Ukuqalisa Umthetho Wakwabelana

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usisiseko senkqubo yokugweba eUnited States, uchaza ihambo evaliweyo kunye nesohlwayo esinikwa abo baphula imithetho yebutho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ocombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya ukutshutshiswa kwabantu okanye amaqumrhu atyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Uhambo olusuka ekubanjweni ukuya enkabeni luyinkqubo elungiselelwe ngenyameko yokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lwasesidlangalaleni kunye namalungelo omGaqo-siseko wabamangalelwa. Ukuqonda iqonga ngalinye linetyala kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, abafundi, kunye nabani na ofuna ukuququlungela okanye ukuqonda inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiseko Somthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Injongo Nemilinganiselo Yezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wesaphuli-mthetho usebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ukunqanda, ukubuyisela isithintelo, kunye nempindezelo. Izigwebo zichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente, kwisizwe, kwisizwe, kwilizwe, nakwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nezohlwayo ezisukela kwimali ukuya kwintolongo yobomi. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liquka i-'urth'us'' [ (isenzo setyala) esinetyala, kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT] i-amens re (ingqiqo echanile). Ngaphandle kokungabubungqina obusengqiqweni bobabini, ayinako ukumamela.

Ukwahlulwa Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubalwa ngokubanzi njenge [ iityala ezinokubakho ngaphaya konyaka entolongweni. Ii-misferars okanye zinzima kakhulu kwaye zisoloko zisohlwaywa ngaphantsi konyaka wokubulawa okanye ukurhwetywa kweziyobisi. Ezinye imikhosi zikwasebenzisa izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane njengetrafiki.

Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kuphawula ukudibana kokuqala okusemthethweni okukhoyo komntu orhanelwayo kwinkqubo yezobulungisa.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

UHlaliso lweSine lufuna ukuba ukubanjwa kuxhaswe ngunobangela ogxekiweyo ``inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala nakwimeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye luza kwenziwa. Unobangela onokwenzeka ungavela ku:

  • Ingqwalasela engqalileyo yegosa
  • Ingxelo evela kumaxhoba okanye kumangqina
  • Ubungqina obuphathekayo obunxibelelanisa umkroti nolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ingxelo ekwiNPO ezithembekileyo
  • Isantya somlinganiselo wesantya okanye ubungqina bamanani

Iinkundla zivavanya undoqo onokwenzeka usebenzisa umlinganiselo weemeko uvavanyo, njengoko lumiselwe ku Izibaneso v. Amasango [19983]).

Ukubanjwa Kwabantu Ababotshwayo

Ukubanjwa kungenziwa ngemvume okanye ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. [[FLT: 0] ubanjwa ngokungenatyala ufuna ijaji ukuba inikezele uxwebhu olusemthethweni olusekelwe kwi-affidavit ebonisa unobangela onokwenzeka. ubanjwa ngaphandle kwesizathu uvumelekile xa umphathi ebona ulwaphulo-mthetho, unobangela onokuba ukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenzekile, okanye xa iimeko ezizinzileyo zikho, zibonisa ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokubhabha okanye utshaba. Noko ke, ukubanjwa okungenagunya kumele kubekwe phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemikhosi Ebudeni Bokubanjwa

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho angasebenzisa unyanzelo olusengqiqweni ukuqhuba ukubanjwa. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Graham v. Connor (19989) amisela ingqiqo elungeleleneyo[ umgangatho, ukuvavanya amandla ukusuka kwimbono yegosa elinobuchule kumboniso. Amandla agqithisileyo angakhokelela kwityala lamakhaya okanye ukucinezela ubungqina.

Iinkqubo zeNtloko

Ubalo

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokrelo lusiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa ukubhalisa , inkqubo yolawulo equka:

  • Ukushicilela inkcazelo yakho (igama, umhla wokuzalwa, idilesi)
  • Ukuthatha umnwe neminwe
  • Uludwe lwempahla yobuqu
  • Ukubhala ingxelo yegosa elibandakanya ulwaphulo - mthetho
  • Ukuxilongwa kwempilo nohlolo lokuzibulala

Ukuqweba asiyonkqubo yokugweba; kusuka nje kubangele ingxelo esemthethweni. Isikrokrele sisenokuvalelwa kwiseli elindele imbonakalo yokuqala yenkundla.

