Inkqubo yenkundla inokuba ngamava entsonkothileyo nanzima kakhulu kubantu abaninzi. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa uya kwinkundla yetyala kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Enoba ungumntu ochaphazelekayo, ummangalelwa, ufakazi, okanye umqwalaseli nje onomdla, ukwazi amaqondo etyala kunciphisa ixhala kwaye kukuvumele ukuba ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Eli nqaku liza kuphelisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo enkqubo yenkundla, ukusuka kwisigqibo sokugqibela, kwaye lichaze umahluko phakathi kwetyala loluntu nelolwaphulo-mthetho, ijaji ejini kunye neetyala zebheleji, kunye nezinto ezifumanekayo emva kokuba kufinyelwe isigqibo. Ngoxa ityala ngalinye likhethelo elichazwe apha lisebenza kwiimvavanyo ezininzi eUnited States. Imo yephondo, isoloko ijonge imvume ngenyathelo.

Iinkqubo eziphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuvavanywa, amanyathelo abalulekileyo athatha inyathelo. La manyathelo aqinisekisa ukuba omabini athe alungiselelwa, ukuba imibandela ichazwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye ityala liqhubekeka kakuhle. Iinkqubo zobuChwebi zinokudlula iiveki okanye iinyanga, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkothekeni kwemeko. Ukungahambelani nocwangciso olucwangcisiweyo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisana nomyalelo wangaphambi kwe-2009 kungonakalisa imeko yeqela, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo kweli nqanaba.

Ukukhalaza Nempendulo

Le nkqubo iqala xa ummangali (umntu ozisa ityala) efaka isikhalazo esisemthethweni kwinkundla. Isikhalazo sichaza izibakala zetyala, izibhengezo ezisemthethweni eziye zenziwa, kwaye oko kukhulula ummangali kufuna (njengemali okanye imiyalelo). Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, okulinganayo kukuchonga ityala okanye ulwazi lomtshutshisi. Ngokwe- U.S. ityala lenkundla [, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqala xa umgwebi omkhulu ekhupha ityala okanye umtshutshisi wengxelo.

Xa isikhalazo sinikwa ummangalelwa, ummangalelwa unexesha elibaluliweyo (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30) lokubhala impendulo. Impendulo kutyholo ngalunye kwisikhalazo [“ukuphendula, ukukhanyela, okanye ukuchaza ukuba ummangalelwa akanalwazi lwaneleyo lokuphendula. Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula ngexesha elililo, ummangalelwa angacela ugwebo olumiselweyo.

Ukufumanisa: Ukuqokelela Ubungqina

Ukufunyaniswa kwento yenye yezona zenzo zibalulekileyo ngaphambi kovavanyo. Zombini ezi zigaba zinikana inkcazelo nobungqina ukuze zingakho izinto ezimangalisayo ekuvavanyweni. Iindlela zokufumana iziphumo ziquka:

  • Indawo:[ I-Sworn ngaphandle kwe-àofàcourt enikelwe ngamangqina okanye ngamaqela, ebhalwe ngumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. Ii-Attorney zingabuza imibuzo kwaye ziphande iinkcukacha.
  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, edla ngokulinganiselwa kwinani ngokwemithetho yenkundla.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye acela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye, acuthe umba wokuvavanywa.

Ufihlo lungathandabuza. Iintlanganiso zinganyanzela ukuba elinye icala alavumi ukuvelisa ubungqina. Isigaba sokufumana sikwanjalo xa amangqina angoochwepheshe echaziwe kwaye kutshintshiswane neengxelo zawo. Ukukhangela nzulu kwimithetho yokufunyaniswe, iMithetho ye-FLT:0] ye-Federal yeProcedire inikeza isakhelo esibanzi.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amagqwetha angalungisa iintshukumo ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni okanye ade aliphelise kwangoko elo tyala. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi komthetho ziquka:

  • I-Agues zento yokuba nokuba yonke into ithenjiwe, akukho siseko esisemthethweni setyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: ucela ijaji ukuba ilawule ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umvo kwi Limine: Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekunikezelweni ekulingweni, ngokufuthi ngenxa yezizathu zekhethe okanye ukuvalwa komoya.
  • I- Ukucinezela (amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho): icela inkundla ukuba ingabufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokwaphulwa kwamalungelo ommangalelwa.

Ukuba inyathelo eliphikisayo (njengomgwebo osisishwankathelo) ligunyazisiwe, ityala lingaphela ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Kungenjalo, elo tyala liqhubekeka kwikhalenda yokuvavanya.

