Ukuqonda Isicombululo Sokuqala Kubomi Bamihla Le

UHlaliso Lokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, umatshini wokushicilela, indibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Nangona la malungelo eyimigaqo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, awaphelelanga kuyo yonke imibandela. Ngokukhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezicwangciso zikawonke-wonke kunye neziqu zangasese, ngokuphawulekayo kwiindawo zemisebenzi nasesikolweni. Ukuqonda ezi zimvo ziyimfuneko kubaqeshwa, kubafundi, kunye nabaqeshi ukuba basebenzisane imihla ngemihla ukunxibelelana kwabo ngoxa behlonela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nezo zoquluvo lwentlangano.

Eli nqaku linikela uluvo olunzulu ngendlela uMphetho wokuqala osebenza ngayo emsebenzini nakwimeko-bume yesikolo, ukuquka imizekelo engundoqo engokwasemthethweni, imiqathango esebenzisekayo, kunye nokhokelo olusebenzayo. Ukuba ungumqeshwa ozibuza ukuba ungathini emsebenzini, umfundi uvavanya imida yokuthetha, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yoomphathi, ukwazi imida yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunokukunceda uphephe imiqobo esemthethweni kwaye ukhuthaze isithethe esinentlonelo.

Amalungelo Okuhlaziywa Kokuqala Emsebenzini

UHlaliso Lokuqala ludla ngokumisela kuphela urhulumente umsebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaqeshi – amashishini amancinci ukuya kumashishini amakhulu – ababotshelelwa ngqo kuMgqino-mva-mva. Noko ke, abaqeshi basekuhlaleni (imeko, urhulumente, kunye namasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni) kufuneka bawahlonele amalungelo abo okuthetha ngenkululeko, ngokokwahlukana nemiqathango ethile. Ukuqonda lo mahluko linyathelo lokuqala ekwazini amalungelo enu emsebenzini.

Abaqeshwa Abangamahlelo Kawonke-wonke: Ukhuseleko Olunamandla

Ukuba usebenzela iqumrhu likarhulumente – njengesikolo sikarhulumente, umbutho wesizwe, iyunivesithi yesizwe, okanye urhulumente kamasipala - urhulumente wakho angafumana ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Uvavanyo olungundoqo olungokwasemthethweni luvela kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. [FLT]]] i-Picking v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo[ [1968] [[FLT]], eyamisa uvavanyo oluphakathi: inzala yomqeshwa ekugqabazeni ijongeni imicimbi kawonke wonke, imele ityala ityala lomqeshi kwimfuno yomqeshi ekulondolozeni impumelelo neso. Ngokuthe , i-'[FLT] [FFF] v.[FT] [FT] [5] [FT] [6] [200], i-iK] ityala lomthetho woburhulumente woburhulumente woluntu, ngokokuthethelelwa yimeko yoluntu, azimele-mthetho-mthetho, ngokokuthelelwa yimeko,

Imizekelo yentetho ekhuselekileyo yabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke iquka: ukuxela inkcitho okanye ubuqhetseba kumajelo-ndaba, ukuthetha kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko emalunga nembambano yomgaqo-nkqubo, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezopolitiko ngexesha lokungabikho kwemisebenzi. Noko ke, intetho ephazamisa imisebenzi yomsebenzi, ukonakalisa ulwalamano lomsebenzi, okanye ukuphazamisa amandla omqeshwa okwenza imisebenzi isenokuthintelwa. Ngaphezu koko, abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke bangaqeqeshwa ngenxa yokuthetha okuhlambela, ukuhlambela, okanye ukuhlambela imfihlelo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwanabasebenzi bakawonke wonke abanakukhuselwa kwiSindululo Sokuqala sokuziphatha ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuhleba okanye intetho ephazamisayo ekudluliselweni kakuhle kweenkonzo zikawonke - wonke.

