Ukuqonda ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yobuchule

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zenza umva wedemokhrasi yabameli, ukufumanisa indlela ivoti eziguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo kwaye ekugqibeleni zibunjwe ngurhulumente. Ukhetho phakathi komphathi (okwabizwa ngokuba sisininzi okanye umlinganiselo wokuqala) kunye nomelo lolwahlulo (PR) lubonisa ukuphuma okusisiseko phakathi kozinzo nokungabikho kolawulo, ukuphendula nolwahluka-hluka-hlukeneyo. Olu hlalutyo lwandisiweyo luhlola zombini iinkqubo zophando lwenzululwazi kunye nobungqina behlabathi lokwenene ukunceda abafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabenzi benkqubo baqonde iziphumo zabo.

Iingxoxo zotshintsho ezikhoyo zanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengoko ulawulo-bume olumisiweyo luzama ukumelana nokuncipha komvoti, ukunyuka kobupopuli, kunye nokufuna umelo olungaphezulu. Ngokwe- International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Implation (IDEA), ngaphezu kwama-80 ngoku asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomelo lolwahlulo, lohlobo oluthile, lolawulo lwezibonelelo oluphambili lusaqhubeka lulawula amazwe athetha amaNgesi anjengeUnited States, United Kingdom, neKhanada. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo ziyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanye kwimfundo yezezezentlalo-ntle, ezobupolitiko, okanye ukwenziwa kolawulo.

Umelo lwamagosa: Imigaqo yeCore kunye neMiqathango

Umelo lwamagorha lubhekisela kwinkqubo zonyulo apho umvoti okanye iqela lifumana khona olona khetho luphumelelayo, nokuba olo lwahlulo lusilela kuninzi olupheleleyo. Olona tshintsho luqhelekileyo lukwindawo yokuqala ye-PTP (engaphambili), esetyenziswa kwimimandla enye. Iinkqubo ezimbini eziziko loomasipala, njengaleyo yaseFransi, zifuna ukubaleka ukuba akukho mvoteki ufikelela kuma-50% kumjikelo wokuqala.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zeMajoni

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Izithili ezizizodwa: ingingqi nganye yomhlaba ikhetha ummeli omnye, idala uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabameli kunye nommisi-mthetho wabo.
  • Umahluko okanye umthetho omkhulu: Ophumeleleyo ngumvoti onenkoliso yamavoti, kungakhathaliseki ukuba oko kubumba uninzi lwazo zonke iivoti ezirhoxisiweyo.
  • Utyekelo oluqhelekileyo kukhuphiswano olunezahlulo ezimbini: Ngenxa yoMthetho kaDuverger, iinkqubo zolawulo zidinisa amaqela amancinci kuba abavoti "basoba" ibhola yabo kwizinto ezingekhoyo.
  • Isakhiwo esilula somsonto : iivoters ziphawula umvo omnye, ukwenza inkqubo iqondeke kwaye inikezele.

Inzuzo yeenkqubo zeMajonithari

  • Iziphumo ezicacileyo[: Unyulo ludla ngokuvelisa urhulumente wecandelo elinye, uphumeza ukhokelo olucacileyo lwegunya kunye nesenzo sowiso-mthetho.
  • ukunikwa mali : Iivoter zingabona ummeli wazo wobulali zize zibagcine benoxanduva ngemiba yomgangatho wobukho-mali.
  • Imithetho yokulawula: Iintengiso zinqabile, zinciphisa umngcipheko wokubotshelelwa kwegridi kunye nonyulo olusoloko lukho.
  • Inkcaso ecacileyo: Iqela lembaleki lisebenza njengenkcaso encedisayo, lithembisa abavoti enye indlela ecacileyo.

