Isivumelwano esiGobileyo soLwesihlanu, esatyikitywa ngo-10 April 1998, sijongwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezivumelanayo ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Saphelisa imfazwe yogonyamelo ekwi-decade-rede eMntla Ireland eyaziwa njenge “ Iinkathazo, i” eyathi yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3, kwaye yahlula ummandla kunye nemigca ebanzi yomanyano nolwaluvo lwesizwe. Kukuqala, isivumelwano singabonakala sintsonkothile, kodwa amalungiselelo ayo akhiwe kwimigaqo elula eyaziwa njenge: amandla-arhar, imvume, intsebenziswano, namalungelo abantu. Eli nqaku laphula phantsi izicwangciso eziphambili zoLwesihlanu kulwimi olucacileyo, ukuchaza indlela abasebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni.

Imvelaphi Yesivumelwano

Ukuqonda iGood Wesihlanu Agreement, kuluncedo ukwazi isizathu sokuba kufuneke. Kumntla Ireland kuye kwaba ngummandla okhuphiswano ukususela ekuhlawulweni kwe-Ireland ngowe-1921. Uluntu lwamaProtestanti, uninzi lwawo, lwafuna ukuhlala luyinxalenye yoMbuso weUnited Kingdom, ngoxa uluntu olunobuzwe, uninzi lwamaKatolika, lunqwenela ukuba kubekho ubunye baseIreland. Ucalucalulo lwezobupolitika nolwezentlalo lubangele ungquzulwano, olukhokelela ekugqashushuni kogonyamelo ukususela ekupheleni koo-1960 kuqhubeke. Inkathazo yayibandakanya amaqela emikhosi yoongqungquthela emalu macala omabini.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1990, kwaqalisa ukumila inkqubo yoxolo, ikhokelwa ngamanani afana noJohn Hume, Gerry Adams, David Trimble, kunye nabanye, ngenkxaso evela kurhulumente wase-Britani nase-Irish kunye nabameli bezizwe ngezizwe abanjengoMlathi-US uGeorge Mitchell. Emva kweminyaka yokuthethana, iintetho ezininzi zaphela kwiBelfast Aplique, kamva eyaziwa ngokuba yiGook Wesihlanu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Gook Weavere Agreement. Yavunywa zii-antentements zom zomntla neRiphabliki yase-Ireland ngoMeyi 1998, kunye nee-Riphabliki ezinkulu.

Imigaqo Engokwesithethe Yesivumelwano

Isivumelwano esingoLwesihlanu esilungileyo sisekelwe kwimigaqo eliqela esisiseko ekhokela onke amalungiselelo aso.

Umququzeleli

Umgaqo wokuvuma uthi naluphi na utshintsho kubume bomGaqo-siseko waseMntla Ireland lungazenzekela kuphela ngokuvunyelwa kwabantu bayo. Olu yayiluvumeko olubalulekileyo: imikhosi yesizwe yayamkela ukuba iIreland iya kulunga ngaphandle kokuba uninzi lwamangini eNorthern Ireland luvumelene, kwaye abaququzeleli bavuma ukuba kufuneka babandakanyeke kulawulo lwesizwe. Isivumelwano sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba iNowester Ireland iyinxalenye yoBukumkani baseUnited de kube lixesha elinjalo njengevoti enkulu.

Izixhobo zamandla

Kunokuba iphumelele yonke inkqubo, isivumelwano siyalela ukuba kubekho urhulumente ohlisileyo apho ubumanyano kunye nezizwe zamaqela afumana igunya eliphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho butho linye elinolawula urhulumente, kwaye izigqibo kufuneka zibonise ukuvumelana okubanzi.

Umlinganiselo

Isivumelwano sivuma ukuba abantu baseMntla Ireland banelungelo lokuchaza iBritani, iIreland okanye zombini ezi zinto, yaye sihlonela izithethe zabo, ezopolitiko neelwimi.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Achazwa Ngenkcukacha

Isivumelwano esiLungileyo sangoLwesihlanu silungiselelwe jikelele kwisithathu i “strands, i” nganye iqhubana nomlinganiselo owahlukileyo wolawulo kunye nentsebenziswano.

