Iirhafu zengingqi zezenkcitho zelizwe zingundoqo kwimali yabantu abahlala kulo lonke elaseUnited States, inkxaso-mali engqalileyo yezikolo, iindlela, iinkonzo zongxamiseko, kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke exhomekeke kuyo yonke imihla. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano oluphakathi koko ukuhlawula kwirhafu yoluntu kunye noko ukwamkela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kungundoqo wokukhetha ngokuzikongozelo, umnini-khaya, okanye umnini-shishini. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba irhafuthenjiswa njani irhafu yabo, kwaye ithelela ngcono imigaqo enxulumene nemigaqo yerhafuthensiso yoluntu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu yasekuhlaleni, iinkonzo abazixhasayo, iingxaki zerhafu, kunye nempembelelo ebanzi ekuphuculweni kwebutho labantu nomgangatho wobomi.

Iyintoni Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni?

Iirhafu zengingqi zihlawuliswa ngokweerhafu zelizwe, izixeko, iidolophu, izithili zesikolo, kunye nezinye iinjongo ezikhethekileyo zoorhulumente. Zinikezela ngomthombo oyintloko wengeniso egoqweni kula magunya, ukongezelela imali yemali karhulumente kunye neyorhulumente. Irhafu yasekuhlaleni iyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kumthetho karhulumente, kwiimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye nokhetho. Ngokwe- i-Tax Foundation[, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqokelela imali emalunga nezigidi-R1, kunye nerhafuthezo zonke ngowama-20211, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemali epheleleyo ngo-201, kunye nerhafunxa emalunga nama-40%.

  • [ Irhafu egqithisileyo – Owona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso yerhafu yengingqi yelizwe lonke, ngokuqhelekileyo ihlawulelwa kwifama okanye ngamanye amaxesha impahla yobuqu. Isantya sidla ngokubekwa ngexabiso eliyi R100 okanye i-R1,000.
  • irhafu - Ifakelwe kwintengiso yeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezithile. Amazwe amaninzi avumela oorhulumente bongingqi bongeze ipesenti yabo phezu kwesantya sikarhulumente. Amaqondo erhafu yentengiso yasekuhlaleni angagqitha ku-4% kwimiqathango yerhafu ephezulu (umz., Chicago, New York City).
  • Irhafu yengeniso yengingqi - Idla ngokuhlawulwa kwimivuzo efunyenwe kwisixeko okanye kwingingqi. Ezi ziqhelekile kumaphondo anjenge Ohio, iPennsylvania, kunye ne-Indiana, apho oomasipala bamisela khona ixabiso labo, eliphakathi kwe1% ne3%.
  • Irhafu yexabiso eliphantsi – A irhafu yepesenti kumbane, igesi yendalo, amanzi, kunye neenkonzo zonxibelelwano. Iirhafu zobunewunewu zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iinkonzo ezithile ezifana nokukhanyisa kwesitrato okanye izibonelelo zamanzi.
  • Irhafu yeshishini – iquka iirhafu ezikruqulayo, iindleko zelayisensi yeshishini, neerhafu zelungelo lomsebenzi. Amanye amashishini erhafu akwintlawulo ehlawulwa okanye inani labaqeshwa.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Irhafu yerhafu enzima – Irhafu kwiendawo zehotele, iirente zenqwelo-mafutha, kunye nezo kutya kwevenkile. Ezi zisoloko zimiselwe ukunyuselwa kokhenketho okanye amaziko endibano.

Iintlobo zeenkonzo zikarhulumente ezibonelelwa ngerhafu

Ingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni inikezelwa kuludwe olubanzi lweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ezininzi zazo zingabonakali de ziphelelwe lixesha. Ngeli ngezantsi kukwaphulwa okunenkcukacha zeendidi ezingundoqo, nemizekelo yendlela ezi nkonzo ezibuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imfundo

Iirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni zingowona mthombo mkhulu wemali ezikolweni zikawonke-wonke zeK-12 kumaphondo amaninzi, ezongezelelwe ngoncedo lukarhulumente kunye neminikelo karhulumente. Ngokwe- Urban Institute [, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegalelo malunga ne-45% yemfundo epheleleyo echithwayo kwilizwe lonke, enolwahluko olubanzi phakathi kwesithili. Uluntu olunemiqathango ephezulu lungavelisa ingeniso eninzi kumfundi ngamnye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekususeni iirhafumente. Irhafu yasekuhlaleni ixhasa iincwadi zikawonke-inte, ukuqokelelwa kwemibutho, ukufikelela kobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu ngokuqeqeshwa komsebenzi kunye neemfundo zabantu abadala.