Imbonakalo Yokuqala (Ukwamkelwa Kukukhalaza)

Kwiiyure ezingama-48 zokubanjwa (okanye kuxhomekeke kwigunya), ukrokrelwa kufuneka avele phambi komgwebi okanye kumajistala wembonakalo ye-[FLT: 0] ekwimbonakalo ye-. Ngexesha loku kuchotshelwa, ijaji:

  • Ichaza ummangalelwa ngezityholo
  • Igunya likhuthaza ummangalelwa wamalungelo awo omgaqo-siseko
  • Ichaza ukuba ummangalelwa uyasifanelekela na isiluleko esimisiweyo
  • Icwangcisa ibheyile okanye iimeko zokhululo

Ukuvela kokuqala lithuba lokuqala lokuba ummangalelwa asebenzise ilungelo lakhe lokungathethi acele igqwetha. Ukuba ezi zityholo ziphosakele, imbonakalo yokuqala isenokusebenza njengendlela yokuzithethelela.

Ibhayile kunye nokukhululwa kwangaphambili

Bail sisiqinisekiso semali sokuba ummangalelwa uza kuvela kwimihla yenkundla yexesha elizayo. UMthetho-Mgaqo-siseko wesibhozo uyakwalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile eninzi, kodwa asingobamangalelwa abafanele ukukhululwa. Iimeko eziphembelela ulwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, umngcipheko wenqwelo-moya, kunye nengozi kuluntu. Iindawo ezinokusetyenziswa ekuhlawuleni imali ziquka ukukhutshwa komqaliswano [[], ukukhutshwa, ukulawulwa, ukujongwa kwezixhobo ze-elektro, okanye ukubanjwa kwendlu. Amatyala amaninzi aphuculenkqubo ebhekile aphucule ukuthoba intlawulo ezisekelwe kwimali.

Inkqubo Yokwaleka

Ubulumko Bokutyholwa

Umtshutshisi ugqiba kwelokuba afake izityholo ezisemthethweni, ezimele zisiwe, nokuba afune ityala eliphezulu labachopheli-tyala. Eli qhinga libanzi kodwa kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngokholo olulungileyo nangokungenakhethe. Abatshutshisi bahlola ingxelo yamapolisa, ubungqina, kunye nomthetho osebenzayo ngaphambi kokwenza isigqibo.

Iindlela Zokungcebeleka

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo eziya kuhlawuliswa ngokusesikweni:

  • Ulwazi: Umtshutshisi ufakela uxwebhu olutyholayo ngqo nenkundla, olusetyenziswa kwinkoliso yabenzi bobuxoki kunye nezinye iimpazamo.
  • Ityala: I-agness committery iva ubungqina ekusitheleni kwaye ivoti ikhupha ityala elisemthethweni (isigwebo). Iqumrhu elikhulu lejaji liyafuneka kwityala likarhulumente kunye namatyala amaninzi karhulumente.

Zombini iindlela mazixhaswe ngesizathu esilindelekileyo.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Uxanduva luhlelwa ngokwahlulahlulwa ngobukhali kunye nezinto ezithile. Isiganeko esinye singakhokelela kwimiba emininzi, efana nohlaselo, ibhetri, kunye nokuba nesixhobo. Abatshutshisi basenokungalichazi ngaphandle kokuphatha baquka amatyala [ (umz., ukubulala njengetyala elincinane ekubulaleni) ukwandisa amathuba okuvuma.

Inkqubo yangaphambili

Ulungelelaniso

Ityala [[[FLT: 0] lubalo lokuqala olusemthethweni lommangalelwa lokufundwa kwezityholo kwinkundla evulekileyo. Ummangalelwa uyacelwa ukuba angenise isibongozo:

  • I-Guilty: ukuvuma ityala, ukulahla amalungelo okuvavanya, nokuqhubeka nokugweba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Awunatyala: ukuphisa ityala kwaye ufuna ukuvavanywa.
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imantinere): Ukungavumi ukuba netyala kodwa ukwamkela isohlwayo, okusoloko kusetyenziswa kwiimeko apho ityala loluntu lixhalabisayo.
  • Ime isimumu: Inkundla ingena isibongozo esingesosizathu kwityala lommangalelwa ukuba bayala ukumangalela.

Emva kokubekwa kweliso, eli tyala lidlulela kwinqanaba lokufumana nokuthabatha inyathelo.

Uhlolo lwebhayile kunye nolungiso

Iimeko zebhayile zingaqwalaselwa kwimvo elandelayo. Ukuba iimeko ziyatshintsha . "ezinje `njengobungqina obutsha obumalunga nomngcipheko wokubhabha ---okanye iqela lingacela ijaji ukuba ilungise ibheyile. Ukwaphulwa kweemeko zebheyile kungaphumela ekurhoxisweni kwesakhiwo kwaye kukhutshwe isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa.