Indibano Yomntla Ireland Nolawulo Oluphezulu

Strand One waseka indlu yowiso-mthetho ehluliweyo kunye norhulumente wase-Northern Ireland, eyaziwa njengeNdibano yaseMntla Ireland kunye noMgaqo-siseko waseMntla Ireland. INdibano yipalamente eyi-90 (ekuqaleni eli-108, lancitshiswa) enyulwe ngokumela umlinganiselo. Amalungu ayo, abizwa ngokuba yiMLAS (Amalungu eNdibano Yomthetho), atsalwa kumaqela omabini akwingingqi yomanyano kunye nesizwe.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla alawulayo, iNdibano isebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukuvota okunqamlezileyo. Izigqibo ezingundoqo zifuna ukuba uninzi lwamalungu onke kunye noninzi lwamaqumrhu atyunjweyo kunye nolwamazwe ohlanga, okanye ama-60% ngokubanzi anabantu abamalunga nama-40% kwiqela ngalinye. Oku kuthintela naliphi na iqela labantu elisuka kumthetho odluliswayo ngelinye ixesha.

IGawulayo ikhokelwa ngumPhathiswa wokuqala nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala qhatha isiqu esincinci i “d ” ukubonisa ubume obulinganayo phezu kwamagama. Ezi ndawo zimbini zibekwe ngobuninzi beqela elidibanisayo kunye neqela elikhulu elinobuzwe ngokulandelelana. Amandla azo adibeneyo, okuthetha ukuba azinakwenza ngaphandle kweminye i-’ imvume. Umlawuli uquke nabefundisi abasuka kwamanye amaqela abasekelwe kumandla abo kwiNdibano (usebenzisa i-dksquo; umgaqo we-Hondt), eqinisekisa ukuba abantu bobabini banelizwi kurhulumente.

Eli lungiselelo liye laba ngamandla kwaye laba ngunobangela wokungazinzi. INdibano iye yajongana nokungathembani okuphindaphindiweyo xa amaqela aphelelwa, okubaluleke kakhulu ukususela ngowama-2002 ukuya ku-2007 nango-202020 ngo-2017. Kodwa isele iyinkqubo engundoqo yezopolitiko eyadalwa sesi sivumelwano.

iBhunga labalungiseleli laseMntla-mzantsi

Strand II waseka iqumrhu elisesikweni lentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRiphabliki yase-Ireland: iBhunga labalungiseleli elikuMntla-mzantsi (MC). I-NSMC izisa abalungiseleli abasuka kuMntla-Mgaqo-siseko we-Ireland kunye noRhulumente wase-Ireland ukuququzelela inkqubo kwimicimbi enika umdla omnye. Ezi ziquka ezolimo, imfundo, impilo, imekobume, ezothutho, kunye nokhenketho.

IBhunga lisebenza ngokuvumelana, izigqibo ezizintsingiselo zifuna isivumelwano esisuka kumacala omabini. Nangona lingenawo amagunya owiso-mthetho, linikezela ngesiseko seenyathelo zomthetho ezidityanisiweyo kwaye lingancomela iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo kwiipalamente ngokwazo. I-NSMC ikwajongela iMibunzo emithandathu yomNtla-mzantsi, enjenge-Waterways Ireland, i-Fooooooty Protection Board, kunye ne-InterTradeIreland, ezinikela iinkonzo kuzo zonke izizinziso.

Lo msonto wenzelwe ukuthetha ngomnqweno wobuzwe wokusondelelana neRiphabliki ngaphandle kokubonakalisa indawo yasemntla Ireland &rsquo. Yanika abenzi bomanyano ubuchule bokuqinisekisa ukuba intsebenziswano enjalo ayizange ibe yeyokubuyela kwi-Ireland emanyanisiweyo.

IBhunga laseBritani neNgqungquthela yePhondo yoMbutho woRhulumente

Strand 3 ulwalamano lwamaBritane, zombini entshona kunye noorhulumente baseBritane kunye nabo base-Ireland. IBhunga leBritani ne-IRIC (BIC) lihlanganisa abameli abavela kurhulumente we-UK, urhulumente wase-Ireland, abaphathi abakhutshweyo baseScotland, eWales, naseNorthern Ireland, kunye noorhulumente be-Isle of Man kunye neziQithiwa zesiQithi. IBhunga lixubusha ngemicimbi yomdla ofanayo njengemekobume bendalo, ukuthutha, kunye nokulwa nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi. Idibana ngamaxesha athile entla entla, i-ntle yaye inendima ejongene-NSMC.

Ukongezelela, esi sivumelwano saseka iNgqungquthela yezeeNgilani neIrish (BIIC) ukuze ikhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente baseBritani nabase-Ireland kwimicimbi engakhutshelwanga kuMntla Ireland, njengokhuseleko nokusesikweni. Eli qumrhu linendima ekhethekileyo ekukhuthazeni amalungelo abantu nokuxolelaniswa. Lathabathel' indawo iBhunga langaphambili le-Anglo-Irish noMbutho we-Interviormentalment eyamiswa phantsi kwe-Anglone-Irish Arect.

