Unyulo Lwezakhelo Ezisemthethweni EUnited States

Unyulo olusemthethweni olulawula unyulo eUnited States yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, ejikelezwe ngobuninzi bemithetho karhulumente, imithetho karhulumente, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho yokugweba. Esi sakhiwo sibonakalisa indlela yesizwe yolawulo lorhulumente apho amaphondo anegunya elibalulekileyo kulawulo lonyulo ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe emisela isiseko sokhuseleko nemigangatho. Ukuqonda esi siseko sibalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo, kubafundi, nakubemi abaqulukileyo, njengoko simisela ngqo inkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye namalungelo okuvota.

Embindini wayo, umthetho wonyulo wase-U.S. ulinganisa imfuneko yemigangatho efanayo yesizwe kunye nobubhetyebhetye bemeko-meko yamazwe ukuze kuvumelaniswe neenkqubo ezihambelana nezodwa nabemi kunye neemeko zobuchule. Isiphumo sisenzo esisiqendu esingafaniyo ngokwemeko zelizwe kwimimandla efana nexesha lokubhaliswa komvoti, iimfuno zokhetho, iindlela zokuvota, kunye nenkqubo zokubala. Le migaqo yokwahlukahlukana, ngexa inika amathuba okuvavanya, ikwadala imingeniselo enxulumene nokufikelela, nokufikelela, kunye nokhuseleko.

Isiseko: Igunya lomgaqo-siseko kunye neziHlanziso eziPhambili

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika iziko lomthetho wonyulo. Ngexa umGaqo-siseko wokuqala ungalinikanga ngokuphandle ilungelo lorhulumente lokuvota, wanika amagunya athile okhetho kumazwe nakurhulumente wezwe. ICandelo I, iCandelo 4 linika izikhululo zikarhulumente igunya lokumisela "Ixesha, Iindawo kunye noMphathi-Mkhosi wokuphatha iziNtempelo kunye nabameli, kodwa kwakhona unika iBhunga amandla "okwenza okanye ukuguqula imithetho enjalo". Lo mdlalo ube ngowomgaqo wokumisela amalungelo evota.

Uhlaziyo lwe - 15, lwe - 19 nolwe - 26

Izilungiso ezintathu zomGaqo-siseko zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekuchazeni ukuba ngubani onokuvota:

  • IsiHlanzi se-15 seSichibiyelo (1870): ingqina ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili. Phezu kwayo nje le nto, iqalisile uvavanyo lokufunda nokubhala, irhafu yobhanki, neminye imiqobo eyaqhubeka de kube nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-656.
  • IsiHlalisi se-19 seSichimi seMpazamo (1920): unyuso olulukhudliweyo kumabhinqa, oluphumela ekuqhubekeni kwamashumi eminyaka. Aluzange luphelise eminye imiqobo yokuvota, kodwa lwandisa ngokuphawulekayo unyulo.
  • IsiHlaziyo se 26 (1971: sathoba ixesha lokuvota ukuya kwi 18, siphendula kwimpikiswano yokuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafumane umkhosi kufuneka babe nelungelo lokuvota.

Ukongezelela, uMphetho-mda we-17 (1913) waguqula unyulo lwabaququzeleli be-U.S. ekubeni babenokukhethwa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukukhokela ivoti ethandwayo, kunye noMphengululo wama-24 (1964) wayiphelisa irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lorhulumente. Ezi zindululo zidibanise inkcitho yoMgaqo-siseko ngokudibeneyo nenxaxheba.