IiNkomfa neMiyalelo yangaphambili

Abagwebi basoloko bephethe iingqungquthela eziphambili okanye ezingaphezulu ukuxubusha ngethuba lokuhlaliswa, imiba yemisinga elandelelanayo, kunye nexesha elimisiweyo. Ingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi koshicilelo ingaphumela kumyalelo wangaphambi koshicilelo odwelisa amangqina, imiboniso, kunye neempikiswano ezisemthethweni icala ngalinye eliceba ukuzisebenzisa.

2. Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuqonda indlela iziganeko ezilandelelana ngayo kukunceda ususe amava kwaye uvumele ukujolise ingqalelo kwinto ekhoyo kunokuba unikele ingqalelo kumgaqo.

Ukhetho

Ukuba ityala lityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha inkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Le nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yivoir dash (ukuthetha inyaniso”), ibandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwenani labachopheli bejaji abanokubhenela ukubhenca amaqhinga okanye ikhethe elinokubathintela ekungabini namkhethe. IiAtterney kumacala omabini, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ijaji, ibuza imibuzo ngemvelaphi, imisebenzi, namava. Ilungu ngalinye lingavavanya inani elisikelweyo labacholi (umz., ukuba umgcini-juli uyalazi umbutho) kwaye kwakhona unokusebenzisa inani elimiselwe kwangaphambili lokuhlasela abacholi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu. Ilungu lokugqibela liquququzelela kumalungu ali-12, kunye namalungu azama ukuphulaphula amatyala ngaphandle kokuba enjenjalo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Emva kokuba abachopheli-tyala befunyaniswe, icala ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuvula. Umtshutshisi (okanye umtshutshisi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) uqala ngoku. Ingxelo yokuqala ayiyompikiswano “‘ ingushwankathelo olufutshane lobungqina obulindelwe liqela. Inceda ijaji kunye nabachopheli-tyala baqonde isiseko setyala. Ingxelo elungileyo evulayo ithetha ibali elicacileyo, elinyanzelisayo ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwetyala elisemthethweni. Ingxubusho yokuzithethelela inganikela ngoko nangoko emva kwetyala le-potlaff, okanye ingagcina ingxelo yayo de kube emva kokuba ithe ityala.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Isiseko setyala kukunikezelwa kobungqina. Iqela elinoxanduva lobungqina (kuluntu, ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho) lichaza ityala lalo kuqala. Ubungqina buquka:

  • Ubungqina bamaNgqina: abizwa emekweni kwaye abuzwa ngokuvavanywa ngqo liqela elawabizayo. Iqela elichasanayo ngoko linethuba lokunqamla . Oku kungavavanya ukuthembeka, ukubhenca ukungangqinelani, okanye ukukhupha izibakala ezilungileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaxwebhu: amaxwebhu, iifoto, iividiyo, izinto eziphathekayo,/izinto eziphathekayo ezinxulumene nemeko. Imboniso kufuneka ziqinisekiswe kwaye zamkeleke kubungqina ngokwemithetho yobungqina.
  • Izicwangciso: Inyaniso ezivumelanayo kumacala omabini, ezifundwa kwijaji ngaphandle kokufuna ubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intengiselwano ephangaleleyo: Iimbono ezikhethekileyo ezivela kwiingcali ezifanelekayo kwimimandla enjengezamayeza, injineli, okanye imali.

Emva kokuba i-partiff ihleli kwityala layo, ingqwalaselo ingasamkela isigqibo esijoliswe kumthetho (umgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho), iphikisa ngelithi ummangalelwa akakhange anikele bungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa isigqibo. Ukuba akavunywanga, ukhuseleko lunikela ubungqina balo, lulandela isakhiwo esifanayo sokuzicingela nokunqamleza. I-Plantiff isenokunikela ubungqina obucacileyo bokuphikisa iingongoma ezintsha eziphakanyiswe yizikhuselo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Xa bonke ubungqina bunikezelwa, icala ngalinye likhupha impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Eli lixesha lokushwankathela isalathisi: amagqwetha ashwankathela ubungqina, agxininisa iingongoma ezingundoqo, kwaye aphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala (okanye ijaji) bafumane uncedo lwabo. Umtshutshisi uthetha kuqala, emva koko ukhuseleko, ekugqibeleni umtshutshisi unokuba nomxubi omfutshane. Iimpikiswano zinokuba nesakhono kodwa mazihlale ngaphakathi kwengxelo ```Attney''''' azinakuchaza izibakala ezintsha okanye zikhuphe ubungqina obuphosakeleyo.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ukuba bathethe ngomthetho osebenza kwityala. Imiyalelo igqubuthela izibakala zetyala ngalinye okanye ityala, umthwalo wobungqina (ubungqina obuchanekileyo kwiimeko zamakhaya; ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho), kunye neenkqubo zokucinga. Abachopheli-mthetho bafumana umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze baxubushe baze bafumane isigqibo. Kwimimandla emininzi, isigqibo kufuneka singqinelane kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho; amatyala abantu basenokuvumela isigqibo esikhulu sixhomekeke kwimithetho karhulumente.

