IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, yavela ngqo kwiingxoxo ezishushu phakathi kwamaFederali kunye nabakhi, malunga nomgangatho wamandla aphakathi. Ezi zindululo zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko zenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukwenza ummandla wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekhululekileyo ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente. Noko ke, ababhali, ababhali, abasebenzi, nabaseki, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi zikhuseli zihlala kwiSinyusi sokuqala. Inkululeko yokuthetha nokucinezela apho, isebenza ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, njengesixhobo esiphambili esichasene nolawulo lukarhulumente. Kodwa, ulwalamano phakathi kwentetho yezobugcisa negunya likarhulumente lusuka kude kude kude. Ikho imigaqo yomthetho eqinileyo esoloko ivavanywa ngokuchasene nemigaqo yentlalo, ukhuseleko kunye neenkcukusetyenziswa kwezopoliti yezopolitiko, uTrensitiso lwezomthetho-Al, iingxelo ezicacileyo zomthetho-omistpolue, kunye neenkcazelo ezicacileyo zeNkuhlela zeNkuhlela-mthetho zale mihla, neeNkuhlela zenkululeko zobugcisa zobugcisa zobugcisa zobugcisa

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Njengesiseko Senkululeko Yobugcisa

Umbhalo weSigqibo Sokuqala soHlaliso ucace gca kumgaqo waso osisiseko: "INkundla ePhakamileyo ayiyi kwenza mthetho... evala inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela. Ngokuquka imfundiso yeSigqibo seshumi elinesine soHlaziyo, lo mqathango usebenza ngokulinganayo kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba ukhuseleko loMgqomo wokuqala lungaphaya kwelizwi elithethwayo okanye elibhaliweyo ukuquka uludwe olubanzi lwehambo olucacileyo. Le nkcazelo lisiseko senkululeko yobugcisa. Xa umzobi wemizobo edala i-mavial, imvumi, okanye umcumi ucula icula ingoma, okanye umculi wemidlalo ethatha indima enzima, babandakanye kwintetho ekhuselwe ngokusemthethweni.

Inkundla isoloko isithi urhulumente uthwele umthwalo onzima xa ezama ukulawula imbonakalo esekelwe kwiziqulatho zakhe okanye kwiimbono zakhe. Imiqathango esekelwe kumxholo ivavanywa ngokungqongqo, umgangatho ophakamileyo wokuhlola ikomiti. Kumongo wobugcisa, oku kuthetha ukuba iqumrhu likarhulumente alinakusicinezela isiqwenga sobugcisa ngenxa nje yokuba libona umyalezo ucaphukisa, uphazamisana nezobupolitika, okanye ucelw'uciso ngokokuziphatha. Umgaqo ophakathi weSindululo sokuGawula sokuqala kukuba isicombululo sentetho embi sintetho eninzi, asiyiyo imbali echaphaza.

Ukuchaza Ubugcisa Njengentetho Kwinkundla

Imeko enzima yokwamkela okusemthethweni intetho yobugcisa yafika ngo1952 [uJoseph Burtyn, Inc. v. Wilson. Phambi kweli tyala, imifanekiso eshukumayo yayijongwa njengembonakalo yeshishini, hayi uhlobo lwentetho ekhuselekileyo. INew York yayilukhabe imvume yokufumana ifilimu "Isimangaliso," icaphula imixholo yayo ehloniphekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha umthetho, isithi "akungathandatyunyuzwa ukuba imifanekiso eshukumayo ingulo lonxibelelwano" kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikhuselekile phantsi kolawulo lokuqala nolweshumi elinesine lomthetho. Esi sigqibo savula isango ukuze kubonwe oko kukhuselwe intetho, ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa, ukuboniswa kwemifanekiso yemidlalo yezonwa, kunye ne-mediography.

Lo mgaqo wagxininiswa ngakumbi kwi .Des Moines Independent School Community (1969). , eyayixhalabisa abafundi abanxiba iintambo ezimnyama ukuqhayisa imfazwe yaseVietnam. Umthetho weFortas, ukubhalela inkoliso, uchaza ngokudumileyo ukuba abafundi nabafundisi-bafundisi abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo asemthethweni enkululeko yokuthetha okanye amazwi kwisango lendlu yesikolo." Le meko yamisela elo binzana lomfuziselo, ilungu elingundoqo lobugcisa banamhlanje, liluhlobo lokuthetha olukhuselekileyo. Icala lokuchaza ingcamango ngemiqondiso, imibala, okanye ukwenza okunzulu okusekelwe ekuqondeni oku kuhlazinzile.