Imithetho emikhulu yoNnyulo

IBhunga liye lamisela imimiselo emininzi ephawulekayo emisela imilinganiselo yesizwe nenciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Le mithetho inxulumene nemimiselo karhulumente yaye isoloko ingumbandela wokubekwa kwemigaqo yesizwe.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sowe-1965 (VRA)

Iqwalaselwe omnye weyona mithetho isebenzayo yamalungelo abantu, iVRA yalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka ukuvalwa kovavanyo lokufunda nokubhala nezinye izixhobo zobuhlanga, kunye nemfuneko phantsi kweCandelo 5 yokuba amagunya athile anembali yocalulo afumane imvume karhulumente ("precladence") phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo so-2013 ku-2013 [[FL:] [FL:] Shelby County v. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [Umthetho wecandelo] wagawula phantsi imigaqo esetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba imigaqo egqunywe, iphumele ngokunelo kwimfuno yemithetho ephambili. Le mithetho ikhokelela kwimiqathango yomthetho yokuvota-volantiweyo. [[FF]

UMthetho weSizwe we-Ofisi yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-1993 (NVRA)

Isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi "Motor Voter Act," i-NVRA ejolise ekukwenzeni ubhaliso olufikelelekayo. Yayifuna ukuba kunikwe amatyala okubhalisa xa abantu befaka okanye behlaziya iphepha-mvume lomqhubi, nokunika imvume yokubhalisa. Ikwagunyazisa ukuba igcine iiroli ezichanileyo kodwa ingashenxisi kuba beyekile ukuvota. Umthetho uye wandisa amanani okubhalisa, nangona ukuphumeza imingeniswana iseleyo.

UMthetho woNcedo waseMerika ka-2002 (Hava)

Idlule emva kwengxoxo yonyulo lomongameli wama- 2000, uHaVA wagunyazisa utshintsho kwiinkqubo zokuvota kunye nolawulo. Yadala iKhomishini yoNkxaso (EAC) yokunika ukhokelo nenkxaso-mali. Imimiselo engundoqo yayiquka iimfuno zokufumana ilungiselelo, iisiseko sobhaliso sobhaliso, kunye nokuphucula ufikelelo lwabavoti ngokukhubazeka. UVA wakhuthaza namazwe ukutshintsha oomatshini bokuvota abaphelelwe lixesha, nangona banika ububanzi besazulu ekusebenzeni.

Eminye imithetho ebalulekileyo karhulumente iquka iMithetho yeMithetho efanayo ne-Overses Abface Voing (UOCAVA), ekhusela umkhosi nabavoti baphesheya, kunye noMthetho weMikhosi noweOverses Voters Vouter Macleitonsiment (MOVE), owazilungisayo ezo khuseleko.

Umthetho weRhulumente: I-injini yolawulo lokhetho

Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente unika unyulo, iinkalo zamava omvoti-ukubhalisa, imithetho yokubhalisa, ukhetho lokuqala lovota, indawo yokuvota, kunye nenkcazo yeplani ebhanki-bhanki-bhadli. Imithetho-siseko karhulumente isoloko iqulathe ukhuseleko lwayo lwamalungelo okuvota, maxa wambi olubanzi kunalawo asemGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. imigaqo-siseko yowiso-mthetho yonyulo edlulisela iikhowudi zonyulo ezimele zihambelane nomthetho wesizwe, kodwa igcina ubulumko obungakumbi.

Ubhaliso lwezibonelelo kunye noluHlu

Amazwe amisela ixesha lokubhalisa, elisuka kwientsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kwezingamashumi amathathu phambi konyulo, nangona amanye enika ubhaliso lweentsuku ezifanayo. Imithetho ye-Voter ithanda ukuphikisa. Amanye amazwe afuna i-ID yefoto; amanye amkela amaxwebhu angangeni rhoto okanye asebenzise uqinisekiso. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Galislatures e-ID yovoti-ontarati [[, ibalase umahluko omkhulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa le mithetho ukuthi ayibuniki nkohliso; abagxeki baphikisa abambalwa, abakhulile, nabangenayo abavotiweyo.