Abaqeshwa bamahlelo Abucala: Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko olusikelwe umda

Uninzi lwabasebenzi baseMerika luqeshwe ziinkampani ezizimeleyo. Kwaba baqeshi, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asizimiseli ngokuthe ngqo izenzo zabaqeshi. Umqeshi wabucala angadubula, athobe, okanye aqeqeshe umqeshi osebenza ngokuvakalisa iimbono zezobupolitika, iinkolelo zonqulo, okanye ingcaciso yezentlalo-ntlalo-ntle - logama nje umqeshi engaphuleli mithetho ethile (ngokufana nemithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, ukukhusela abaqeshi, okanye imithetho yokusebenza). Umsebenzi-wo-wodwa ungalawula imfundiso efuna uninzi lwemisebenzi yangasese kwi-U.S., kuthetha ukuba umqeshi unokumshi unokumkhulula umqeshi ngenxa yesizathu esingavumelekanga ngumthetho, kuquka oko kuthethwa yintetho yabo.

Kutshiwo, abaqeshwa bobuqu banemiqobo ethile. Umthetho weNational Labor Relations (NLRA) ukhusela abasebenzi abangaqhubi-zintlu-mbi ababandakanyeka “kumsebenzi wokuncedana” ukwenzela uncedo okanye ukhuseleko – njengokuxubusha ngemivuzo, iimeko zokusebenza, okanye ukuququzelela okanye ukuququzelela i-National Labortions. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwamazwe lunemithetho ekhusela abaqeshwayo ekuphindeni kwehambo esemthethweni (umz., umsebenzi wezobupolitika, ukutshaya, ukudubula, ukudubulana ngokusemthethweni). Imimiselo esemthethweni yombutho kunye nemiphatho esemthethweni ingakhusela nabaqeshwa abanikela ingxelo engekho mthethweni okanye ekungekho mthethweni.

Icebiso elisebenzisekayo labasebenzi: Hlola incwadi yakho ebhaliweyo yabasebenzi kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo, kwezobupolitika, nakweyokufihla imfihlo. Kuphephe ukwenza iingxelo ezinokulonakalisa igama lenkampani okanye zibangele imeko-bume engalunganga yomsebenzi. Ukuba ucinga ukuba ugxothwe ngenxa yokuthetha okukhuselwe phantsi kweNLRA okanye umthetho othile ozitshiyo, qhagamshelana negqwetha elisebenza emsebenzini.

Oko Abaqeshi Banokukwenza Nangokungenakukwenza

  • Iyakwazi ukwenza nokunyanzelisa iinkqubo ezilwa ukukhathazwa, ucalulo, nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini, nokuba imigaqo enjalo ibeke umlinganiselo wentetho.
  • Ingaba: Abasebenzi boqeqesho ngenxa yokuthetha okuchasene nenkqubo yenkampani – umz., ukusebenzisa amanyala, ukuchaza iimfihlelo zorhwebo, okanye ukwenza izisongelo.
  • Ungazifaki ``` lungisa ngokuchasene nabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke ukukhusela intetho kwimicimbi yoluntu (ukuba intetho ayiyonxalenye yemisebenzi yomsebenzi kwaye ayiphazamisanga ngokungeyomfuneko imisebenzi).
  • [[UMTL:0]] Cannot: ukwaphula imithetho elwa nocalulo ngokuphatha intetho eyahlukileyo esekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, isini, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0]] I-Interinethi enamalungelo abasebenzi phantsi kwe-NLRA ukuxubusha ngemivuzo kunye neemeko zokusebenza.

Abaqeshi basebenzisa imigaqo enxulumene nokuthetha elungiselelwe ukunceda izilangazelelo zoshishino ezisemthethweni. Kuphephe ukungaqondakali okanye imiqathango egqithisileyo enokugulisa umsebenzi okhuselweyo. Abaphathi boqeqesho kumahluko phakathi komthetho nomthetho wokuziphindezela nabo babalulekile.

Amalungelo Okuhlaziywa Kokuqala Ezikolweni

Abafundi abaya kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke bagcina amalungelo oMbetho wokuqala kodwa kufuneka bawasebenzise ngendlela enxulumene nomsebenzi wemfundo. Imeko ephawulayo [FLT]]Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1969]] imisele yokuba abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lendlu yesikolo. Ngoko ke, iNkuphawula ukuba abaphathi besikolo bayakwazi ukulawula ukuthetha okuphathekayo nokuphazamisa inkqubo yemfundo okanye ukuhlasela amalungelo abanye.