Ukwakhiwa Kokhuseleko: Amaqela aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Isiseko sale mihla somthetho sokukhusela ubugcisa ekucushweni koorhulumente sixhomekeke kwizigqibo eziliqela zesiseko seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Esi sigqibo sichaze imida yamandla karhulumente, imida yokuthetha okungakhuselekanga (njengokuhlamba isidima), kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwemali karhulumente kunye nobuchule.

  • [FLT][FLT] iNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971]: IPentagon Pages Case kunye neDer Directt. [ Le meko imela ukugwetywa okunamandla kwendlela yangaphambili yokunqanda ukuvinjwa kwento. Urhulumente uthintela ukuthethwa kwentetho kwindawo yokuqala. Ulawulo lwe Nixon lufuna ukunqanda ukukhutshelwa kwamaxwebhu acacisiweyo. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba urhulumente wahlule ukudibana no "umthwalo onzima" ofunekayo ukuthethelela umqondiso. Kubazobugcisa, lo mgaqo uyagxeka. Urhulumente akanakufuna umyalelo wokunqanda umboniso, umsebenzi, okanye ukupapashwa okusekelwe ekuxelweni kwengozi okanye ukuhlabcago. Umgangatho ophezulu, ukunikezela okunamandla ngokuchasene nokhuseleko oluthe kokugqibela.[Foctoc.]

  • Miller v. California (1973): Ukukhupha udidi olungakhuselwanga lwe-Obscenity. [Umphetho oQhuquzekileyo wokuqala unika ukhuseleko olubanzi, awukhuseli ukukhusela okungaqhelekanga. [[FLT:]] Imeko ekhoyo ekwicandelo eli-Foctive [[FLT] imisela uvavanyo oluziindlela ezintathu lokufumanayo lokufumana oko kufanelekileyo nokungamkelekiyo ngokomthetho kwaye ngenxa yoko kuxhomekeke kulawulo. Uvavanyo olufuna: (1) ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo, usebenzisa imilinganiselo yoluntu yexesha elinye, afumane umsebenzi onomtsala umdla okhoyo; (2) ukuba umsebenzi ochaza ihambo oluziphetheyo okanye olungokna olunezonwabisayo; (3) nolungasebenziyo, oluthe kokugqibela, ixabiso elingoongoongoolwazi lwenzululwazi bezepoliti, uvavanyo lwenzululwazi lwenzululwazi, uG.[5] Luye umbando olubalulekileyo, oluthe luthi luthi ncedo oluninzi loncedo, oluthe lu

  • Isivumelwano sobuzwe semfazwe yobugcisa v. Finley (1998: Imida Yolawulo Lorhulumente Njengesixhobo Sobugcisa. Mhlawumbi akukho tyala lithetha ngqo ngakumbi ngoxinzelelo phakathi korhulumente kunye nenkululeko yobugcisa. Ngexesha lemfazwe yesizwe, iBhunga leSivumelwano labeka "ubuchule nokuhlonela" igalelo lweSizwe loBumende lweSizwe (NEA), elifuna ukuba liqwalaselwe "imilinganiselo yomgangatho wokuziphatha okuhle nokuhlonela iinkolelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nexabiso loluntu lwamaMelika ezahlukahlukeneyo" xa unikezelo lwemali. Oku kwalandela ukuphikisana okusebenza kufana no-Anterras "Pis" kunye noMenproviko-M. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa iNkugqibelela ekuboneni kweNkundla yalufumana ngokucothayo umba olungileyo. INyusaluvo-A yalufumana umba-mali elungileyo kumsebenzi othe ngqo.

