Ukwakhiwa Kwengxubusho Yezeejaji

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luxwebhu lwejaji olunomthetho oluthi luziintloko-mthetho nezenzo zomthetho. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba wonke umthetho nezenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana nomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Ngaphandle kokucaciswa kwezomthetho, umGaqo-siseko uya kuba luxwebhu nje olufunayo, olungenalo umgaqo wokunyanzelisa imida yawo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yakwaU.S. okokuqala yathi eli gunya likwi- [marbury v.[FLT] [11:] [0] [183]), xa uMastim weSigqeba] uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba i-#820; ityala eligxininisa ngokuqinileyo elisebenza kwisebe lezomthetho lithetha oko kuthethwa ngumthetho. & &8222; loo mbono inye i-Genecconga kwimigrac.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji aluyinikeli iinkundla ikomishini yokukhangela nawuphina umthetho ongawuthandiyo. Endaweni yoko, isebenza kuphela xa ityala lekonkrithi okanye impikiswano iziswa phambi kwenkundla. Umchasi-mthetho kufuneka ame e̬a ngqo, umthi wobuqu kwisiphumo sesiphumo i-— kwaye imbambano kufuneka ivuthwe (ayifuni) kwaye ingaphili (ayisaphili). Ezi zihluzi zifakeli-procedmental zigcina iinkundla zingekho ngqikelelo ezikhoyo kwaye zivalela iingxoxo zobucala apho imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko ifuna isigqibo.

Imfundiso isebenza imisebenzi emibini ephambili. Okokuqala, ikhusela amalungelo abantu ngokungawuthobeli umthetho oqinisekisa ngenkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Okwesibini, igcina ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokuhlola umthetho kunye nokuqhatha kwegunya. Ngale ndlela, uhlolo lomthetho luqinisa umthetho kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba abadlali bakarhulumente bahlala kwimida emiselwe luxwebhu olusekiweyo.

Iingcambu zembali kunye nezilawuli ’

Ingcamango yokuhlola ityala ayizange ivele kwi-athom. Izithandi zobulumko zolukhanyiselo njengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu zaphikisa ngelithi amasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente kufuneka ajongene ukuze athintele ingcinezelo. Abalawuli bamarhamncwa baseMerika, abaqhelene nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, babesazi ukuba iinkundla zamathanga zazikhe zazihlola izenzo zePalamente phantsi komthetho-mthetho karhulumente olawulwa yiRhosadenti. Iinkundla eziliqela zorhulumente phambi kowewaka liwaka linye lalisele litshayekile imithetho engqubana nemithetho karhulumente.

KwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, abameli baphikisana ngokuthi ngaba ijaji kufuneka ibe nendima ekuhloleni umthetho. UAlexander Hamilton, kwi- Fateralist No. 78, ikhusele amandla, isithi ijudicary i ̴ isebe eliyingozi i̵ liphikisa ukuba limele libe negunya lokuvakalisa izenzo ezingenanto ukuba bawuchasile umGaqo-siseko. Kodwa uxwebhu ngokwalo alunaso lunokunikela kuhlolo olucacileyo lokugweba. Amafrejini ashiya umbuzo uvula, ethemba ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaza amandla.

IJaji enkulu uMarshall wathatha loo ntsingiselo kwi Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury, ummi ongowokugqiba ukumisela uMongameli uJohn Adams, unobhala weSizwe uJames Madison ukuba anikezele ugunyaziso lwakhe. UMarshall wagqiba ukuba ngeli xesha iMarbury yayinelungelo lokugunyaziswa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayingenagunya phantsi kweCandelo 13 loMthetho weJadiary ka1789 ngenxa yokuba elo lungiselelo lingquzulane neSigqeba III somGaqo-siseko. Ngokubeka phantsi kommiselo welizwe okokuqala, uMarshall wamisela ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungowona ubalaseleyo kwaye ukuba ijudiary imele inyanzele igunya layo.

Lo mzukulwana wokusekwa wamisela umzekelo oye wabumba ulawulo lwamaMelika ukususela ngoko. Uhlolo lwezeejaji lwaqalisa kungekuphela nje kwiinkundla zephondo kodwa kwanakwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ezisoloko zihlola imithetho karhulumente nxamnye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente nowesizwe.