La maziko ayenzelwe ukulungelelanisa ulwalamano kwaye agxininisa umgaqo wokuba oorhulumente ababini baxhasana kwisivumelwano.

Ukuyeka Ukulwa Nezixhobo Zomkhosi

Enye yezona mbambano zinzima kwinkqubo yoxolo yayikukukhupha unikezelo kunye nokutshabalalisa izixhobo ezigcinwe ngamaqela omkhosi. Isivumelwano safuna ukuba onke amaqela asebenzise impembelelo yawo ukuze aphumeze ukukhupha imvume kwisithuba seminyaka emibini. I-I Independent International Commission on Decomging (ICD) yamiselwa ukulawula inkqubo.

Ukungavunyelwa kwangqineka kuyinto ethanda ukuphikisayo necothayo. I-IRA ayizange iqalise ukuyeka ukuya exesheni lonyaka ka-2005 kwaye ayigqitywanga de kwangowama-2005. Amaqela anyanisekileyo nawo ayayeka, nangona ekwindlela eninzi. Inkqubo eyakhelwe ukuthembana ngexesha elithile, ibonakalisa ukuzinikela kokwenene kuxolo kunokuyeka ukutshaya. Ngaphandle kokukhupha imvume, inkqubela yezopolitiko ibingayi kuba yinto enokwenzeka − .

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sinesahluko esibanzi samalungelo abantu. Oorhulumente baseBritani nabase-Ireland bafaka iNdibano yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu kumthetho wasekhaya, nto leyo eyaphunyezwa yi-UK ngoMthetho wamaLungelo oBuntu ka-1998. Isivumelwano saseka iKhomishini yamaNyakatho kaRhwebo lwamaLungelo abantu (NIHRC) ukucebisa nokuhlola ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ilungiselelo elingundoqo lokulingana lifumaneka kwiCandelo 75 loMthetho we-Northern Ireland 1998, elifuna ukuba amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke akhuthaze ukulingana kwamathuba kwiindidi ezisithoba, kuquka iinkolelo zonqulo, iimbono zezobupolitika, ubuhlanga, ubufanasini, ubudala, kunye neziphene. Oku kwayintsabelo engqalileyo kucalucalulo oluye lwabangela imfazwe.

Esi sivumelwano safuna iBhili yamaLungelo asemntla Ireland. Emva kweminyaka yokuxilongana ne-NIHRC yacebisa ukuba kwenziwe iBhili elungelelanisayo ngo-2008, kodwa ayikaphunyezwanga ngenxa yeempikiswano zobupolitika. Phezu kwako nje oku, ukulingana kwemiqathango ye-oyile kuye kwaba nempembelelo etshintshayo kwimigaqo kawonke-wonke, isenza i-Northern Ireland ibe yenye yezona ndawo zilawula ngokulinganayo kwi-UK.

Isidima Nokusesikweni

IRoyal Ulster Conssabulary (RUC), umkhosi wamapolisa kuMntla Ireland, wagxekwa kakhulu ngabameli besizwe ngendima yabo ngexesha leengxaki. Isivumelwano sagunyazisa utshintsho olubanzi lwamapolisa, olusekelwe kwingxelo yePatten (1999). I-RUC yathatyathelw' indawo yiNkonzo yamapolisa aseNorthern Ireland (PSI), kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha ezicetyiweyo ezilungiselelwe ukuba zibe ngabameli bazo zombini imimandla.

Utshintsho lwaluquka iinguqu kwizifungo zamapolisa, imiqondiso, ukujoliswe kwabo (ipesenti yamaKatolika, amaProtestanti angama-50%), kunye nokudalwa kweBhunga leNkqutyana yePrimesti elinamalungu ezobupolitika nazimeleyo ukuvelela umkhosi. Kwasekwa ukuphanda izikhalazo. Utshintsho lwepolitiki lwabakhokelwayo yayiyinkqubo ende neyayilwayo, kodwa ekugqibeleni lwanceda ukwandisa intembelo yesizwe kumaziko, ikhokela iSinn Fé in ukuxhasa iPSNI ngo- 2007.

Amagunya obulungisa agcinwa okokuqala ngurhulumente we-UK kodwa ahlawulwa kwiNdibano yaseMntla Ireland ngo-2010. UMphathiswa weJaji utyunjwe esebenzisa ivoti enqamlezayo, kunokuba amiselwe yi-d’ indlela yeHondt, ukuqinisekisa inkxaso ebanzi.

