Ukwazisa: Ukuqonda Indlela Iibhiliyo Eziba Ngayo Ngumthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, ukuguqula iingcamango zenkqubo zibe yimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Ngoxa uhambo ukusuka kumbandela olulula ukuya kumthetho ogunyazisiweyo lunokuba lude luze lube luntsonkothe, kufundisiswe iindleko ezinempumelelo zityhila iindlela, imingeni, kunye nokulalanisa okubumba umthetho obalulekileyo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabezezezentlalo-ntle, bahlola izifundo zelifa lehlabathi zine kwisakhiwo esine, ukuqulungela ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokwenza ubuchule bomthetho. Eli nqaku landisiweyo lihlola iimfuno ezine ezingundoqo kwimbali yeUnited States, lidityanisa icandelo ngalinye lendlela abahamba ngayo kunye nemigaqo ehlala isebenza namhlanje.

Uhlolisiso ngalunye lwetyala lubonisa amaqondo aqhelekileyo enkqubo yowiso-mthetho: ukuqulunqwa nokuqalwa kwentetho, ukuhlolisiswa kwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye novota, kwaye-ukuba kudluliswe ngamagumbi ombini (ukuphinda kudlule kunye nenyathelo lobumongameli). Ngokuhlolisisa la manyathelo ngomongo, sibona indlela ingcamango ephunyezwa ngayo kwiiholo zeBhunga.

I-Sept Legist

Phambi kokuntywila kwizifundo zamatyala, inceda ukuzoba indlela eqhelekileyo yobhatalo elandelwayo. Ngelixesha igumbi ngalinye linemithetho yalo, isakhiwo jikelele siyaguquguquka:

  • Ukurhweba & Ukuthatha irefu: Ummisi-mthetho okanye iqela labamisi-mthetho libhala ityala, ngokufuthi ngegalelo elivela kwiingcali, amaqela ee-athoraki, okanye amasebe aphetheyo. Ngoko ityala liziswa ngokusemthethweni kwindlu okanye kwindlu yendlu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Committee Referral: Igosa eliphetheyo libhekisela kwikomiti enye okanye ezininzi ezilawulayo kumbandela wayo. IiKomiti zibamba ukuchongwa, ingxubusho, kunye nevoti yokuba ingawuxela na lo mgaqo kwigumbi elipheleleyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Uqwalaselo loMcimbi: Ukuba kuxelwe, ityala liqhubekeka kumgangatho ukwenzela ingxoxo, ukulungisa okuthe rhoqo, kunye nevoti yokugqibela. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahluka phakathi kwegumbi($] Indlu isebenzisa inkqubo yeMithetho ecwangcisiweyo, ngelixesha iBhunga livumela ingxoxo eyongeziweyo kunye nee-Pribionbusters.
  • [[NTL:0] Isenzo seCandelo elihlangeneyo: Lo mshukumo uhamba uye kwelinye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda khona. Umahluko phakathi kweNdlu neNdlu yeCandelo usombululwe kwikomiti yengqungquthela, emva kwayo omabini amagumbi avote kuhlobo lokugqibela lokulalanisa.
  • Inyathelo elithatha ixesha: Imali isiya kumongameli, ongayisayina kumthetho, kwi-i okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (ukuba iBhunga likwintlanganiso).

Lo mbhobho, logama ubonakala ulula, umiliselwe zimpembelelo zezobupolitika, ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke, kunye nobuninzi bomthetho okhuphisanayo. Liqhekeza nje elincinane lamatyala aqalisweyo eliye libe ngumthetho, lenza amabali empumelelo abe ngawona afundisayo.

Isifundo 1: UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Mhlawumbi owona mthetho wasekhaya utshintshayo wenkulungwane yama-20, uMthendeleko wamaLungelo oMsebenzi ka-1944 owenzelwe ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe.

Okungasemva kunye nodrafti

UMongameli John F. Kennedy wacebisa ukuba kwenziwe ityala lamalungelo abantu ngoJuni 1963, emva kwephulo elikhulayo lemibutho yamalungelo abantu eBirmingham kunye nolwandiso lwamalungelo abantu. Emva kokubulawa kukaKennedy ngoNovemba 1963, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wenza ityala eliphambili. Johnson, inkqubano yemithetho-mthetho eyiNkulumbuso iminyaka yakhe njengeBhatheli-Majority Host, wasebenza noAtter Geney Robert F. Kennedy kunye neqela leenkokeli zamalungelo abantu ukuconga olulwimi. Lo mthetho waziswa ngokusesikweni kwiNdrometer Emanuel Celleer (D-NY) kunye neNT Courageer nguSenator Mikers Mikesfield (D-MT).