Isigqibo singathabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo, ijaji ingalikhupha ityala eliphosakeleyo (“inkundla yabachopheli-tyala elingekhoyo”). Ityala ngoko lingaphinda liquluthwe neqela elitsha labachopheli-tyala.

Iimvavanyo Zebhenti: Akukho Jury

Kwityala lebheri, akukho tyala. Ijaji yenza njengomfumani wenyaniso kwaye igqiba isigqibo. Amanyathelo enkqubo afanayo ayafana, kodwa ijaji isenokubuza imibuzo kwaye ingalithatha eli tyala phantsi kwengcebiso emva kokuqukumbela impikiswano phambi kokukhupha isigqibo esibhaliweyo. Amatyala eBench aqhele ukuxoxwa kumatyala abandakanya iimbambano ezintsonkothileyo okanye apho amaqela omabini athe anika ilungelo lawo kwinkundla yetyala.

Iindidi Zovavanyo

Ukuvavanywa kwetyala akufani. Ukuvavanywa kwetyala kuchaphazela imithetho yobungqina, ukubekwa kobungqina, imiphumo enokubakho, kunye nemeko entle enkundleni. Ukwazi ukuba luluphi uhlobo olusebenzayo kwityala lakho kubalulekile.

Iimvavanyo zamakhaya ziphikisana nezilingo zezaphuli-mthetho

Ityala lovavanyo libandakanya iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, "amashishini, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente" efuna iipektroli zomonakalo. I-Placttiff kufuneka ingqine imeko yayo ngetyala [ ukuphambanisa ubungqina [ (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo). Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zabemi ziquka umonakalo wobuqu, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ucalulo lwemisebenzi, kunye neengxaki yempahla.

[[FLT: 0] Iimvavanyo ezikhoyo zibandakanya urhulumente (ukutshutshisa) umangalela umntu ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Umthwalo wobungqina uphakame kakhulu: umtshutshisi kufuneka abonise ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeko obusengqiqweni[[. Ukuvavanywa kolwaphulo-mthetho kungaphumela kwisigqibo esinetyala esikhokelela ekuhlawulelweni, ekuvalweni, ekuvalweni, okanye nasekufeni kwiimeko ezinkulu. Umtshutshisi-mthetho unezikhuseli ezibanzi, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, ilungelo lokunika icebiso, kunye nelungelo lokuthetha amangqina. Iinkcukacha ezininzi kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho zingafunyanwa kwi-data ze-mephulo-mthetho ye-mee-ofisi ye-mee-ofisi ye-[FLT][FLD:4][F5]

Jury Trials v. Benny Marts

Kwityala ityala lobugwebi , abachopheli-mthetho bagqiba izibakala kwaye basebenzise umthetho njengoko kufundiswa yijaji. Iityala ze Jury zikhona kwiimeko ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho nakumatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni (Uguqulo lweshumi elinesibini kwiimeko zikarhulumente, kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kwiimeko ezininzi zikarhulumente). Iimvavanyo ze Jury zisoloko zikhethwa xa ityala libandakanya iziphumo ezingokweemvakalelo okanye imilinganiselo yoluntu.

[[NTLT: 0] Iimvavanyo zeBench ziviwa ngumgwebi kuphela. Zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwiinkundla ezincinane, iinkundla ezithile zolawulo, kwaye xa omabini evuma ukurhoxa kwijaji. Iimvavanyo zeBenk zinokukhawuleza kwaye zingabi semthethweni, kwaye ijaji ikulungele ngakumbi ukuva ubungqina bobugcisa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inkundla egwebayo. Noko ke, isigqibo somgwebi siya kuma ngaphandle kokuba siphazanyiswe ngokucacileyo kwisicelo.

Ezinye Iimvavanyo Ezikhethekileyo

Ezinye iinkundla zisebenzisa iinkundla ezikhethekileyo:

  • I- I-Arbitation: Yinkqubo yabucala, edibanisayo ngaphandle kwenkundla apho umququzeleli egqiba isiphumo. Ngexa engesiso isilingo, isoloko ithatha indawo yovavanyo.
  • Iingxelo Ezincinci kwiNkundla: Imicimbi elula yempikiswano ebandakanya intlupheko encinane yemali, ngokufuthi engenamagqwetha.
  • Inkundla yeTraffic: isingatha ukwaphulwa kwendlela; iinkqubo zohluka ngokubanzi.
  • Inkundla yosapho: ijongene noqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, nogonyamelo lwasekhaya; amanye amatyala asenokuvavanywa, kodwa amaninzi alungiswa ngokuchotshelwa.