Ukhuseleko

Amasebe omlilo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko (EMS), kunye namaziko okuthumela axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yasekuhlaleni. Iingingqi ezininzi zomlilo zixhaswa ngemali ngerhafu yempahla. Amapolisa asezixekweni ezifana neLos Angeles neChicago asebenzisa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqingqo-mali kamasipala (ngokufuthi 25% okanye ngaphezulu. Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luquka ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yolawulo, ukuhlolwa kolwakhiwo, kunye neenkonzo zolawulo longxamiselo. Kumazwe angenaso isithili esihlalo, irhafuthelo sasekuhlaleni kunganceda ukuxhasa amaziko enkqenkqeleko kunye neenkonzo ze-ambutho.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Iirhafu zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zihlawula ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kweendlela, iibhulorho, iindlela zebhayisekile, iindlela, izitrato, izikhanyiso zendlela, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha abantu. Iingingqi zoorhulumente balapho zisoloko zibophelelekile ngenxa yemiba yasemaphandleni neyokusebenza kwemibhobho yemibhobho, ngoxa izixeko zilawula izitrato ezikummandla wasekuhlaleni. Kwimimandla emininzi, irhafu evumelekileyo, irhafu yerhafu yengi (umz., eAtlanta, eSeattleattle, eDenver) iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi nezokuhambisa amanzi amanzi zixhaswa ngentlanganiso yerhafu yerhafu yemali jikelele, kodwa imiqobo irhafu yemibutho ixhamskozo yemali ekhoyo iqhelekile kwimisebenzi emikhulu yemali.

ISebe lezeMpilo neleMisebenzi

Amasebe ezempilo, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, izibhedlele zikawonke-wonke, kunye namakliniki ezempilo asekuhlaleni afumana inkxaso yasekuhlaleni. Kumacandelo athi andise iMedicaid, iminikelo yasekuhlaleni ihlawulela abangengamele imicimbi. Iingingqi ezininzi zikwaxhasa ngezimali iinkonzo zezentlalo ezifana nokuxhasa izindlu, iindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, iibhanki zokutya, iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana, kunye namaziko aphezulu ngokuhlawulelwa irhafu okanye ngokuhlawulwa kwemali-mali-mali jikelele.

Imizi, Ukuzonwabisa Nezithethe

Iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amabala emidlalo, amaziko emidlalo, amaqula okuqubha, kunye nemizila ixhaswa kakhulu yirhafu yempahla kunye nentengiso. Ezinye izixeko zinyanzela “irhafu yerhafu” okanye“ umrhumo wezemali yezemali-mali” emandleni eluncedo. Inkcubeko ye-menfensis/museum, ukwenza iindawo zobugcisa, iindawo zogcino-zilwanyana, kunye nezitiya ze-biotical, zifumana inkxaso yokusebenza kunye namaqela obugcisa asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, i- iCity of Denver[FLM:1] inikezela ngentlawulo lwazorhwebo lwazobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa, imibutho exhasa ingeniso efana nezobugcisa zeDenver Arths kunye nezobugcisa.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ukuqokelelwa komgqomo, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi, ukukhukuliswa kwendlela, ukususwa kwekhephu kunye nokulawulwa kwamanzi oqhwithela kusoloko kusenziwa ngerhafu yerhafu yasekuhlaleni okanye ngentlawulo yomsebenzisi. Oomasipala abaninzi baqokelela le rhafu “umrhumo wemali-mali” omnye oqukiwe kwimali enye yenyanga. Iinkonzo zokusingqongileyo ezifana nokugada umgangatho womoya, ukukhuselwa kwamanzi, kunye nokulawulwa kwezilwanyana eziziintlawulo zentlalo zidla ngokuxhaswa ngerhafu yerhafu yepropati yephondo.