Ingcebiso yeKomiti nokuHlolwa

Ityala laya kwiKomiti yeNdlu yeDaipciary, apho uSihlalo-mhlolo waqhuba khona kakuhle ukutyhubela iintsuku ezili-13 zokuchongwa. Ikomiti yongeza ucalulo olunamandla lokusebenza (Isihloko VII) yaza yaqinisa icandelo lendawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. KwiCathenari, ityala labhekiswa kwiKomiti yeSifundo kodwa kamva ladlula ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-procedro. .Johnson noMansfield bafuduka ukuze balibeke ngqo kwikhalenda yeBhathenti ukuze baphephe ikomiti enobutshaba. Eli cebo labonisa ukuvuma ukuphosa imithetho ye-proccoral xa kuyimfuneko ukuhambisela phambili isibhaka.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

KwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, ityala lalijongene nedenator Richard Russell (D-GA) neqela lama-Democrates yasemzantsi. Ngelo xesha, i-palbuster yayinokuphela kuphela ngevoti yesithathu sokufumana idobo. Ulawulo lwejoan kunye neinkokeli zeCantenet ezifana noMajority Wig Hubert Humphrey zasebenza ngokungakhathali ukuqokelela ivoti efanelekileyo. NgoJuni 10, 1964, iNxawa yeNtlanga yacima 71-29 ukubiza ingwevu, ukuphelisa i-filice. Lo yayingumzuzu obalulekileyo welithayo. ``ixesha lokuqala i-Romati yayiye yacelwa ngokunempumelelo kwisivumelwano samakhaya. I-ofisi yokugqibela yemali yayisele idlulisiwe kulwimi lwayo lwe-272.22.1264.

Ukutyikitya ingqungquthela noMongameli

Ngenxa yokuba iinguqulelo zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlela zoLawulo zobugcisa zahluka kancinane (ngokuyintloko kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa), ikomiti yenkomfa yadibana iiveki ezintathu ukuze ixolelaniswe. Isivumelwano sokugqibela savunywa ngala magumbi omabini ngoJulayi 2, 1964. Ngobo busuku, uMongameli Johnson watyikitya iSivumelo samaLungelo esingu kumthetho, edumileyo, esithi, “Siye soyisa.” Isicatshulwa sesi simo ngokusisiseko saguqula ibutho lamaMelika saza kwaye saba ngummeli wexesha elizayo wemithetho esekelwe kumalungelo abantu.

Oko Sikufundayo KuMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

  • Imicimbi yokhokelo oluphambili: uGqr. Johnson wayebalulekile ekuphumeleleni imiqobo yowiso-mthetho.
  • Uxinzelelo lwePublic lungaphazamisa i-grid-slevery block: IMatshi eWashington kunye nelizwe lonke loqhankqalazo lwadala imekobume apho ukungangeneli kwezobupolitika kwakungenakwenzeka.
  • I-pilibusters zingasoyiswa ngentsebenziswano ye-bipartisan: Ityala lifuna amavoti asuka kuwo omabini amaqela, ebonisa ukuba kwanemibandela eyahlulayo enzulu ingasombululwa xa umdla wesizwe ucacile.

Isifundo setyala 2: UMthetho weNkcitho

I-ACA, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Obamacare, yamela eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yonyango lwase-U.S. ukususela ngexesha likaMedicare noMedicaid. Ukudlula kwayo kwiKhomishini ye-111 yaba yisifundo sobucukubhede, ukwenziwa kwe-arhente, ukuthotywa kwe-petroli, kunye nobugcisa obucekeceke.

Isenzo Sekomiti Nedrafti

UMongameli Barack Obama wenza utshintsho lwephulo lonyango lwezempilo. Emva konyulo lwakhe ngo-2008, ulawulo lwakhe lwasebenza ngezihlalo zekomiti ezingundoqo zeMax Baucus (D-MT) kwiNgcimbi, uMphathi uTed Kennedy (D-MA) kwimpilo, Emfundo, iKhompyutha, iPenssions (HELP), kunye noMmeli uHenry Waxman (D-CA) kwiSihlalo seMnyango ne-Commercinety. I-Pager (H.R. 3962) yadlula kwiikomiti ezintathu ngaphambi kokufikelela umgangatho. Umthetho weNxatlo (H.R. 35, ekuqaleni kwengxelo yezindlu (u. 35, i-R., i-pacenti yezindlu yezindlu eyayiphinde yadluliselwa njenge-ACACA).

Ingxoxo yefloor kunye ne “Cornhusker Kickback"

Indlu yadlulisa uguqulelo lwayo ngoNovemba 2009 ngevoti yama-220-2202215, enama-39 aMaDemocrates aphikisanayo. IBhunga leNtsimbi, ngelo xesha, lajamelana nengxoxo ethabatha iiveki ezininzi ngoDisemba 2009. Ukukhusela amavoti angama-60 afunekayo ukoyisa i-Preasboster, iNkokeli yoBukhosi uHarry Reid yathethana amalungiselelo akhethekileyo, kuquka “iCornshusker Kickbackback" ye-Nebraska, eyathi kamva yasuswa kwingqungquthela yokugqibela. Indlu yendlu yemikhosi yabaphathi yabaphathi yabaphathi yabaphathi yabaphathi yabaphathi yabaphathi yasekuhlaleni yadlula i-manyeneyo 60-39 ngoDisemba 24, 2009.