Imeko Ezabangela Ukuba Kubekho Umthetho

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uhlolo lokugweba ukucombulula ezinye zelizwe i’ imbambano efuna ingxwabangxwaba. Ityala ngalinye layilolonga le mfundiso laza lashiya uphawu oluhlala luhleli kubomi baseMerika.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Emva uMarbury, iNkundla yakhawuleza yajamelana novavanyo lwamandla karhulumente. Ingqungquthela yaqesha iBhanki yesibini yeUnited States, kunye neMaryland yabeka irhafu kwibhanki. UJaji omkhulu Marshall, kwakhona ebhalela iNkundla, wabambelela ekubeni uMgaqo-siseko unika iBhunga amandla angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo. Wawisa umthetho wokuba amazwe akanakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafunxa ngenxa yokuba i-#8220; amandla okubandakanya igunya lokutshabalalisa. ̵ eli tyala landisa ukuphinda lifake uhlolo logwebo lwetyala njengesixhobo sokuphelisa urhulumente nolawulo lorhulumente nolawulo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulungisa kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yavakalisa ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungekho sigqeba. INkundla nganye yarhoxa i-̴ i-engaguquguqukiyo kodwa elinganayo kodwa ilingana ne-” imfundiso ye-[FLT] Pluvery v. Fergusonson [18696], ibambe ukuba i-monealm-alm ikhuselwe ngokufanayo phantsi koLawulo lwe-1459. Isigqibo safuna ukuba inkalipho enkulu yokugweba ngenxa yokuba iguqule amashumi eminyaka imodeli kwaye ibangele ukuchasana okukrala. Kodwa yabonisa ubuchule bokukhusela amalungelo amancinane xa amasebe ezobupolitika engaphumeleli.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

.Roe v., iNkundla yavuma ibhinqa i̱, inelungelo elingumGaqo-siseko lokukhetha ukuqhomfa phantsi kwelungelo lokuzimela okuboniswa yi-Curvect Claus yeNkqutyana ye-145th Amend Amendment. Isigqibo sawisa umthetho waseTexas owakhupha ukuqhomfa okuninzi. Abagxeki batyhola iNkusebenza kwekomiti yokugweba ngokudala ilungelo elingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iNkundla yayikhusela inkululeko esisiseko kwi-ogractimenti. [5] kwiminyaka kamva, [[FLT] [FLT:]] Rogro] yabekwa umthetho yiyo [[FLT] [FLT] [5] ngokuphuma kwengxelo yesizwe]

United States v. Nixon (1974)

United States v. Nixon wavavanywa ukuba umongameli unokuzibanga enelungelo lokuvala ubungqina ekuphengululweni kwezaphuli-mthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo nganye yathi nangona kukho ilungelo eliphezulu lokukhusela unxibelelwano oluyimfihlo, aliphelelanga. UMongameli Nixon wayalelwa ukuba akhuphe iirekhodi ezakhokelela ekurhoxeni kwakhe ekugqibeleni. Ityala liqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye, hayi kwanomphathi oyintloko, ongaphezulu komthetho. Uphengululo lwejaji oluphanyiswe ngqo kwaye luxhasa umthetho.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

obergefell v. Hodges yandisa ilungelo lokutshata nezibini ezingokwasemgangathweni kwilizwe lonke. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iNkundla iMimiselo ye-144th Confective ’ i-Secrect and Semement Cetation Clausss ayivumi ukuba kungawamkeli amatyala amalayisensi omtshato kwizibini ezisondeleneyo. [[FLT:]] Rooe[, isigqibo sabangela ukuba izityholo zejajinga ngenxa yokuba isoluvo zahlukeneyo zentlalo zimele zishiywe kwimithetho. Kodwa iNkundla ixhomekeke kwimigca emide yokukhusela ukhetho yobuqu, ibonisa indlela yokuhlola ingqwalaselo ngokuqonda ukuqonda ngokuqonda ngokuqonda okuzinzileyo.

La matyala abonisa indlela engaqhelekanga yokuchophela isigwebo. Ngamnye ubandakanya iNkundla egatya umthetho okanye inyathelo likarhulumente, yaye ngalinye latshintsha indlela ebekwe ngayo umthetho ngokusisigxina.