Impembelelo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni kuphuhliso loluntu

Iirhafu zasekuhlaleni azipheleli nje ekugcineni iinkonzo ezisisiseko zisebenza, kodwa zibumba inkcitho yezoqoqosho neyoluntu. Iinkqubo zerhafu ezicwangcisiweyo zinokutsala utyalo-mali, ukunyusa amaxabiso empahla, nokuqhayisa kwebutho labantu.

Imisebenzi Ephambili

Iinkampani ziqwalasela ubunjani bezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nemfundo yabasebenzi xa zigqiba indawo ezongezelelwa okanye zandiswe. Isiseko esinamandla serhafu sasekuhlaleni sivumela isixeko ukuba sifakelele kwibhanki ebanzi, iindlela ezikhoyo, kunye neenkonzo ezivumayo. Uphando oluvela kwi- [iiiNtlalo] yeSikomzelo lubonisa ukuba xa ulawulo lwexabiso lerhafu, umgangatho wenkonzo yasekuhlaleni usoloko unempembelelo enkulu kwizigqibo zeendawo zoshishino ezixhomekeke kwimisebenzi kawonke. Ngokuphikisana noko, iinkonzo zikawonke ezixhaswa kakubi zinokuthintela abaqeshi kunye nokuqhuba abemi abahlala kumazwe akufuphi.

Ukukhuthaza Amaxabiso eMisebenzi

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke zomgangatho ophezulu zikhuselwe kwixabiso lamakhaya. Amakhaya kwisithili esinemigangatho ephezulu, iipaki ezihlala kakuhle, kunye nomlinganiselo osezantsi wexabiso lomthetho wolawulo lwamaxabiso olwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlolisiso oluvela kwiLincoln Institute of Land Policy lufumanise ukuba unyuko olunye olusezantsi kwinkcitho yenkonzo kawonke-wonke yasekuhlaleni (ekukhutshwe yirhafu yempahla) lunxulumene nolwandiso kumaxabiso empahla. Oku kwenza umjikelezo olungileyo: ukunyuka kovavanyo kuvelisa ingeniso yerhafu ngaphandle kwesantya, unyuso lwemali oluthe kratya.

Ukuphucula Umgangatho Wobomi

Ngaphandle kwezoqoqosho, iirhafu zasekuhlaleni zixhasa iinkonzo ezenza uluntu lube yindawo entle yokuhlala. Iveni ethembekileyo yokuhamba, izitrato, amapolisa asabelayo, kunye nezithuba zikawonke-wonke ezikhululekileyo ziziphumo ezithe ngqo zengqokelela esebenzayo yengeniso yasekuhlaleni. Ingeniso entle yobomi iquka ukukhutshwa kwekharbon encinane evela kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke, unxibelelwano olunamandla olusebuthweni kwipaki ezinamaziko afanelekileyo, kunye neziphumo ezingcono zempilo ezivela kwiikliniki kunye namanyathelo afanelekileyo okutya.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Xa abemi bemi bebona iziphumo ezibonakalayo zerhafu yabo , ibala lemidlalo elitsha, ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza, ungxamiseko olukhawulezileyo, basengozini yokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, kunye namatshantliziyo. Amanyathelo okubonisa gcalatha abonisa kakuhle indlela emali esetyenziswa ngayo (njenge ] ivula iindawo zokuthelekisa imali []) zingaqinisa ngakumbi ukuthemba nokuphendula. Unyuso oluphezulu lukhokelela ekusebenziseni imali nokunika izigqibo ezithe kratya.

Iingxaki Ekuhlawuleni Irhafu

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, iinkqubo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zijamelana neengxaki ezingapheliyo ezinokuphelisa ukulingana, ukuphumelela nenkxaso kawonke - wonke.

Ukulingana Nokungalawuleki

Iirhafu ezininzi zasekuhlaleni ziphinde zabuyiselwa. Zithatha ipesenti enkulu yengeniso kubemi abaphantsi belizwe. Umzekelo, irhafu, ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela abo bachitha isabelo esikhulu sengeniso yabo kwimpahla ehlawulwayo. Irhafu yempahla inokuba ngumthwalo onzima kubasebenzi abaphezulu abamiselweyo okanye abanini-khaya abaxabisa ngokukhawuleza iindawo. Abanye abantu bayazinciphisa ezi zimali-mali zerhafu yesiphaluka, iintengiso ezithenjiswe kwimiba, okanye imigangatho ephakamileyo, kodwa inkqubela ihlala ingekho ngqiqweni. Umahluko ekuchitheni imali phakathi kwemipu ephezulu neyamahlwempu yesikolo.