Umbuzo

Ukufumana kutshintshiselwano lobungqina phakathi kwengtshutshiso nokhuseleko. Ingtshutshiso inomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko ngaphantsi [[FLT: 0] Brady v. Maryland (1963) ukutyhila ubungqina bobuphengululi obunokunceda ummangalelwa. Ukufunyanwa ngokwemo kubandakanya:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ubungqina obuphathekayo neengxelo zelebhu
  • Ividiyo nesandi ezirekhodiweyo
  • Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho yangaphambili (ukuba ifanelekile)
  • Ingxelo yobungqina

Imithetho efunyenweyo iyahluka-hluka ngokwemithetho kodwa yenzelwe ukuthintela ukumangaliswa nokukhuthazwa kwemiqathango esesikweni.

Intshukumo zangaphambili zovavanyo

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amagqwetha athatha iifayile ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kwetyala ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha i- Ukuxambulisana ukuba izityholo azinele ngokusemthethweni okanye zophule iingozi eziphindwe kabini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana uphazamiso lokucinezela ubungqina: Ukufuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, ukuxhuzula, okanye ukuncinwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukutshintsha indawo: ukucela indawo eyahlukileyo ngenxa yosasazo lwangaphambili okanye ikhethe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kwi-limine: ucela inkundla ukunqanda ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina obunganikelwanga.

Ukuphumelela ekucinezeleni kunokulidodobalisa ngokuqatha ityala lomtshutshisi, maxa wambi kubangele ukuba agxothwe.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho — ngaphezu kwama-90% — luqukunjelwe ngamacala olwaphulo-mthetho athelekisa ukutyala kunokuba avavanywe]. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala elibi, ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane okanye ngesigwebo esinconyelweyo, ukutshintshisa ngentengo ehlawulwayo kumtshutshisi. Iingenelo ziquka ukucuthwa kwamatyala eenkundla, ngokuqinisekisiweyo, kwaye ukunqanda ukuvavanywa kwetyala elide. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukucenga abamangalelwa abamsulwa banokunyanzelela ulwaphulo-mthetho olungenatyala ukuba bavume ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqatha. Kwinkundla yesizwe, .U.S.Actney'

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo Nelasekuhlaleni

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke kunye netyala . Ukulibazisa okubangelwa lityala okanye inkundla kungakhokelela ekugxothweni. Iinkundla zikawonke-wonke ziqinisekisa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye zithintele ukuthethwa kwenkundla ngokufihlakeleyo, nangona inkundla ingavalwa inkundla kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengokukhusela ingqina elincinane.

Ukhetho

Kwityala letyala kunye namatyala amaninzi aphosakeleyo, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchophela ityala koontanga babo. Ukhetho lwe Jury luqala nge [[FLT: 0] i-oir, apho ijaji namagqwetha abuza khona amajaji anokuba nekhethe, ulwazi ngetyala, kunye nokukwazi ukungakhethi buso. Icala ngalinye lingaqhelisela:

  • Ityala lokwenza: Elingenamda, elisekelwe kwimbonakalo yekhethe (umz., ijaji esebenzela amapolisa).
  • Imingeni: Imida ngokwenani, ivumela amagqwetha ukuba agxothe igqir ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, logama ingasekelwanga kuhlanga okanye ubufana ( Babatson v. Kentucky, 1986]).

Abachopheli betyala bafungwe emva kokukhetha, yaye ngokusemthethweni ityala liqalisa.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Icala ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuvula echaza ubungqina abaza kubunikela. Ityala lihamba kuqala, lilandelwe yi-state yokhuseleko. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa aziyiyo imaphu yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala. IiAttorney azivumelekanga ukwenza iimpikiswano okanye ukugqabaza ngobungqina obulindelekileyo.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lithwala umthwalo wobungqina ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukhuseleko lunganikela ubungqina balo kodwa akufuneki ukuba lwenze njalo. Ubungqina buthatha iindlela ezininzi:

  • ubungqina obubonisa ukulingana: AmaNgqina angqina phantsi kwesifungo, ephantsi kovavanyo oluthe ngqo kunye nokunqamleza.
  • ubungqina bobuxwebhu: iiContracts, oonobumba, iirekhodi zezamayeza.
  • [[UMTL:0] ubungqina bokwenene: izinto ezibonakalayo, ezifana nezixhobo, amayeza, okanye impahla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina obubonisa ukuma okungagqibeki: Imizobo, iitshati, okanye upopayi wekhompyutha osetyenziswa ukufuzisela ubungqina.

