano evulekileyo. Ngexesha lokuqhala i-2020, ezinye izixeko ezibekwe ngokwemiqathangomlinganiso wokhuseleko lwexeshana, kodwa ezithi zichaphaze ii-demodemon.

Ukungabi nanto yakwenza namanani kunye nokuzikhusela

Kwixesha lamanani, umlinganiselo ufikelela kwikhompyutha kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi yizo zombini urhulumente kunye neenkampani. Uqikelelo lwasemva, umzekelo, lufunwa ngumthetho ukuba ulwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho lulwenzeke, kodwa abaxhasi bezobuqu balumkisa ukuba bavelise ii-vnerible ezixhatshazwa ngabadlali abanobutshaba. Appleb v. FBI[FL:1] unobumba (206) ngokuvula i-raffaner's iPhonerde's. Urhulumente wabuza ukuba kufuneke ukufikelela ekuthinteleni iintlaselo zexesha elizayo; u-Apple waphikisa ukuba ukwenza ukhuseleko emva komsebenzi wonke. Umzekelo wahliswa xa i-FBILT [FY:1] umbalo ukhutshwe kwenye indlela, kodwa imibuzo engomthetho ihleli.

Ngokufanayo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olubanzi lokukhusela ugcino-lwazi lwe-Al-driven , uphando lobuso, kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwe-alytics kuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nemfihlo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye neziphumo ezidibanisayo. I-European Union ye-General Data Protection Regatection (GDPR)[FLP] imisela imida engqongqo engqongqo ekuqhubekeni kogcino-data, kodwa ukhuseleko lwesizwe lusoloko lusebenza. EUnited States, uHlaliso lweSihlanu "ukulindela okulula kwe-mfihlolo" luvavanywa ngobugcisa obutsha, njengoko kubonwa kwi-[FLT:] v. United States[FLT][3], apho iNkugqibelelo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-onke-onke lufuna ukunikezelwa kolwazi lwezimo-lwazi lwezimo-mfopozizomthetho.

Uphando Lomzekelo Ngenkcukacha

UMthetho we-USA Othi: Impumelelo Esemthethweni Kwingxaki

Idlula ngenkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan emva kweentsuku ezingama-45 kuphela emva kwe-9/11, uMthetho we-PATT owandisiweyo ngokuphawulekayo wolawulo lwamazwe kunye namandla okugcinwa komthetho. Ulungiselelo olungundoqo luquke: (1) ii-wap zokukhangela ezinokulandela ixhoba ngapha nangapha kwezixhobo ezininzi; (2) ukufikelela "kwizinto ezingenakubonwa" (kuquka iirekhodi zethala leencwadi, iirekhodi zezoshishino, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezamayeza) phantsi kwecandelo 215; (3) ukulibazisa ukuphawulwa ("ii-sneak kunye ne-screacties") iziqinisekiso zokwabelana ulwazi phakathi kobukrelekrele nomthetho.

Ngeli xesha loMthetho unconyelwa ngokuphazamisa izicwangciso ezininzi, amaqela enkululeko yabemi aphikisa umthetho wokuba uLawulo lweSine lokuLandlwa koMphetho-mda lungavunyelwayo. I-ACLU yacela iCandelo 215 -ACLU v. I-Clapper[, ekhokelela ekuwiseni umthetho wokuba inkqubo yembutho eninzi ingekho mthethweni. Kwimpendulo, iBhunga leNquluneli lidlulise uMthetho weNTSELELO , owenziwe ngentlalo-nkulu yocingo nokwanda kokubonakala. Noko ke, eminye imiqathango emininzi ihlala ihleli ngokusisigxina. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ubunzima bokutshona kwemiqatha yamandla engxamisekile kanye kwi-Grouniaseltia, kunye nemithetho yezopolitiki iyakuty kwakhona ngexesha eliqhelekileyo.

Ulawulo lwe Covid-19: Ukuthelekisa appeys

Amazwe ahlukeneyo asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula le ngxaki, kunye neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo. I-New Zealand yasebenzisa inkqubo yokuphaphamisa eneziqinisi ezine ezine ezingqongqo, ukuvalwa komda, nokulandelelana okungqongqo. Ngoxa abemi bathobela, abagxeki baphawula ukunqongophele kwengxoxo yepalamente ngemithetho kunye nokuvalelwa kwabantu abambalwa ekuchaneni nocalucalucalulo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Sweden yaxhomekeke kakhulu kwimilinganiselo yokuzithandela, ilondoloza inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kodwa yafumana imilinganiselo ephezulu yokufa phakathi kwabakhulile. IUnited States yabona umsebenzi owenziwe ngemithetho yesizwe neyasekuhlaleni, kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni ezithi zichasene nenkululeko yonqulo (umz., ukuya kwiinkonzo zecawastme) kunye nokufumana imali ekhoyo.