Iingozi zeenkqubo zeMajoni

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Dictioniality: Iqela elinenkxaso esasazekileyo lingafumana izihlalo ezininzi ngeqaqobana levoti, lo gama amaqela amancinane anenkxaso ephambili angasuswa ngokupheleleyo. Isifundo se 2020 sombutho woTshintsho olukwinkqubo yotshintsho [[FLT:]] lufumanise ukuba unyulo jikelele lwe-UK luvelise iziphumo ezikhulu kakhulu phakathi kwedemocraticism.
  • Ukubekwa kweqela elincinane: uxinaniso lwe-ecoography yamaqela amancinane lungakhokelela ekunikezelweni kwawo phantsi okanye ekumelweni kuphela kwisithili ezithile.
  • Ivoti ezivotiweyo: Iivoti ziphoswe ukuphulukana nabaphumeleleyo okanye abaphumeleleyo ngaphaya kobuninzi azichaphazeli sabelo sesihlalo, ukucinezela ukurhoxa.
  • GERYMANding: imida yesithili isenokusetyenziswa ukuxhasa iqela elinye, icuthe isilungiso sonyulo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeenkqubo zeMajonithari

uBukumkani obumanyeneyo[FFLT:1] busebenzisa i-FPP kwiNdlu yezihlalo zonyulo. Kunyulo jikelele lwama-2019, iConservative Partir yawina 56% yezihlalo nge 43.6% yevoti ethandwayo, ngelixa iLiberal Democrates ibotshelelwe 11% yamavoti kodwa ngu 1,7% wezihlalo. [[FFLT:2]] Canada[[[FTP:3]] ngokufanayo inyulela iNdlela yayo efanayo ehamba noomatila ehamba ngeFP; ngo-2021, iLiberal Partiotal yakha urhulumente ophambili wama-33% evotike. [FFFFFF:5]

Umelo oluchazayo: Uyilo lobuchule

Umelo lwepropotionel (PR) luquka intsapho yenkqubo yonyulo elungiselelwe ukuguqulela ivoti kwisabelo esiphezulu ngokusondeleyo. I-PR isetyenziswa phantse ngesiqingatha samazwe e-OECD kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu kwilizwekazi leYurophu. Iintlobo ezingundoqo ziquka iPR, i-PR edityanisiweyo yelungu (MMP), kunye neenkqubo ezidluliswayo (STV) ezikhoyo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo ezinika amandla

  • [[UMTL:0] Iphondo leMilti-lungu: Iintlanganiso zidla ngokukhetha abameli abaninzi, ngokufuthi ngamaqela adwelisweyo okanye amabala aqengqelekileyo.
  • .Indlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ezona zishiyekileyo (umz., iHarequoti) okanye umndilili ophezulu (umz., d'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë).
  • Mfusa okanye akukho mqobo osemthethweni: Amanye amazwe anyanzelisa ipesenti encinane yevoti (ngokufuthi 3-5%) ukunqanda ukwahlulwa, lo gama amanye engenawo umqobo.
  • Ukhuphiswano oluninzi lungakhethwa phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi amele iingcamango ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumaqela aluhlaza ukuya kumaqela akwingingqi.

Iingenelo zeenkqubo ezizizo

  • umelo oluhluzekileyo: ukwenziwa komthetho okukhethwa sisipili esisondeleyo, okuvelisa iinguqu ezinkulu ngokwesini, ubuhlanga, kunye neembono zezobupolitika. Uphando lwe- I-Inter-Parliamentation Union [ lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zePR zithambeka ekukhetheni amabhinqa amaninzi kuneenkqubo ezinkulu.
  • Ugcino-lwazi: Amaqela amancinane amele amancinane okanye ulangazelelo lwendawo lungafumana izihlalo kunye nenkqubo yempembelelo.
  • Ukwakhiwa komanyano : Oorhulumente badla ngokuyila ngokudibana okudityanisiweyo, ukhuthaza ulalaniso kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi.
  • Ivoti ezilahlwayo: Ivoti ezininzi zinikela ekuhlaleni, zinciphisa ukhuthazo lokuvota ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo.