Amanani aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zawaphucula amalungelo abafundi athethayo ngemibandela eyahlukeneyo:

  • ker v. Des Moines (11969): Abafundi babenxiba iingalo ezimnyama ukuqhayisa imfazwe yase Vietnam. Inkundla yathi isikolo asinako ukunqanda ukuthetha okufuziselayo ngaphandle kokuba ibangele uphazamiseko olukhulu. “Uvavanyo lwe-Tinker” luhlala lukho ilayini esisiseko: izikolo kufuneka zibonise ukuxelwa okusengqiqweni kokuphazamiseka kwentetho yomfundi.
  • ISithili seBethel seSikolo No. 403 v. Fraser (1986): Umfundi wanika intetho engcolileyo nengcolileyo ngexesha lendibano yesikolo. Inkundla yavumela izikolo ukuba zohlwaye intetho ehlazisayo ephazamisayo kwinkonzo yemfundo yesikolo, ingakumbi intetho ecacileyo ehlabhliweyo, ecacileyo, okanye engcolileyo.
  • ISithili seSithili seSithili seSithili soMgaqo-ndaba v. Kuhlmeier [1988] Inkokeli yesikolo evavanya amanqaku ajongiweyo kwiphephandaba labafundi amalunga nokukhulelwa noqhawulo-mtshato lwabakwishumi elivisayo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba isikolo siphumeze imisebenzi ecacileyo (njengemaphephandaba, imidlalo, kunye neencwadi zonyaka) zingalawulwa ukuba isikolo sinesizathu esisemthethweni se-paggiogi. Izikolo azifuneki ukunyamezela ukuphatha incoko enzima yesikolo ukuba iyangqubana neenjongo zemfundo.
  • [FOLT:1] More v. Frederick (2007): eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-“Bong Bet 4 Jesus" unobumba, umfundi wavula ibhanile ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni kwisiganeko sesikolo-sokusebenza. Inkundla yayisithi izikolo zingamisela abafundi ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ezi meko zibonisa ucwangciso jikelele: intetho yabafundi ephazamisayo, engcolileyo, ekhuthaza isikolo esingekho mthethweni, inokuba nomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo. Intetho leyo ingeyoyoyamntu ngamnye kwaye ayiphazamisani (njengokunxiba iT-shirt yezobupolitika, ukuchaza izimvo ngexesha elingeloyayayalelo, okanye ukuhambisa amaphecana angekho mthethweni) ifumana ukhuseleko olungakumbi.

Iingxaki zangoku: Imicimbi yezentlalo, iCyberbulicas, kunye neNkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Kukho iingxaki zale mihla xa abafundi besebenzisa ijelo leewebhusayithi kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha ukuze bathethe, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwesikolo okanye emva kweeyure. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathatha lo mba [FLT]] . Umfundi wesikolo esiphakeme ufaka umyalezo owendeleyo wentsomi kwiqela lemidlalo exhobisayo. [FLT] [[FLLT] [2001] [2001]. Umfundi wesikolo ophezulu ufaka umyalezo owendelekileyo owendeleyo kwimpelaveki enokuba akayaleli iqela leqela elikhuthazayo. Isikolo simekiwe. Inkundla egweba imvume yokuxhasa umfundi, igxininisa ukuba izikolo zinegunya elincinane lokulawula intetho engabangelangangeni incokola esikolweni. Isigqibo esisenokuqaliselwa kwintetho enzima okanye isigrogrisi, kodwa isongelo esinekwanekwa.