Iinkundla zasebenzisa uvavanyo lolungelelwaniso kwiBhunga loMgaqo-siseko laseJamani, kwisigqibo so-2021, yaphelisa uthintelo loqhagamshelwano njengolungenakuthelekiswa namanani osuleleko ngelo xesha. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., kwi-Roma Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn v.[[FLT][FLT:] [2020]), ithintele imiqathango yesikhundla seecawayo kwiicawa, ifumanise ukuchasana noMsebenzi we-Free Expressice Clacee. La matyala agxininisa ukuba kwanangexesha longxamiseko, oorhulumente kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo okuthunga athe ngqo kwaye baphephe aviwe ngaphandle kwamaqela angathotyelwanga. Ingxolo-mGwamGwa-siseko (iqithi ye-Allspide) iyakuphinda kuphele amashumi eminyaka, ingakumbi amashumi eminyaka, ingakumbi ngenxa yendima yemeko ye-acculo yezo zezenzululwazi.

Ukukhula Kokuvalwa Komsebenzi

Ubugcisa bokuqwalaselwa kobuso (FRT) sisixhobo esinamandla sokunyanzelisa umthetho , ukufumanisa abantu abalahlekileyo, nokukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokungalungi, ngokukodwa kubantu abanombala, kwaye ukwenza ukuba bakwazi ukuqwalasela uluntu. Izixeko ezininzi zase-U.S., kuquka iSan Francisco, iBoston, kunye neMinneapolis, zikwalela urhulumente ukusetyenziswa kwe-FRT. I-Union ye-Europe icet AIAUS Act iyakukwalela ukujonga iprojelo lwemichini yexesha lokwenene kwizithuba zikawonke wonke ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe iimeko ezikhethekileyo, ezilawulwa ngokungqongqo (njengokuphendla umntwana olahlekileyo).

Abaxhasi be-FRT baphikisa ngelithi inganyusa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, umzekelo, ukufanisa ukrokra kwisihlwele ngaphambi kokuba bahlasele. Abachasi baphendula ngokuthi iziphumo ezimanyumnyezi kwindibano ekhululekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-demon zingaphezulu kweenzuzo. Ulungelelwaniso apha lubandakanya kungekuphela nje ukulungelelana kodwa kwanolawulo lwedemokhrasi: ogqibayo ukuba iikhamera zibekwa phi, ugcino-lwazi lugcinwe ixesha elingakanani, kwaye ziziphi iimpazamo ezamkelekileyo?

Ukulungelelana Okunemigaqo: Indlela Ephambili

Akukho lungelelwano lusisigxina phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omntu ngamnye; isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siphinde sihlahlele ngokusekelwe kwiingozi ezintsha kunye nobugcisa. Noko ke, imigaqo ethile yelitye elisekhusini kufuneka ikhokele:

  • Umahluko woorhulumente kufuneka batyhile ingqiqo yemilinganiselo engqongqo kwaye banike ugcino-lwazi ngempumelelo yabo nangeziphumo ezisecaleni. Ulawulo olufihlakeleyo lokuhlola luphelisa ukuthembana nokuziphendulela.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukugqithisa:[ iinkundla ezizimeleyo, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho, kunye neebhodi zohlolo ezingezomthetho kufuneka ziwahlolisise amandla okhuseleko. Ukucwangcisa amaqela okuphuma kwelanga kunye neemfuno zokunika ingxelo ezinyanzelekileyo zinceda ukukhusela amatyala ongxamiseko asisigxina.
  • Igalelo: uluntu oluchaphazelekayo kufuneka lube nesandi kwimigaqo yokhuseleko. Amaqela awenziwe amagqabantshintshi asoloko ethwala intloko yento egqithisileyo, ngoko igalelo lawo libalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo awabi yindawo yokhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izinciphiso ezihliweyo: Abantu ngabanye kufuneka babe namathuba okuvavanya amalungelo okuphulwa ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Amayeza asebenzayo, kuquka umonakalo kunye nemiyalelo, agcina umthetho.
  • Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo: lwe-politiki eyenzelwe isisongelo esinye ingaphelelwa lixesha okanye ibe yingozi. Uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nohlolo lwamaxesha onke lokuhamba kwelanga nokucingisiswa komlinganiselo wokuphinda uphinde ujonge ukuba ngaba amanyathelo ayaqhubeka eyimfuneko na.

Ucelomngeni lokulungelelanisa inkululeko nokhuseleko alulolodwa kulo naluphi na uhlanga; luvavanyo lwehlabathi lonke lolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokuhlonela inkqubo efanelekileyo, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nolwahlulo, ibutho labantu lingakwazi ukumelana nezisongelo ngaphandle kokuncama inkululeko elizimisele ukuyikhusela. Imbali ifundisa ukuba olona khuseleko lunempumelelo lolo lunandipha ukuthemba nokuxhasa abantu (* kwaye ukuthemba kufunyanwa kuphela xa amalungelo exhaswe nanininanini na.