Iindlela zokusasaza: Nge-Person, nge-Absee, nange-Mail-In

Amazwe ayahluka ekulaleni kwawo ekuqaleni kovota, akukho ngxaki yokungahambi kwevoti, kunye noovoti jikelele. Umzekelo, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi aqhuba unyulo ngokuyintloko ngeposi. Amanye afuna ingxengxezo yebhola engekhoyo ye-colot. I-COVID-19 yenza utshintsho lokwexeshana olukhawulezayo, kwaye amanye amazwe akhuthaza ukusuka oko enza iposi yokuvota ehlala okanye eyandisiwe. Umyili wenkqubo yokuvota ````Ooptical scan', i-recording ercordations cells's, okanye oomatshini bephepha eliphawulwe ngesandla'.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Emva kobalo-mali lwaminyaka le, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo kunye nesithili sowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo yezobupolitika kakhulu. "Izithili zitsala iphondo ukuba zithande iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile" ziye zacelw'ucelomngeni enkundleni phantsi koKhuselo lwe-Lilinganiyo Claus kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo we-Voting Rights. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalawula ukuba ii-gerrymerdering azinabulungisa kwiinkundla zesizwe (RUUNIC] v. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo , 20,19]), ishiya iinzame zokulungisa izinto ezifana neentlanganiso zephondo ezizimeleyo. Iimeko ezininzi, kuquka iSchinianchigan, kunye ne-Arizona zikhomishini zolwamkelo ezinjalo.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nokufikelela: Iimfazwe ezihambelanayo

Ukufikelela kwivoti kusengundoqo. Imithetho nezenzo ezithi zikhulise okanye zithintele ukufikelela ekuvoteni zisoloko zibekwa phantsi. Imimandla engundoqo iquka:

  • [[Umthetho we-ID weVoter]: Njengoko kuphawulwe, oluluhlu ukusuka kwiimfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID yefoto ukuya kwezinye ezithambileyo. Ufundo lubonisa ukuba zinganciphisa unyuko phakathi komntu othile.
  • Unikezelo lwe Voters ezinesiphene: AmaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) kunye ne HAVA afuna iindawo zokuvota ukuze zifumaneke kwaye zivotelwe oomatshini ukuze zivumele ukuvota okuzimeleyo. Kodwa iingxaki zokuthobela ziyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni.
  • Uncedo lolwimi lolwimi lwelwimi: Icandelo 203 loMthetho wamaLungelo oLondolozo lweMithetho eZilwimi ezimbini ezigunyazisa izixhobo zonyulo ezikwimimandla ethetha iilwimi ezingaqhelekanga zabemi abambalwa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abathethi abangeyosiNgesi bangathatha inxaxheba.
  • Inkcazo ePhambili: Amatyala amaninzi athintela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanolweyiseko lwetyala, nemigaqo esuka kukwahlulwa okusisigxina okuzenzekelayo ukuya kuvuselelwa. Oku ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela uluntu oluncinane. Kwinkcukacha zemeko-yomhlaba, bona iProjekthi ye-
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungavumelani kotshintsho: Amanye amazwe, kuquka iFlorida ne Iowa, aphinde abuyiselwa amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababevalelwe entolongweni, nangona ukuzalisekiswa kuye kwakhuphiswa.

Unqabiseko Lokhetho Nengqibelelo

Ukhuseleko lokhetho luye lwanenkxalabo engakumbi ukususela ekungeneleni kweminye imimandla kunyulo 2016.

Ukhuseleko noncedo lomanyano

I-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISISA) isebenza norhulumente kunye namagosa onyulo obulali ukukhusela iinkqubo zokuvota. Umanyano lwezibonelelo phantsi koncedo lwe-VAVA luchaza izixhobo zokunyusela kunye nokwenza uvavanyo lomngcipheko. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi afuna uvavanyo lwephepha lonyuselo ngezantsi ngoku ngoku, ngoku ajonga iibhola zovavanyo ngaphaya kwekhompyutha ngokuchasene nobude bekhompyutha . /to kuqinisekiswe iziphumo. Umlinganiselo wemiqathango yemiqathango (RLLA) iqwalaselwe umlinganiso wegolide kwaye isetyenziswa kumazwe afana neColoradolado, kunye neRhode Island.