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna izikolo zicombulule iziphumo zokusebenzisa ikhompyutha, kwanokuba ivela ngaphandle kwemfundo, ukuba idala imeko-bume engalunganga esikolweni. Iisithili zesikolo kufuneka zenze imigaqo-nkqubo elungelelanisa indlela abafundi abathetha ngayo kunye nomsebenzi wokubonelela ukuba bafunde ngokukhuselekileyo. Kubafundi, ukuqaphela ukuba ii-ofisi zekhompyutha ezingekho kwikhompyutha zisenokwenzakalisa ukuba bajolise iziphumo zesikolo okanye abasebenzi abafunda nabo kubantwana okanye kubantwana babo kubalulekile.

Imithetho Yokunxiba, Indlela Yonqulo Nentiyo

Izikolo zingagunyazisa imigaqo yokunxiba kunye nemigaqo elawula iindidi ezithile zempahla okanye iimbonakaliso, lo gama nje imithetho ingunombono-we-neutral yaye inxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nosukelo olusemthethweni lwemfundo. Noko ke, izikolo azinakuhlasela imbono ethile – umzekelo, ukuvalela kuphela iihempe ngemiyalezo yezobupolitika ngelinye ixesha ukuvumela abanye. Ngokufanayo, abafundi banelungelo lokuvakalisa iinkolelo zonqulo (umz., ukunxiba umnqamlezo, ukuxubusha ngokholo) logama nje ingaphazamisani nemisebenzi yesikolo okanye inyanzelisi abanye abafundi. Izikolo kufuneka zivumela ii-Actal Accodect zabafundi ukuba zidibane nabanye abafundi kwikhosikhasi ukuba ezinye iiklasi ezingengo zemfundo zivunyelwe.

Intetho echazwa njengentetho ehlasela umntu okanye iqela elisekelwe kwiimpawu ezifana nezobuhlanga, unqulo, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, indlela esiba ngayo isini okanye ubufanasini – ibangela ucelomngeni oluthile. Ngoxa uMphengululo Wokuqala ukhusela iindlela ezininzi zokuthetha ngentiyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavumela izikolo ukuba zingenelele xa intetho enjalo ifikelela kumlinganiselo wokuhlaselwa, ibangela imeko echaseneyo, okanye isongela abantu abathile. Imithetho yesikolo ekwalela ukukhathazwa kokuxhatshazwa nokungcungcuthezwa inguswa ngokobuhlanga ukuba ayisetyenziswa ngendlela echasene nembono esekelwe kwimbono.

Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Ezinokuqwalaselwa Ngumntu Wonke

  • Public v. Context: IsiHlanziso sokuqala sibopha kuphela abadlali bakarhulumente. Abaqeshi bobucala nezikolo zabucala bangamisela imiqathango emikhulu kwintetho, ebekwe kuphela kwimigaqo yokukhusela.
  • Ingxoxo edityanisiweyo ne-'.'ingxoxo: izicwangciso zemisebenzi kunye nezesikolo zivumela imida yokuthetha ebangela uphazamiseko ngokwezinto eziphathekayo okanye iphazamisana nomsebenzi ongundoqo (inkqubo okanye imfundo). Ingxoxo egqithisileyo kwimicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke idla ngokukhuselwa, kodwa ukutshabhiswa, izisongelo, kunye nokunyeliswa okuqhubekayo akunanto.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko lonikezelo:[ Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni kunye nabafundi bakhuselwe ekuphindeni uphindezelo lwentetho ekhuselekileyo. Ukuba ujongene nesenzo esichaseneyo emva kokuthetha phandle, jongana negqwetha lamalungelo abantu okanye umbutho woncedo lwasemthethweni.
  • Imithetho efana noMthetho weNational Labor Relations, imimiselo yokufunxa impempe, kunye nokukhupha imithetho yehambo engalunganga inika ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo nakummandla wabucala. Qonda oko kusebenzayo kulawulo lwakho.
  • [[NTLA] Ukwaziswa kobuPolitiki: Ngamaxesha onke funda imithetho yomqeshi wakho okanye isikolo ngentetho, i-media, kunye nehambo. Le migaqo ingabonisa ngokusemthethweni ngeendlela ezingafunekiyo kuMgqino wokuqala woPhinda-zimvo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ikhonvo yeNtyobe: Ngelixesha intetho yentiyo isoloko ikhuselwe ngokwesiseko somGaqo-siseko, ingasisiseko soqeqesho ukuba ichasene nenkqubo esengqiqweni echasene nokukhathazwa okanye ucalucalulo. Umgca phakathi koluvo olunezothe nokwalela ukukhathazwa yinto ecacileyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Abasebenzi