Zombini ezi jaji zisenokubiza amangqina angoongcaphephe ukuba anikele iimbono ezikhethekileyo.

Ukwasulelwa nokungagqibeki

Ukuxilongwa komnqamlezo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina aphikisanayo. Ii-attorney zingathetha namangqina ngokuphikisana kwangaphambi kokuba kuthethwe, ikhethe, okanye uphawu lokunganyaniseki. Ukucela kusenokukhokelela abagwebi ekubutyesheleni okanye ekubutyesheleni ubungqina.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikiwe, icala ngalinye lenza impikiswano eshwankathelayo ishwankathela ityala kwaye ibongoza abachopheli-tyala ukuba bafikelele isigqibo esithile. Ingcaso ithetha kuqala kwaye inganikela impikiswano emva kokhuselo. Impikiswano yokuvala ayinako ukuchaza ubungqina obutsha okanye ukuchaza umthetho ngokuphosakeleyo.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho onxulumeneyo, kuquka izigaba zolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, nentsingiselo yokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Imiyalelo ibhaliswa ngamaqela kwaye ivunywa yinkundla. Kwezinye iindawo, kusetyenziswa imiyalelo yendlela yokuchophela amatyala.

Isigqibo soMququzelelo kunye neSigwebo

Abachopheli bejaji ngabom ngasese, bafikelela kwisigqibo esihlanganeyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba abavumi, bangabambisa iziphumo zejaji , kwaye ijaji ingakhupha ityala eliphosakeleyo. Ityala linokuphinda licinezelwe. Izigwebo ezinokwenzeka ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Ityala labonisa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Ayinatyala: Ijaji ayiqinisekanga ngetyala (imivalo emsulwa iphinde igwetyelwe phantsi kwengozi ephindwe kabini).
  • I-Gibrate yento encinci idityaniswe netyala: Xa ubungqina buxhasa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane kunoxanduva.

Ukugweba

Uphando Nengxelo Enikelwa

Emva kwesigqibo okanye isibongozo setyala, inkundla iyalela ukuba kuphandwe kuphengululwe kuqhutywa ngamagosa avavanyayo. Le ngxelo iquka imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, imvelaphi yobuqu, iingxelo zexhoba, kunye nesigwebo sesigwebo. Omabini amacala angakucel ’ umngeni ukuchana kwengxelo.

Ukugweba Indlebe

Ukuva isigwebo kuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba athethe ( ubalo-lwazi ), amaxhoba ukuthetha kwinkundla, kunye namagqwetha ukuphikisana ngesigwebo esithile. Abagwebi baqwalasela imigaqo yemithetho, imiqathango exhobisayo (umz., ukusebenzisa isiXhobo, ingxelo engaphambili), kunye nothunywa (umz., intsebenziswano, ukunqongophala kwembali yolwaphulo-mthetho).

  • Ukungcungcuthekiswa entolongweni
  • Ukuhambelana neemeko (umz., ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi, ukufika kwexesha, inkonzo yoluntu)
  • Imali entle nehlawulelwa amaxhoba
  • Ezinye izigwebo ezifana nokubanjwa kwasekhaya okanye iinkqubo zonyango

Izigwebo ezimanyeneyo zilawulwa Li United States Sentensign Guides, ezinika uluhlu olusekelwe kumgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amazwe anezawo imigca egwetywayo kunye nemithetho engobuncinane obuyimfuneko.

Izibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcubeko

Ummangalelwa okholelwa ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala angafaka isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izindululo eziqhelekileyo ziquka izindululo ezibubuxoki, ukuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi, ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko, okanye iimpazamo zomyalelo wabachopheli-tyala. Izibheno azizilibali izibakala; ziyayihlola ingxelo ngeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuba ityala lixhaswa, ummangalelwa angafuna isicombululo ngezicelo ze-past corpus okanye ukuthatha inyathelo lokuvala isigwebo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho olawulayo ukusuka ekubotshweni ukuya ekuchongeni kukusetyenziswa okuntsonkothileyo kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, imithetho ebekwe ngoorhulumente, nemigangatho ecacileyo. Isigaba ngasinye (ukusukela ekuphathweni kwasekuqaleni ngamapolisa ukuya kwisigwebo sokugqibela). Ukubonakalisa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olucokisekileyo olucetyelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Nokuba ungumfundi womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ugqirha osemthethweni, okanye ilungu likawonke-wonke, eliqonda olu hambo lukhuthaza uxabiso oluphandle ngakumbi lomthetho kunye nenkxaso enikwa wonke umntu omangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, inkqubo yeNkuhlela yeNkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho [[FLT] ]