  • . .Johnson (1998): UKhuselo lokuziphatha okugqithisiweyo. Eli tyala liphakathi libandakanya uGregory Lee Johnson, owatshisa iflegi yaseMelika ngexesha leRiphabliki ye-Riphablikian National Convention. Ilizwe laseTexas limgwebe ngetyala lokuthobbe intengo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabhukuqa imbono engendawo, iphethe ukuba ukutsha kweflegi yeflegi kusindelwa kukuziphatha okukhuselwe kuMphetho wokuqala. IJaji Bren Brentenan yabhala ukuba "kuba kukho umgaqo welitye phantsi koMgalelo Wokuqala, kunokuthi urhulumente angakwaleli ntetho yengcipheko ngenxa yokuba abantu beyibonele into engalunganga okanye engathandekiyo."[3]

Ucelomngeni Lwexesha Elizayo NomGcisa Olandelayo

Phezu kwayo nje isiseko esiqinileyo esabekwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, uhlalutyo lobugcisa lusaqhubeka ngeendlela ezininzi. IBhili yamaLungelo ifuna ukusoloko iphaphamile kwaye iyazikhusela. Olona celomngeni lubalulekileyo lwangoku ludla ngokuvela kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni nowasekuhlaleni, nakumongo wenkxaso karhulumente, kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, nakwizithuba ezivelayo zamanani.

Ukubonelela Ngemali Kawonke-wonke Neemfazwe Zezithethe Ezihlaziyiweyo

Idabi lorhulumente lokuxhasa imali yobugcisa lihlala liyi-vektary ephambili yokuhlola. Ngeli xesha NEA v. Finley imisela imida ebanzi, urhulumente kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zasekuhlaleni ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumisela ukubhalisa ukuxhasa iimali zobugcisa abazifumanayo. Izisongelo zokususa zonke iintlangano zobugcisa, nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango esekelwe ekuboneni inkxaso-mali esobala ekusebenzeni kwamaziko obugcisa ziphinda-phindwayo. Ezi zenzo zidla ngokujolisa ulawulo oluluvo lomthetho, ukunyanzelo, okanye ulawulo lwezopolitiki. Umgaqo-siseko kwezi meko udla ngokumilo olukwimfundiso "enzalo," nto leyo ebangela ukuba urhulumente angakwazi ukungenelwa kwimeko olufana noluvo olukhoyo (njengolunokuqeqeqe) kwimithetho-mthetho lwemithetho. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo, umgangatho othe wakuba umele ujonge kwicandelo lomthetho ugciphendundunduku, ngaphandle kokuba ufanele ukuqinisekisa, umele ukuqinisekisa ufanele

Incwadi Evaliweyo Nedabi Kwithala Leencwadi Lesikolo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amadabi okuhlola iiNkundla ePhakamileyo ajolise phambili kumathala eencwadi kunye nakwiinkqubo zemfundo. Umqulu weencwadi ezicelwe umngeni nezivaliweyo kwimimandla yesikolo uye wafikelela kwimbali ephezulu. Le asiyonto intsha, kodwa isikali sayo namhlanje simela indawo ebalulekileyo yokuvavanya amalungelo oFirst Amendment kunye nababhali beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Imeko elawulayo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yi[FLT] Booard of Edurality, i-Booard yemfundo, iSiqithi seMini ekhululekileyo, i-Pincoat ([19982]]] [[FLT]]]]]. Kwisigqibo esithenjiweyo, iNkunye iNkuphesa iNkulwa kweNkundla yeNkundla yabantwana yabantwana beze ikwazi ukukhupha iincwadi ezi ncwadi ngokulula, nangokuthiyokuvavanya izicwangciso ezitheneyo. [F]]

Ithiyetha, Umsebenzi, kunye nokwenziwa kwakhona kokufuzisela

Ubugcisa bokwenza obuphilayo bujongene ne-athom ehambayo. I-projekti esebenzayo idla ngokukhokelela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bazame ukusebenzisa, ukubeka ikomkhulu kunye nemithetho engcolileyo ukumisela imisebenzi. Umzekelo ongundoqo nguwo i-Dram Eastern Eastern Eastern Countingtions, Ltd. v. Confred (19795)[FL:1], apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ukuba isixeko singavumi ukuba umculo "Hair" ungenziwa kwiholo kamasipala. Inkundla yale ibambe ukuba isenzo sesixeko singenziwangalawulwa ngaphambi kokuba sinikeze abavelisi bezinto ezifunekayo, njengoluvo olucedayo. Oku kugxininisa ukuba urhulumente angenakukukhanyelela ukufikelela komsebenzi kawonke wonke ngaphandle koluhlu lwendlela olulungiselelwe nguwonke.