Ingxoxo eLawulayo

Akukho ngxoxo yophando olupheleleyo ngaphandle kokucombulula ungquzulwano phakathi kwekomiti egwebayo kunye nokuthintelwa kwemithetho. La mabinzana achaza iintanda-bulumko eziphikisanayo ngendlela iinkundla ezimele zisebenzise ngayo amandla azo okuhlola.

Isenzo sobuJudician ichaza iinkundla ezikulungeleyo ukuwisa imithetho, ukwandisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, okanye ukungenelela kwimicimbi yezomgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi abaququzeleli boyiki ukubhukuqa imizekelo okanye ukucombulula iingxaki zentlalo eziye zatyeshelwa ngawezinye amasebe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi isenzo sokwenza umsebenzi sithoba ulawulo-demokhrasi ngokuthatha indawo yeembono zabagwebi abangakhethwanga kwabo bangabameli abanyuliweyo. Abaxhasi baphendula ngokuthi ijajidiary kufuneka ngamanye amaxesha basebenzele ukukhusela amagxa ambalwa kunye namalungelo angundoqo xa inkqubo yezobupolitika ingaphumeleli.

Imithetho elawulayo ye-Judicicial icebisa iinkundla ukuba zibambe izalathiso kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo naninina kunokwenzeka. Abagwebi abalawuli basebenzisa umGaqo-siseko ngokufutshane, balandele umgqaliselo, kwaye baphephe ukugqiba imibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo. Baphikisa ukuba ukuphendula ngedemokhrasi kufuna amasebe eenkqubo yezolawulo-demokhrasi ukusombulula iingxubusho. Ukuzinziswa komthetho nguOver Wendell Holmes ̱ isalam; inkundla ethetha ukuba iinkundla afanele zingawutyhini umgaqo nje kuba zicinga ukuba awuboni ubulumko. Phantsi koluvo lwalo, ukuhlola okugweba kugqibelela, hayi isixhobo somgaqo-mthetho.

Abagwebi abaninzi bawela ngapha koko. Ingxoxo ayiyiyo imfundo: imisela indlela iinkundla ezisingatha ngayo imiba esukela kumalungelo okuvota ukuya kwinkxaso-mali yezentlalo. Umzekelo, ISibizen eManyeneyo v. FEC [2010], iNkundla yasiphula imiqathango kwinkcitho yezopolitiki ezimeleyo yezopolitiko ngemibutho, ukuzoba nerhafuthezelo lokwenza umsebenzi. uLocal Federation of Independent v. Selius [20], iNkundla ixhasa uMthetho wesitho lwezomthetho we-&817; inkcesalelo ngalunye lwezomthetho womthetho wezomthetho.

Imfundo yakudala ithandabuze ukuba ngaba i-activism ̵sractt 22 ayitshangatshanga. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi i-#820;ctivivism ” ligama elisetyenziswayo kwizigqibo eziphikisanayo. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kubhekiswe kwiindlela zokucacisa i̬ ubuprostance buphikisana nobuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo ̬ iside. Kodwa ingxoxo ihlala ingundoqo kwindlela amaMelika aqonda ngayo uluvo logwebo.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Kuhlalutyo Lwezogwebo

Uhlolisiso olungokwasemgwebeni aluyonto nje esungulwe ngamaMerika kuphela, kodwa umzekelo weUnited States uye waphembelela iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke. Amazwe awahlukeneyo aye asebenzisa iinguqulelo ezibonakalisa izithethe zawo ezingokwasemthethweni nezakhiwo zezobupolitika.

I-Jamani

Inkundla yeNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ePhakathi waseJamani (iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoMgaqo-siseko) inamandla amakhulu okuhlola isigwebo. Imiselwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kobugqwala-gwenxa bamaNazi, inkundla ingahlola imithetho yokuhambelana noMthetho oMkhulu (Grundedesetz). Ngokungafaniyo neNkuQumrhu eliPhakamileyo, eliva amatyala acacileyo, inkundla yaseJamani ikwaneengxubusho olucacileyo kwisicelo sikarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye ipalamente encinane. Inomthetho onikezelweyo enokuthi nawuphi na ummi onokuthi asebenzise ukuvavanyaza izenzo zikarhulumente. Inkundla ibisebenza ekukhuseleni amalungelo angundoqo, kuquka isidima somntu, nokulingana.