4. Iinkqubo zasemva

Emva kokuba ityala ligqitywe, amanyathelo abalulekileyo asenokuqhubeka. Isigqibo sokugqibela asisoloko sisisiphelo sendlela ($oxbrestial transmittery), ukugweba nokubhenela kusenokunwebela inkqubo kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka.

Isigwebo noMgwebo

Xa ijaji (okanye ijaji) ifikelela kwisigqibo, ibhengezwa kwinkundla evulekileyo. Kwityala loluntu, isigqibo sichaza ukuba ummangalelwa unelungelo (okanye akunjalo) kwaye, ukuba unelungelo, ixabiso lomonakalo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo sisithi “unetyala” okanye“ akanatyala.” Isigqibo esingengomatyala." Isigqibo esingangoma-68guilty siphelisa ityala ``kabini umngcipheko' ekumcimiseni ummangaleli. Ityala likhokelela kumgwebo wetyala, emva koko inkundla iza kucwangcisa ukugwetywa.

Ukugwetywa (Ityala Lolwaphulo-mthetho)

Ukugwetywa kusisigwebo esahlukeneyo apho ijaji ikhupha isohlwayo. Phambi kokuba igwetywe, igosa elilungisa ityala lilungiselela ingxelo yophando lwangaphambili echaza imvelaphi yommangalelwa kunye nempembelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Zombini amacala anganikela ubungqina kunye nempikiswano. Iinketho zokugweba ziquka ukuvalelwa, intengo, intelekelelo, inkonzo yoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zonyango. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa imiqathango esezantsi yetyala elithile, ibeke imigaqo emiselweyo. Imigaqo yemithetho yetyala, nangona i-odonga egunyazisayo, i- iBHONDOLAS[FLT] v. Incwadi yencwadi ye-FLT:1], isadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Kwindawo yogcino-lwazi, kusetyenziswa i-fihlolo. [FLD:2].U.U.GSTS.[FT.S.S.[FFFT]

Intshukumo yePostTime

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifakela ifayile emva kwentshukumo zovavanyo, njenge:

  • [[NTL:0] I-Agues eziphosakeleyo ngexesha lokuvavanywa (umz., ubungqina obungafanelekanga, ihambo engalunganga yabachopheli-tyala) zalihlutha iqela eliphulukana netyala elilungileyo.
  • Motion for Justice Nakanjani Nesigwebo (JNOV): icela ijaji ukuba ibeke ecaleni isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala kuba akukho bagwebi abafanelekileyo abanokufikelela kweso sigqibo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukucutha Isiqinisekiso: Ukhuphiswano lomonakalo lugqithisile.

Ezi zindululo zidla ngokuthatha ixesha elisisigxina (umz., iintsuku ezili-14 emva kokungena komgwebo kwinkundla yenkundla yorhulumente). Ukuba ayivunywanga, ityala lingabhenela.

Izibheno

Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; luhlolo lwengxelo yetyala yetyala. Inkundla yamatyala (umbutho onomtsalane) kufuneka ibonise ukuba inkundla yamatyala yenza impazamo eyachaphazela isiphumo. Izibheno zidla ngokuviwa liqela leejaji ezihlola imfihlelo ze ziviwo zomlomo. Bangaqinisekisa, baphinde baphinde baphendule, okanye baphinde balimisele ityala elibheke phambili. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angafaka isibheno esithe ngqo njengesokunene, kodwa ityala lingesokubhenela kwisigqibo esingeso somthetho.

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali

Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa osele egqibile ukubhenela izicelo zokucela uncedo ungafuna uncedo ngezicelo ze-habeas corpus (umphathi) okanye izicelo zikarhulumente, ezibiza izaphula-mthetho zomGaqo-siseko okanye ubungqina obusandul'ukufunyanwa. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa ophumeleleyo kufuneka anyanzele umgwebo / ngokuthabatha iimpahla, ngokukhupha umvuzo, okanye ngokubeka ii-fashoni/ukuba iqela elilahlekileyo alihlawuli ngesisa.

5. ukuqukumbela

Ukuqonda inkqubo yenkundla kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwityala. Ukusukela kwiinkqubo zangaphambi kwetyala ukuya kwiziphumo zovavanyo, inyathelo ngalinye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhambo olusemthethweni. Ukwazi kunokukunceda umntu asebenzise iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zenkundla ngentembelo engakumbi. Khumbula ukuba eli nqaku linikela uqwalaliso jikelele; zonke imigaqo yalo inemithetho nemithetho yayo. Ukuba ujongene nokuvavanywa, ukuqesha igqwetha elinamava kuyindlela elungileyo yokukhusela amalungelo akho nokufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Inkqubo yenkundla isenokuziva isoyikekile, kodwa ngokulungiselela nolwazi, unokujamelana nayo.