Iingozi Zenkqubo Ezenzelwe Ukuveliswa

  • [[UMTL:0] Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezidityanisiweyo: Amaqela amaninzi angenza ukwakhiwa kukarhulumente kube nzima, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo ekhawulezileyo kwaye maxa wambi imibutho engaguquguqukiyo.
  • uxanduva olunconywayo : Iivoter azinammeli omnye wasekuhlaleni, kwaye oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo benza kube nzima ukunikezela ngetyala okanye ukubeka ityala ngeziphumo zenkqubo.
  • Icala elithe kratya kumaqela angoyikiyo: Imiqobo esezantsi ingavumela amaqela achasene nenkqubo ukuba afumane ipalamente, njengoko ibonwa kunyulo lwangoku lwaseYurophu.
  • Izobupolitika zenkulungwane-phakathi: Izixhobo zisoloko zijongwa kukhokelo lweqela kunokuba ziboniswe kwindawo, ezinokunciphisa inkonzo yentengiselwano.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeenkqubo ezizizo

Sedwen isebenzisa uhlobo olulungisiweyo lweSaint-Laguë indlela yonyulo lwesizwe. Kunyulo lwama-20222, amaqela asibhozo aphumelele izihlalo, kwaye urhulumente wenziwe njengendawo ephakathi-inkxaso esuka ekude Sweden. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] i-Jamani [[[ isebenzisa i-amalungu (MMP), apho u-vota ababini ballot: omnye woluhlu lwengingqi kunye nomnye weqela. Le nkqubo idibanisa umelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye neziphumo zolwahlulo, nangona ivelise oorhulumente abaninzi abanokucothayo ukwenza. [FT:][5]

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo: Umanyano, umelo, kunye noxanduva

Iinkqubo ezingundoqo nezilungelelanisayo zifuna ukuxilonga indlela abasebenza ngayo kumaxabiso angundoqo edemokhrasi. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zisoloko zilungiselela ukhetho njengorhwebo phakathi [[FLT: 0]] ukulingana (oorhulumente abakhoyo, abazinzileyo) kunye ] nokungaququki [ (umelo oluninzi lwezinto ezikhethwayo ezahlukeneyo). Ngoko, ubungqina bakutshanje bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zePR ezityikityiweyo kakuhle zingafumana zombini.

Ukuzinziswa kukaRhulumente nokuzinziswa komgaqo-nkqubo

Iinkqubo zolawulo zisoloko zinconywa ngokuvelisa uninzi lweengingqi zoorhulumente abanokwenza iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo. Umanyano lwe-United Kingdom lwango-2010-2015 phantsi koDavid Cameron lwaba lumahluko, hayi umthetho. Noko ke, olu nyuselo lungabakho ngexabiso lenkqubo yotshintsho: icandelo elinye lorhulumente linokuyiguqula ngokuphandle inkqubo emva konyulo, ukufinyeza uqikelelo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkqubo zePR zivelisa urhulumente wengingqi ekufuneka aqhube imigaqo ekufuneka iqhubele phambili kodwa zikhokelele kwi-projekthi yemithetho. Isifundo se-201818 esikhutshelwe kwi iJournal Journal ye-Pithelitiki ye-ELCOM[FLT] ayifumani mahluko ocwangcileyo phakathi komsebenzi omkhulu wezoqoqosho nePUActalganity.

Ubungqina nokubuya

Ubulumko obusisiko bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zodidi lwePR zixinezelekile zijika umvoti kuba iivoti ezininzi "zithenjiwe" kwisithili esikhuselekileyo. Ugcino-lwazi oluthelekisayo olusuka kwi- International International Institute for Democratic kunye ne-Electoral Translation lubonisa ukuba amazwe anenkqubo yePR ephakathi kwesihlanu sepesenti engaphezulu kwevota-5 yewotshi ekhoyo, nasemva kokuba ityala lemithetho yokuvota enyanzelekileyo. Noko ke, ukuba lula kusenokunyusa ukujika: kwiinkqubo ezinkulu, uvotiota kufuneka kuphela akhethe umvotelelwa wawo okhethekileyo, kanti kwezinye iinkqubo zePR ezivulekileyo, abavoti-voti banokuziva benyazwe zizinto ezinyusiwe zizinto ezikhethwayo, kodwa iinkqubo ze-PR zivumela ukuxhasa amaqela amaqela amaqela alungele ukuvota.