CanadaName

IKhanada̱ inkqubo yokuququzelela isalathisi somthetho negunya lowiso-mthetho. Phantsi kwe- Umchazi-mthetho wamalungelo neNkululeko (1982), iinkundla zingabetha imithetho echasene namalungelo eSiqendu. Noko ke, iCandelo lama-33 livumela iPalamente okanye imigaqo-mthetho yamaphondo ukuba ivakalise umthetho osebenza iminyaka emihlanu phezu kolawulo lwezahlulelo. Le ̴ ingenawo iregiontious ” inika izinyuko zowiso-mthetho ezithiweyo ezichasene namalungelo athile, uphawu olungekhoyo kwinkqubo yenkqubo ye-U. INkulungisa ephakamileyo yaseKhanada ikhuphe imithetho ye-LBT+ amalungelo e-I-195641, kodwa iqinisekisa inkululeko ye-demokhkhkhtiki ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba kugwebo lwezigwebo lwezomthetho zezomthetho zezomthetho zezomthetho.

I-India

Inkundla ye-Indiya iqhelise uhlolo lwezomthetho ngokubanzi, iphuhlisa iimfundiso ezinjenge “ isakhiwo i-” imfundiso, ethi kwaneziphelo zomgaqo-siseko azinakutshabalalisa isiseko somgaqo-siseko. [[FLT:] [iiii-Kavanavana v. Urhulumente we-Keralah[FLT][FLT] [12713], inkundla yaqinisekisa amandla ayo okuhlola i-mGamplastiki, inyathelo elingaphaya kweUS. Imodeli. Iinkundla zamaIndiya zisebenzise umdla wokukhusela okukhusela imekobume, ukonakala, kunye nokulungisa intolongo kubizwa ngokuba namandla kakhulu kwelizwe ngenxa yokuhlola i-gedia.

I-United Kingdom

UManyano loMbuso luswele umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo yaye ngaloo ndlela lungenawo uhlolo lwezomthetho ngokwengqiqo yaseMerika. Noko ke, ekubeni Amalungelo Abantu kuMthetho 1998, iinkundla ze-UK zingahlola umthetho wokuhambelana neNkomfa yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umthetho awuhambelani, ikhupha ulwahlulelo lokungangqinelani, i“ ukucaciswa kokungangqinelani, i-” engawutyhinikeli umthetho kodwa ebeka ingcinezelo kwiPalamente ukuba iwuyeke. Inkqubo ye-UK ibonisa uhlobo olubuthathaka lohlolo lugcina ulawulo lwepala ngoxa isekhusela amalungelo.

Le mizekelo ithelekisa ibonisa ukuba uhlolo lwetyala lungavisiswa nesizwe i’ inkcubeko yomgaqo-siseko engaqhelekanga. Imodeli yase-U.S. inamandla kodwa asiyondlela yodwa yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Iintlawulo

Iingxubusho zezeejaji zisaqhubeka kwinqanaba leengxoxo zezobupolitika ezishushu eUnited States.

Idinga elikwimeko entle

Ukunconywa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuye kwaba yindawo yemfazwe ekhuthaza imfazwe. Isiqinisekiso esinengxabano seJaji eziBagwebi iBrett Kavanaugh kunye noAmy Coney Barrett, kunye nokwala kweRepublic ukuchophela ityala likaMerrick Garland ngo2016, siye saphelisa ukuthemba abantu kwiNkundla njengesiko lezobupolitika. Izibheno zibonisa ukuthomalalisa imilinganiselo yokuvunywa kwenkundla, kwaye abantu abaninzi baseMerika ngoku bayijonga iNkundleko njengomnye wabacuphi na wezopolitiko. Le mbono isongela ilungelo lokuhlola inkundla ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zixhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabantu ngokubanzi ukuba zinyanzelele izigqibo zabo ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa.