Ingeniso

Irhafu yasekuhlaleni isenokunyuka kakhulu ngexesha lemijikelo yezoqoqosho. Iirhafu zerhafu ziyancipha kakhulu ngexesha lokuthengwa kwemali. Iirhafu zempahla zizinzile kodwa zinciphisa izoqoqosho ngeminyaka eli-1-8. Iirhafu ezihlawulwayo zihlawulwa ngemivuzo xa kunyuka ukungaqeshwa. Le nkonzo inyanzela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba banciphise iinkonzo okanye banyuse isantya ngexesha lokudodobala, ngokufuthi ngexesha elibi kakhulu elinokwenzeka. Amazwe amaninzi alinganisela ulungelelwano lwendawo ngokunyusa irhafu yerhafu okanye ukufuna ivota emali eninzi kakhulu ukuze kwandiswe iimali ezithile.

Ukwahlula Abantu Neentsomi Zezobupolitika

Abemi abaninzi bachasa ukwanda kwerhafu naxa ingeniso ekhoyo inganele ukugcina iinkonzo ezikhoyo. Oku kuqhawulwa konxibelelwano kusoloko kubangelwa kukungayazi indlela esetyenziswa ngayo irhafu. Amanyathelo afuna umvoti werhafu entsha angayifaka imvume efunekayo kutyala irhafu. Ngaphezu koko, imida emiselwe ngurhulumente efana ne-Khalifoniya ye-13 (ukukhuliswa kwerhafu yempahla) kunye ne-Texharcorado Bill of Colorado’s Rea Record Reasurement inqanda ukukhula kwengeniso yasekuhlaleni kamashumi eminyaka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ibeke ugcino-mali ezinto zemali ehnvocity nangaphantsi kwempeni ehransi.

Ubunzima Neendleko Zolawulo

Ukunika imithetho emininzi yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ngezantsi ngokwemo-mali yamashishini asebenza ngaphaya kwemimandla, ingaba ziindleko. Amadolobha awahlukeneyo aneenjongo ezahlukeneyo zokucwangcisa, imithetho yokukhulula, nenkcazelo esisiseko. Amashishini amancinane asenokuswela ubuncwane bokuthobela ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhambisa irhafu yasekuhlaleni kufuna abasebenzi, i-software, kunye nemigudu yokuqinisekisa ukuba imali eqokelelwe. Ulwandiso lwerhafu lunganciphisa le mithwalo ngemithetho-mthetho yomgangatho woluntu okanye umanyano lombuso.

Indlela Amalungelo Erhafu Abuchaphazela Ngayo Umgangatho Wenkonzo

Uqhagamshelwano phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo werhafu kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo aluzibonzi ngokuzenzekelayo, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ecwangcisiweyo ngayo imali, echithwayo, kunye nengaphezulu. Umzekelo, urhwebo [ inxalenye yerhafu yothutho lokuhambisa iqinisekisa imijelo enikezelweyo yemali kodwa inokunciphisa ubuchule bokusebenzisa imali. irhafu yerhafu [[FLT:]] ilinganisela ukukhula kwemali kodwa isenokunqumla njengexabiso. [[FLT:]] ityala-ase-ekhohlo-endis ezivunyiweyo [[FLT] ivumela iinkonzo ezithe kratyani ezithe kratya, kodwa zinokuvumela imiqatha yemisebenzi emikhulu kodwa ifuna ukwanelisa iinzuzo. [FLT] ukhuthulo lokhuseleko lokhuseleko olugqithiselweyo, okanye umgangatho othe kokugqibela, kodwa ungenza ezinye iindlela ezingaphezulu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukuthelekiswa Kwesixeko

Umahluko kwizakhiwo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni uvelisa iziphumo zenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Cinga uSan Jose, California, oxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla ngenxa ye-Proctice 13 ukungalawuleki. Inomlinganiselo osezantsi werhafu yempahla (malunga ne-1% yexabiso) kodwa kwaye iphantsi kwimali esetyenziswa kwiipaki nakwiithala leencwadi xa kuthelekiswa [FLT:], i-Oregorgon, esebenzisa irhafu yerhafu ephezulu kunye nengeniso yemali ekhoyo kunye nerhafuzo zorhwebo ezikhoyo kunye nenkokhezo zoqoqoso zoncedo lwasekuhlaleni kunye neenkonzo zoburhulumente zokwahlukene. Ngoku, [[FLT:] Preix], e-Aricioctive [FF], i-3] exhasa irhafuthensi (ieffe: 3]) ukuxhasa uhlalo lweemeko lohlalo lwemali kuhla lwemali yoqoqosho oluthe kunye neenkonzo zoncedo loncedo loluntu.