Impembelelo Yeenkqubo Zemibutho Yezobupolitika

Iinkqubo zophicotho-zincwadi zisenza kube lula ukudibanisa iinxalenye ezimbini, njengokuba zibonwa eUnited States nase United Kingdom. UMthetho kaDuverger uxela kwangaphambili ukuba le mpembelelo yomatshini, idityaniswe noxinzelelo lwengqondo kubavoti nabenzi bolawulo, icinezela amaqela esithathu. Iinkqubo zePR, ngokwahlukileyo, zivumela iinkqubo ezininzi ezinokumela ingqiqo ebanzi. Noko ke, ukwanda kwamaqela kungenza ingxoxo yengingqi enzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha anike amaqela awona mancinci, awona anzima kakhulu njengabenzi bemibhishophu. KwiKnethi (isixokelelwano sePR enomda osezantsi), i-spremistly ne-Arabhunstys amaqela asebenzisa impembelelo eninzi kwimibutho elinguquququzeleyo.

Umelo lwejiyografi neemfuno zasekuhlaleni

Enye indlela yokugxeka engapheliyo iinkqubo zePR ezipheleleyo luqhagamshelwano olubuthathaka phakathi kwabavoti nabameli ngabanye. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zinikela impelesi ecacileyo yasekuhlaleni enokuxhasa imiba yesithili ecacileyo. Kwinkqubo zePR, ngokukodwa iindidi ezivaliweyo, abameli banokuphendula ngokweengingqi kunye nesizwe ngokuyintloko kukhokelo lwamaqela. Iinkqubo ezixubayo ezifana ne-MMP zizama ukulinganisa le mibango ngokugcina amalungu asekuhlaleni ngelixa kusongezela ulwahlulo. IJamani neNew Zealand zibonisa ukuba le projekthi iyakwazi ukunikezela ngoluvoteko lwasekuhlaleni kunye neziphumo zolwahlulo, nangona isongeza ukuntsonko kunyuko lokuvota nokubala.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Amava Ahlukileyo

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Inkqubo Yencwadi Esetyenziswa Ngabaphathi Bezakhiwo

Inkqubo ye-UK's FPTP ivelise uthotho lwezihlalo ezinkulu zomhlaba phezu kokuba uthotho lwevoti luye lwarhoxa kumaqela aphumelele. Ngo-2019, i-Boris Johnson's Conervatives yafumana uninzi olunethezekileyo oluno 43.6% yevoti, lo gama iLabour Party 32% iphumeza izihlalo zonyaka ezingama-202 kuphela. ILiberal Democrates, enezihlalo ezili-11 kuphela. Le njongo ibangele ukuba unyuso olude lutsale unxulumano olunyuso, nangona ibhekisa i-e phambili ekutshintsheni inkqubo (kuquka i-2011 u-Demendrentem kuM, i-Vote) ayiphumelelanga. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba i-Pntreanstons, ikhubaza amatyala amaninzi, i-evithi, i-acss, i-accet, i-acced proriveds" i-'eviced "arrived" i-'

I-Sweden: Umelo lobuGcisa noLawulo loMbutho

I-Riksdag yaseSweden inyulwa ngohlobo olulungisiweyo lweSainte-Laguë ngomqobo ozii-4%. Le nkqubo isoloko inikezela ngocalucalulo kodwa isebenza oorhulumente. Phakathi ko-202022, akukho qela linye liphumelele ngaphezu kwe 30% yevoti, kodwa iSweden yagcina imigaqo-nkqubo eqinileyo yentlalo-ntle, ulwando olunamandla lwezoqoqosho. Unyuko lwasekunene kwe-Sweden lweDemocrates kwiminyaka yakutshanje luye lwantsonta-mskothe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingquzulanisayo ekhoyo exhomekeke kwikhompulamente kwiqela ye-populist. Abaxhasi bePR baphikisa ukuba uluntu lwe-Sweden lungangenisekunyele kwaye luqhubekele imingeni yezopolitiko.