Iibhola zephepha kunye noomzila bophicotho-zincwadi

Ukuphendula inkxalabo ngokuqhekeza iphepha, urhulumente omninzi ufuna umvoti wendlela zophicotho-zincwadi (VPAT). Ngo-2024, phantse zonke iivoti e-U.S. ziphoswa kwiinkqubo ezivelisa ingxelo yephepha. Imfuneko esemthethweni yogcino-zincwadi iyahluka; amanye amazwe ayawagunyazisa ngomthetho ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kwizigqibo zolawulo.

Umanyano lomanyano noManyano loMbuso

IKhomishini yoNkxaso yoNcedo imisela imigaqo yenkqubo yokuvota yokuzithandela. IKhomishini yoNkxaso yoNnyuso inika i- izikhundla zabavoti nabalawuli. Ucalulo lwandisa ukwabelana ngobulumko boluvolo-mdla nokwenza imiboniso ephezulu. Noko ke, ulawulo lwendlela yonyulo olulungeleleneyo lwe-U.S..-(ukungalinganiswa kwamawaka emikhosi yasekuhlaleni)

Iphulo Lemali Nentetho Yezobupolitika

Umthetho wemeko yephulo lezobupolitika kunye nemali kwezobupolitika zibunjwe zizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ngokuphawulekayo Buckley v. Valeo [1997] kunye IsiCIzeliso United v. FEC (2010). Le mithetho yamisela ukuba ukuchitha imali ukuphembelela unyulo luhlobo lolwimi olukhuselweyo phantsi koLawulo Lokuqala.

Imida yegalelo kunye neSikhuseli seCandelo

UMthetho weCandelo loNlamlelo loManyano loManyano (FECA) ka-1971 kunye nokulungiswa kwawo kwemida kwiminikelo kwabathathi-nxaxheba nakumaqela, kwaye ifuna ukutyhilwa kwabanikeli. IKhomishini yoNqumlo loManyano (FEC) iqinisekisa le mithetho. Noko ke, inkcitho ezizimeleyo ye-Super PACs kunye nemibutho engafumani ngeniso ingangabi namda, logama nje ingalungelelaniseki namaqela. Iimfuno zeDassomssion ziye zancitshiswa lunyuko lwe "fish" amaqela angabaziyo ekuhleni ekuhleni abantu bawo.

Ukubonelela ngoLuntu kunye noHlaziyo

Amanye amaphondo noomasipala banika abo bavuma ukuchitha imida, njengemiqathango kwisiXeko saseNew York naseConnecticut. Kumgangatho worhulumente, inkqubo yezemali karhulumente karhulumente ishiywe kakhulu ngabahlohli abaphambili ngenxa yemali engaphumeleliyo. Izicelo eziqhubekekayo ziquka izindululo zomgaqo-siseko zokubhukuqa i-Citizens United, ukwanda kwemiyalelo yokubonakala, kunye neenkqubo ezihambelanayo ezincinci.

Kwingqikelelo ebanzi yomthetho wezemali wangoku, jonga kwisikhokelo se- FEC sabafundi kunye neekomiti.

Iingxaki Neenkampani Eziguqula Umhlaba

Phezu kwako nje ukusekwa komthetho okuqinileyo, iingxaki eziphawulekayo ziyaqhubeka ezifuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo. Ukuqonda le mibandela kungundoqo ekuhloleni impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ucinezelo lwezixhobo zokukhupha igesi kunye nengxoxo yokufikelela

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi adlulisa imithetho engqongqo efuna i-ID yomvoti, ethintela ukuvota, enciphisa iintsuku zokuvota kwangethuba, ekhupha iiroli. Abaxhasi baphikisa la manyathelo bathintela ukuqhatha kwaye bandise intembelo; abachasi bathi balulawulo lwangoku, balucinezela ngokugqithisileyo uluntu olunombala, umdala, kunye nabafundi. Ingxabano iye yakhokelela ekuhlaziyweni phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo, umGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho karhulumente. UJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advection Act, oya kubuyisela i-previtance, eces, ecetyikiswe kwiBhunganiso, kodwa engamiswanga.