Ukukhululwa Kwentolongo

Ilungiselelo elithandabuzekayo leGood Wear Agreement yayikukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kwamabanjwa agwetyelwe amatyala amkhosi. Isivumelwano sathi onke amabanjwa afanelekeleyo kunye nemibutho egcina ukupheliswa kwemililo ayeza kukhululwa kwisithuba seminyaka emibini. Amabanjwa angaphezu kwama-400 aye akhululwa, kuquka amanye agwetyelwa ukubulala. Eli cebo laqaliswa ngokuthe ngcembe, amabanjwa ekhululwa emva kokufumana isigwebo esincinane kwaye ephantsi kweemeko.

Eli lungiselelo lachaswa ngokukrakra ngamaxhoba amaninzi i’ iintsapho kunye namaqumrhu, abavakalelwa kukuba avuza ubugrogrisi. Noko ke, kwabonwa kuyimfuneko ukunyanzela amaqela omkhosi ukuba avume uxolo. Ilinge lokukhulula ibanjwa lalinomda wexesha kwaye liphethwe ngumkhomishinala ozimeleyo. Lisengowona mmandla ubuhlungu wesivumelwano kwabaninzi, kodwa lavumela neenkokeli zamaqela anjenge-IRA ukuba zibandakanye ngokupheleleyo kubomi bezobupolitika.

Ukusebenzisa Imali, Ucelomngeni Nelifa

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu asizange sizenze ngoko nangoko imekobume yezobupolitika. Kwiminyaka yokuqala kwaphindaphindwa iingxaki ngenxa yokurhoxiswa, utshintsho lwamapolisa, kunye nokuthenjwa. INdibano yaxhonywa amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye kwathathwa de kwangowama- 2007 ukuze kubekho urhulumente ozinzileyo olawula amandla olawulayo ukuze abe phantsi kokhokelo luka-Ian Paisley (Dup) kunye noMartin McGuinnes (Sin Fuéin). Isivumelwano se-St Andrews ka-2006 senze utshintsho, olufana nokutshintsha imithetho yokungapheli mPhathiswa wokuqala nomPhathiswa wokuqala, kwaye walungisa indlela yokusebenza ngokupheleleyo.

Ukususela ngoko, amaziko aye asebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo empumelelo. Amaxesha okuwa, njenge 2017-2020 ekhutshwa ngenxa yehlazo elinokubuyiselwa, iye yavavanya ukuqina kwesakhiwo. Noko ke, isivumelwano ’ iinkqubo − ingakumbi imfuneko yenkxaso yokunqamleza.

Isivumelwano savela ngokuphendula kwiingxaki ezintsha. Ukunduluka kwe-UK’ ukuphuma kwe-European Union kwabangela ingxaki eyodwa, njengoko isivumelwano sakhiwe kumongo woko kuthethwa ngeUK ne-Ireland ingamalungu e-EU. Isivumelwano somthetho-mthetho sasemntla Ireland (kamva i-Windsor Frameworkwork) sayilwa ukukhusela iGood Wesihlanu ngokuphepha umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland ngexesha ulawulo lwentengiso phakathi kweGreat Britain neNorthern Ireland. Oku kubangele iimbambano zezobupolitika, kodwa kubonisa ukuba nzulu kwesivumelwano sonyaka ka-1998.

Namhlanje, iGood Wear Agument isesona siseko soxolo kuMntla Ireland. I-etherns . Isoloko ingenabagxeki ```Iingingqi'' zenza buthathaka umanyano, ngoxa abanye abathathi-nxaxheba besizwe bekholelwa ukuba ayikhange ilungise okungekho sikweni okungokwembali. Kodwa iye yavumela isizukulwana ukuba sikhule ngaphandle kogonyamelo lwamihla le. Amalungiselelo aso okulawula, ukuncedisana komda, kwaye amalungelo abantu ayaqhubeka ebumba imeko yezobupolitika, kwaye imigaqo yokuvuma nokuhlonelwa kwexabiso ihlala isodwa seso siseko esilungileyo sexesha elizayo.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi

Kwabo bafuna ukuphanda isivumelwano ngokweenkcukacha, umbhalo opheleleyo ukhona kwi UK ulawulo lwe-’ ukugcina. Ungafumana uhlalutyo kunye nomongo wembali kwimithombo enjenge Encyclopedia Britannica[, , BBC Imbali yeengxaki [, kunye novimba [[FLT:]] we-AINKIN [[FLT]] kwiYunivesithi ye-University. Ezi zinto zinika ulawulo olugunyaziswayo kunye nolulwazi oluphezulu lolwazi lwendawo engasemva noluqhubekekileyo lokusebenza.