Indima Yokubandakanyeka Kubemi

Abahlali abanolwazi bayakwazi ukuyila inkqubo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ekuchongeni uqingqo-mali, ekuvoteni kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuxhasa inyathelo lokubonisa ngaphaya. Amadolobha amaninzi ngoku aneenkqubo zoqingqo-mali apho abemi bagqiba ngqo indlela yokunikezela inxalenye yoqingqo-mali. Abanye bapapasha ngekhompyutha iibhodi zokufumana imali kunye nenkcitho ngexesha lokwenene. Xa beqonda iirhafu, bayakwazi ukunyanzela irhafuthelo lohlahlo [ iinkqubo zokuxhasa iinkonzo ezifunekayo ezifunekayo zorhwebo zasekhaya.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo Lokuhlawula Irhafu

Imeko eninzi ichaza indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanyusa ngayo irhafu baze bayisebenzise ngayo:

  • Umsebenzi othe ngqo kunye nokwenza i-temmoting: Nabasebenzi abambalwa abaya kwii-ofisi zedolophu, iirhafu zengeniso zasekuhlaleni kumaziko esixeko ziyancipha, ngelixesha iindawo ezisemaphandleni nasesemaphandleni zibona amanani aphezulu emini. Amanye amazwe ahlaziya izahlulo zerhafu ukubonakalisa apho umsebenzi wezoqoqosho wenyani uqhubeka khona.
  • ulungiso lwerhafu olugqithisileyo: Iimeko ezininzi ziqwalasela utshintsho koonobumba bohlolo, iinkqubo zesiphaluka, kunye nemida kunyuko lwaminyaka le ukunciphisa ukubuyela umva ngeli lixa ugcina inkxaso-mali ezinzileyo kwizikolo.
  • Izixhobo zexabiso zothutho: njengentlawulo yerhafu (TIF) kunye neendawo zoluntu ezisebenzisa irhafu elindelekileyo kwixa elizayo ukuqokelela izibonelelo kwimimandla yophuhliso, ukuhambisa iziqhagamshelanisi kufumana inzuzo kuluntu.
  • Iirhafu zeenkonzo ze-pigital:[ Njengoko urhwebo luhambela kwi-intanethi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banyanzela igunya kwirhafu equkunjelweyo kwiinkonzo zerhafu, izalathiso, kunye nezibhengezo zamanani.]
  • Inkxaso-mali exhasa ukunyamezeleka: imibutho idala irhafu yempahla enikezelweyo okanye irhafu yentengiso ukuxhasa udonga lwaselwandle, ulawulo lomkhukula, ukunqanda umlilo odaliweyo, kunye nezibonelelo eziluhlaza.

Isiphelo

Unxulumano phakathi kwerhafu yasekuhlaleni neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke lukhawulezile kwaye lunentsingiselo. Ierandi nganye iqokelelwe ngepropati, ingeniso, okanye irhafu eluncedo ingumsebenzi obonakalayo obonisa ukuba intsebenziswano kunye nokufaneleka kwengingqi. Xa abemi beqonda indlela iminikelo yabo exhasa ngayo izikolo, ukhuseleko, iindlela, kunye nokuzonwabisa, baba ngabaphathi abathenjiweyo bezinto zikawonke-wonke. Kwangaxesha linye, abenzi benkqubo bajongene nomsebenzi onzima wokuyila iinkqubo zerhafuthelo lwerhafu ezilungileyo, ezizinzileyo, nezizinzileyo ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuqinisa olu nxulumano kudinga ukuba kucace, ukungenelwa, ukungenelela, nokuziqhelanisa ngokuqhubekayo irhafu yerhafu yerhafu eluncedo kuluntu.