Ukuhlaziya Utshintsho

Umthetho uhlala usisisixhobo esinamandla sokufaka ukhuthuzo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamandla okuvota amancinane. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yala ukungenelela ekupheliseni abaguquli-guqu, iinkundla zelizwe zibethe iimaphu phantsi komgaqo-siseko wezwe (umz., ePennsylvania nase North Carolina). Iikhomishini zokuzimela, ukuvota okucetyiweyo, kunye namalungu amaninzi aphakathi kotshintsho olufumana ulwahlulo njengendlela zokudala umelo lomelo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokwenziwa kwale mihla

Ubugcisa bokhetho buzivelela ngokukhawuleza. Ukubhalisa ngomvoti kungaphakathi kufumaneka ngoku kumaphondo amaninzi, kodwa inkxalabo yokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha iyaqhubeka. Abarhwebi bomatshini bajongana nokuvavanywa kwee-software ezibukhali kunye nokhuseleko lwemiqathango yemiqathango yephepha kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko lufumene inkxaso ye- bipartistan. Kodwa ke, inkxaso yemali yonyulo ayiphelelanga, imimandla emininzi yasekuhlaleni ixhomekeke kwizixhobo ezaluphalayo, kwaye abasebenzi bokuvota baye bafumana ubunzima obukhulu.

Utshintsho Oluxhotyisiweyo Neenkqubano Zexesha Elizayo

Izindululo zokwenza ucwangciso lwasemthethweni ziquka: ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lwevoti (AVR), ngoku olwamkelwe kumaphondo angama-20; ukwenza umhla woNnyulo iholide yengingqi; ukubeka imigangatho yamaxesha okuvota angaphambili; kunye nokwandisa iposi-imeyili. Imithetho ye-Ofo ka-Yobantu (H.R. 1) kwiBhunga le 117 lazama ukwenza utshintsho oluninzi, kodwa alwadlulanga. Kumgangatho wombuso, utshintsho luyaqhubeka luxatyo, kunye namanye amazwe ahamba kwicala elibanzi lonikezelo ngexa abanye bebambe imiqathango.

Isiphelo

Unyulo olusemthethweni olulawula unyulo olusemthethweni eUnited States alumi okanye alunanto yanto. Yinkqubo ephilayo ejikajikayo ngomthetho, ukudityaniswa, kunye nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Ukusuka kwi-Reconformationon-era ukulungisa iingxoxo zakutshanje zokuvota iposi kunye nokungagqibeki, umaleko ngamnye womthetho ubonisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo ngomntu ofumana ukhetho, indlela abavoti abafakwa ngayo nokubalwa ngayo, nendlela abamele bafunyaniswe ngayo. Kubafundisi-bafundi, abachanabayo kule nkqubo asiyo nje imfundo yemfundo kodwa imfuneko eyimfuneko yoluntu. Ukuqonda imithetho enika abahlali-mthetho abagunyazisa unyulo ukuba bakhuthaze inkqubo yokukhetha ekhuselekileyo nelula, ixhasa isithembiso solawulo, esikhoyo, esisekelwe kwi-democracralithi.

Njengokuba umjikelo wonyulo wama-2024 usondela nangaphaya, uninzi lwale mibuzo isemthethweni iza kuncinwa kwiinkundla nakwiindlu zowiso-mthetho kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuhlala waziswe ngemithombo ethembekileyo enje [[FLT: 0]] NCSL Unyuso kunye neMimiselo iphepha kunye neZiko leJaji yeJaji yeJaji [[FLT] ye-FLT]] ibalulekile kuye nabani na ozibophelele ekukhuseleni nasekuqiniseni inkqubo yonyulo.