  • Ngaphambi kokuba uthethe, qiniseka ukuba ungumqeshwa kawonke wonke okanye wabucala.
  • Khuphela zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye nazo naziphi na izenzo ezilandelayo zoqeqesho. Ubungqina bubalulekile ukuba ufuna ukungqina ukuziphindezelela.
  • Hlola incwadi yakho ebhaliweyo yomqeshwa kunye nesivumelwano sombutho (ukuba siyasetyenziswa). Ezinye iinkqubo zisenokuba zingekho mthethweni ukuba zikho ngaphaya komthetho okanye zikho ngokwezahlulelo.
  • Jonga kwigqwetha elisebenzayo ngaphambi kokuvuthela impempe kumsebenzi ongekho mthethweni okanye uthetha ngokungenalusini.
  • Okokuqala sebenzisa imijelo yangaphakathi (njengokunikela ingxelo kwiHR okanye kumphathi) xa kunokwenzeka, njengoko oku kunokubonakalisa ukholo olulungileyo yaye kunokubangela ukuba ukhuselwe ngokusemthethweni phantsi kwemithetho yokubetha impempe.

Kubafundi

  • Yazi ukuba amalungelo akho anamandla kakhulu eklasini ngexesha lentetho engeyongxaki, engeyoyosikolo. Iiofisi ezingaphandle zisenokulawulwa yimfundo esikolweni ukuba zibangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu okanye ukuphazamisa okanye ukuhlasela kwabafundi okanye abasebenzi.
  • Ukuba isikolo siyakuthintela ukuthetha, cela inkcazelo ebhaliweyo nethuba lokubhenela. Amalungelo okunikwa kweso sicelo ahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa isithili ezininzi zineenkqubo zokukhalaza.
  • Yazi ukuba ezinye iindlela zokuthetha – njengokusongela, ukungcungcuthekisa nokuphembelela ugonyamelo – azikhuselwanga yaye zinokukhokelela kwimiphumo enzulu equka ukugxothwa okanye ukutyholwa ngezaphuli - mthetho.
  • Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe, dibana ne-ACLU okanye igqwetha lasekuhlaleni. Abaninzi banamalungelo oqeqesho.
  • Unako ukucinga ngempembelelo yamazwi akho, kwanokuthetha okukhuselekileyo kunokwenza ulwalamano olubi, amathuba emfundo nomsebenzi wexesha elizayo.

Isiphelo

The First Amendment remains a cornerstone of American liberty,kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo zemisebenzi nezikolo kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Abasebenzi boluNTU nabafundi banandipha ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo lokuthetha ngemicimbi yoluntu olunenkxalabo nengaphazamisani nemisebenzi okanye imfundo. Abasebenzi abangabodwa kufuneka baxhomekeke kwimithetho yemisebenzi yesizwe neyorhulumente kunoMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Kuzo zonke iinkqubo, imigaqo ecacileyo, esengqiqweni, nengenangqiqo, noncedo lokungathathi cala, bagcina imekobume enentlonelo ngoxa belondoloza inkululeko epheleleyo yokuthetha.

Nokuba ulungiselela ukuthetha phandle kwimpikiswano okanye ukwenza inkqubo yokulawula indlela yokuthetha, ukuhlala wazi ngemeko yomthetho kubalulekile. Khangela ubuncwane bomthetho obuthembekileyo – obunje iCornell Law Information Institute okanye isikhokelo sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo i-ALLU] [[FLT]LT] - ukwenzela uhlalutyo olunzulu. Kwaye khumbula: ngenkululeko yeSikolo semfundo solwazi seLebre [iSikolo seGralk's] okanye i-ALT] isikhokelo sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo [[FLT]-[FLT] - , – ngethuba lokuhlalutya.