Ukupakisha kweNkundla

Ezinye inkqubela, eziphazanyiswe yiNkundla ̱ izitshintshi ezithe ngqingqwa, zicebise ukwandisa inani labagwebi ukusuka kwisithoba ukuya kwelishumi elinanye okanye ngaphezulu. Le #820; iqumrhu lokupakisha i̵ ingcamango ithandabuza. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iza kubuyisela ulungelelwano lwengqiqo. Abachasi bathi iza kutshabalalisa iCurṯ ukuzimela ngokwandiswa kwemithetho nanini xa amandla etshintsha izandla. Umongameli uFranklin Rooselt ̱ uwenzile intengo yenkundla-packsss ihlala iyintsoko. Ingxoxo iphakamisa imibuzo engundoqo malunga nokuba iinguqulo ze-judiary ziyavisisana.

Imfundiso yokwalukelwa kwezinto ngokuchaseneyo.

Iindlela zokucacisa ezisemva kohlolo lomthetho ziyaphikiswa. abaphengululi abaphezulu baphikisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko kufuneka unikwe intsingiselo yawo ngexesha efunyenweyo. umisgrates umi ngelithi ukuba umGaqo-siseko kufuneka ulwe nokutshintsha iimeko. Ukulwa phakathi kwezi ndlela zokuzingela kudlale ngaphandle kuyo yonke imeko enkulu. UJaji Antonin Scalia uthethelela ubuGawula bendalo; uMgwebi uStelela uSTALIA; uMgwebi uStephen Brer waxhasa umgaqo-siseko ophilayo. Izigwebo zangoku uTrence noNeil Gor Golow zilandela iindlela zakuqala, ngexa uJajisi uEleton Kagan esoloko emkela indlela eguqukayo. Ukhetho lweziphumo ezithe ngqo kwiimeko zokuqhoqhoqho, kunye namalungelo olawula.

Intembelo Nonyamezelo Loluntu

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luxhomekeke ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela. Xa abadlali bezopolitiko bechasa okanye bengayithobeli imithetho yenkundla, ijudicary ’ igunya liyadodobala. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka amagosa karhulumente angavumi ukuthobela imithetho efanayo yomtshato okanye ukuxhathisa imiyalelo yenkundla yephondo ekuvuselelweni kwetyala. Ngokutsho kukaMongameli Andrew Jackson, kuthethwa ukuba, i-̴ uJohn Marshall wenze isigqibo sakhe; ngoku mvumele ukuba asinyanzele. ” Nangona i-judicary yalee imigaqo yomthetho yale mihla ikukusebenza, ukuthomalalisa imigaqo exhathisayo. Ukulondolosa intembeko kawonke kubalulekile ukuba ukuvalwa kwesigwebo kuyasebenza.

Ikamva Lempinda Yogwebo

Uhlolo lwejaji luza kuqhubeka luguquka njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha. Ubugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ubukrelekrele, kunye neengxaki zempilo yehlabathi lonke ziya kuvelisa imibuzo emitsha yomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla kuza kufuneka zigqibe ukuba ukukhuselwa kwabangasese kufikelela kude kangakanani ngexesha lamanani, nokuba ngaba isenzo sikarhulumente kutshintsho lwemozulu sibandakanya amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kwaye indlela yokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe nenkululeko yabemi.

Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka utshintsho lukhule. Bambi abaphengululi baxhasa imithetho engokwasemthethweni yamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, imiqathango yexesha, okanye inkqubo yokumisa ecace ngakumbi. Abanye bacebisa ukuba iNkundla ishenxise inkundla yegunya kwiimbambano ezithile. Naluphi na utshintsho olubalulekileyo lungaguqula inkqubo yokuhlola ityala.

Phezu kwazo nje iimpikiswano, ukujongwa kwesigwebo kusebalulekile. Kukhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente, kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa imilinganiselo yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye kunika iindlela zoxolo zokucombulula iimpikiswano ezisisiseko ngentsingiselo yoxwebhu lwethu olusekiweyo. Amandla okuthetha oko umthetho uthwele imbopheleleko enzima. Iinkundla zimele zisebenzise elo gunya ngokuthobeka, ubungqongqo, kunye nokuthembeka kumGaqo-siseko. Logama iRiphabliki iqhubeka, uhlalutyo lomthetho uya kubumba inkqubo esemthethweni nokukhusela umthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona i webhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo , umbhalo we Marbury v. Madison kwi Cornell Legal Information Institute, kunye [[FLT:]Oyez.org ngokwempikiswano ezidlulisiweyo kunye netyala .