Kuphuhliso lwangoku olubaluleke kakhulu, uninzi lweemeko ziye zazama ukudlulisa imithetho ejolise "enokwenziwa kwe-ACLU kunye neminye imibutho ekwindawo zoluntu, eqondwa ngokubanzi ukutsala ixhoba. Le mithetho isoloko izama ukuchaza imisebenzi yokurhuqa njengengcolileyo okanye eyingozi kubantwana abancinane. Kungonyaka wama-2023 kunye nama-2024, emininzi yale mithetho iye yathintelwa okanye yacekiswa yi-ACLU kunye neminye imibutho ekwizintlukwano zokuqala. Iimeko ezithi zokutsala intetho yemidlalo ziluhlobo lwentengiso ekhuselweyo yeSinyuso Sokuqala soMphengululo, kwaye nemithetho ezizikhupha ngaphandle kwayo ayicacanga kakuhle kwaye idityaniswe ngokungeyo. Le mikhosi yezomthetho yeyona mizekelo iphambili yemithetho eqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lwezobugcisa.

IMibuliso Kawonke-wonke Nobugcisa

Graffitdi, i-milture, kunye nobugcisa bezitrato buphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo mayelana namalungelo empahla kunye nee-forensi zikawonke-wonke. Ngeli xesha urhulumente enokuthi alawule ixesha, indawo, nendlela yokubonakalisa uwonke, nawuphi na lo mthetho kufuneka udibene nobuchule obunjalo, uxhotyiswe ngokunqamlezileyo ukuze ukhonze umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ashiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano evulekileyo. Amadolobha amaninzi aye amkela imiqathango yemiqathango yendalo" elungiselelwe ukulawula ubugcisa ngaphandle. Iliwa elingundoqo lifuna ulawulo lukarhulumente lweendawo zobugcisa, okanye enoba anika amagosa esixeko amandla okuvumela okanye ukuchasa ubugcisa obusekelwe kumyalezo wawo. Isixeko asinakufuna ukuvunyelwa kwe-"i-micurial, umzekelo.

Imfuneko Ehlala Ihleli YeBhili yamaLungelo Kumhlaba Othe Tye

IBhili yamaLungelo, enoMphetho-Mgaqo wokuqala wokuSebenza, isesona sixhobo sinamandla esikhoyo sokukhusela ubugcisa ekucushweni koorhulumente. Inkqubo eyayisekayo asiyoyagunya elipheleleyo kodwa yokulungelelanisa ngokusemthethweni. Urhulumente unamandla okulawula iindidi ezithile zentetho (izisongelo zokwenene, ukuphembelela, ukuhlazisa), kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazimisela imiqobo ephakamileyo ukukhusela ezo ntlobo ekusetyenzisweni njengezingxengxengxezo zokucutheza iimbono ezingathandwayo.

Indima yeBhili yamaLungelo kulo mongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba ingxoxo nge-atyr-ant, into ethethayo, into emeleyo, nendlela emele ixhaswe ngayo , `isombululo oluhlanganyelweyo] ngabantu kunye nomgwebo wabo, hayi ngemiyalelo karhulumente. IJaji Brandeis yangqinelana ngamandla kwisivumelwano sayo i-Whitney v. California (1927) ukuba isicombululo sengozi okanye intetho erhabaxa singulowo ulungiso, hayi ngokunyanzeleka." Oku kusebenza ngqo kubugcisa. Isigqibo sokuxhasa umzinzo ophikiswayo, ukuvumela ukuba umdlalo wenziwe kwiholo yemidlalo kawonke-opera, okanye ukugcina incwadi enzima kufuneka yenziwe ngokhetho lwe-demokhrasi, okanye ukwenziwa ngokhetho loburhulumente bobucala.

UMgaqo-siseko unika ibala, kodwa alilwi imfazwe. Ukhuseleko olunikelwa yiBhili yamaLungelo lomelele kanye njengokuvuma kwamagcisa, abaxhasi, kunye nokubophelela abemi ukuba bacele izicelo zabo. Impumelelo yoMphetho wokuqala nxamnye nohlalutyo lukarhulumente, ingakumbi kubugcisa, ixhomekeke ekuqwalaseni okuthe kwande ngokubanzi ukuba ilungelo lokwenza nokuhlangabezana nocelomngeni, ukungazidibanisi, kwanomsebenzi ombi ngokunzulu lilungu elisisiseko lebutho elikhululekileyo.