INew Zealand: Imeko Yotshintsho Olunempumelelo

INew Zealand yathabathel' indawo i-Westminster-style FPP kunye ne-MMP ngo1996 emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuvakala kakubi. Olu tshintsho lwakhokelela kulwandiso olukhawulezileyo kwinani lamaqela epalamente, ukusuka kwababini ukuya kwabahlanu kunyulo lokuqala lwe-MMP. Abahlalutyi boyikekayo ukungazinzi, kodwa iNew Zealand ifumene ulwaneliseko lukawonke-wonke lwe-odemokhrasi oluzinzileyo kunye noorhulumente abambalwa. Imeko i-Māori iphuculeri iphucule ngendlela ephawulekayo, ngelixa inkqubo yonyuso-politiki ijongeka yakudala ibonwa njengengenabulungisa.

Iziphumo zoLawulo

Inkqubo yokhetho iyakwazi ukukhokelela ekujijikeni xa amandla etshintsha izandla. Iinkqubo ze-Majorianary zithanda ukuxhasa iinkqubo zolawulo ezingundoqo: umgangatho wempilo ophakamileyo, imigangatho yemfundo, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo oluqinileyo zingadlula ngokukhawuleza ngenkxaso enkulu. Noko ke, zingakhokelela ekulungiseni inkqubo xa amandla etshintsha izandla. Iinkqubo zePR, kunye noorhulumente bazo abasebenzisanayo, zisoloko zivelisa inkqubo edityanisiweyo, esekelwe kwimigaqo ebanzi yolwandiso lwentlalo. Umzekelo, amazwe aseScandinavia (usebenzisa iPR) akha amazwe alungileyo ngezivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo, ngoxa oorhulumente bomhlaba bomhlaba omnye beye bavelisa imigaqo-okluvoti yokhuseleko oluphezulu, nangona uninzi ulwalamano nonxulumano lwabo oluthe kratya. A akhawulelana nge-eadate yi-British Columbia ColumbiaPR.[1]

Isiphelo: Ukukhetha Inkqubo elungileyo yemeko yakho

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo. Ukhetho phakathi komelo lwezopolitiko kunye nolwahlulo luxhomekeke kwimpucuko yelizwe, kusasazo lwemeko yelizwe, iimfazwe zembali, kunye nezinto eziphambili zedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zooMajoni zinika ubulula, ukugqibelela, nokuziphendulela okunamandla kwasekuhlaleni kodwa zibeka umngcipheko kwiqela elincinane kwaye zivelise iziphumo ezigqwethekileyo. Iinkqubo zePropotical zidlulisela umelo oluchanileyo, ukungqinelana, kunye nolwakhiwo kodwa zingenza uzinzo noxanduva olucacileyo lukarhulumente.

Ngokwandayo, ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo lolawulo-moya luzama ngemixokelelwano exutywe njenge MMP (iJamani, iNew Zealand, iLesotho) okanye ukudibanisa i-STV kwimimandla ekwiziqendu ezininzi (i-Ireland, Malta) ukuphatha amandla azo zombini iindlela zokungena. Isitshixo kukudibanisa inkqubo yezorhwebo nexabiso elibanjwe linexabiso elikhulu: uzinzo, umelo, okanye ukuphendula. Kubafundisi-zo zifundisa ukuthelekisa iipolitilitiliti, esona sifundo sibalulekileyo kukuba iinkqubo zonyulo azingondilele: zibumba yona kanye indlela yokhuphiswano lwedemo-demo-demokhrasi kunye neziphumo zolawulo. Ukuqonda oku kunika aba bantu abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo amandla okulwa ngezicelo eziyingozi zotshintsho kunye nokukhuthaza iinkqubo ezisebenza kakuhle zoluntu lwabo.

Ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona iInternational Institute for Democratic and Electoral helper [I-IDEA] isiseko sesiseko sesiseko senkqubo yokuyila, iNguqu yoMbutho wobuGcisa [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] udibaniselo, kunye nemisebenzi yemfundo enje [FLT]][FLT]] Iinkqubo zenkqubo zokhetho: iNxulukwano yeNkquzelo- ngu-Andrection:7]