Indlela Yokulungisa

Emva kokufa kukaSenator Kennedy kunye nokubuyiselwa kwakhe nguRiphabliki, uDemocrates waphulukana nenkoliso yabo ekhuselayo. Ukudibanisa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu, iNdlu yadlulisa umthetho weNdlu yeQela (ukuhamba okufuna ingqwalaselo ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko . Umongameli Obama watyikitya isibhengezo somthetho wengalo yezobupolitika ngoMatshi 23, 2010, kunye nomthetho woxolelwaniso kwiveki elandelayo.

Oko Sikufundayo KwiACA

  • Ubuchule bokwenza indalo bubalulekile: Ukusetyenziswa koxolelwaniso kwabangela impikiswano kodwa kwavunyelwa ukuba kudlule nakuba kuphulukene nokulahlekelwa ngamandla.
  • [[QULT:0] Izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo zifuna uvumelwano: I-“Louisiana Purchase” kunye nolunye ulwabo olucacileyo lwezwe lubalaselise ubunjani bomthetho othengisiweyo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Amatyala anika ityala atsala inkcaso enzima: ukuntsonkotha kwe-ACA kwayenza yaba lixhoba lemigudu yokuphinda iqhubeke kwiminyaka kamva, igxininisa imfuneko yonxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nomanyano oluqinileyo.

Isifundo setyala 3: AmaMerika AneMithetho Yesiphene (1990)

AmaMerika anoMthetho weNkcitho (ADA) ayelibala eliphambili kumalungelo eziphene, enqanda ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kwizithuthi, nakunxibelelwano ngetelefoni.

Imvelaphi Noshunqulelo

I-ADA yakhula kwimigudu yangaphambili, kuquka iziHlaliso zoMthetho weZihlalo zangonyaka ka-1988 kunye nemfundo yalo Mthetho wabantwana bonke owenziwe ngeHandicad. Isikhulumi uTom Harkin (D-IA) kunye noMmeli uTom Coelho (D-CA), kunye nonxulumano lobuqu kwimicimbi yeziphene, zisebenza neBhunga leSizwe elijongene nokuDAPT ukwenza umgaqo-mthetho. Olu lwimi lwenzelwe ukulinganisa ukhuseleko olunamandla nemigangatho elungeleleneyo yokuhlala.

Inkqubo yeKomiti kunye neNkxaso yeBpartisha

Esi sivumelwano sasibhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi, kuquka iKomiti yeNdlu yeSebe lezeMsebenzi nezeZibonelelo zabantu, iKomiti yeNdlu Yemfundo neYomsebenzi, kunye neKomiti yeNdlu Yezikhundla. Iindlebe zanikela ubungqina obunamandla kubantu abaneziphene, kuquka abantwana namava, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho abantu abanolwazi. ISiphathi-Orrin Hatch (R-UT) kunye noMmeli uNewt Gingrich (R-GA) waba ngabaxhasi bokuqala, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inokwenzeka kwe-bipartisan.

Ulwimi lwendawo ebanzi nokusayina

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi ladlulisa iADA ngoSeptemba 7, 1989, ngevoti yama-76-88. Indlu yalandela ngoMeyi 22, 1990, ngevoti yama-403-20. Ikomiti yenkomfa yazisombulula iingxabano ezincinane, kwaye umthetho wokugqibela wadlula zombini iigumbi ezinezikhulu ezikhulu. Umongameli uGeorge H. W. Bush wasayina i-ADA kumthetho ngoJulayi 26, 1990, kuMzantsi we-Lawn yeNd House, engqongwe ngabaxhasi besiphene. Kumazwi akhe, wavakalisa, “Udonga oluneentloniyo lweNtlango luye luye lude luye luhla ekugqibeleni."

Oko Sikufundayo KwiADA

  • Amabali obuqu atshintsha amavoti: Uvavanyo olusuka kubantu abaneziphene lwakha uvelwano kwaye lwanciphisa inkcaso.
  • Isibonelelo sifumaneka: IADA yanandipha inkxaso evela kubenzi bomthetho abakhululekileyo nababambelele kwimithetho engqongqo nabayijonga njengomcimbi wokusesikweni okusisiseko.
  • Imibutho ye-Advocation ingaxhasa uqhubeko: Amaqela anjengeDisability Rights Education kunye neNgxowa-mali yoKhuseleko esetyenzwe iminyaka ukuqeqesha abenzi bemithetho kunye noluntu.

Isifundo Setyala 4: Ukuhlaziywa Komthetho Womoya Ococekileyo Ngowe - 1990

Umthetho wemekobume usoloko uchaswa ngokukrakra ngushishino, kodwa iziHlanziso ze-1990 ezibizwa ngokuba yiCeleod Air Act zibonisa indlela ukuvumelana kwezenzululwazi, ukhokelo lomongameli, kunye nentshukumisa yezoqoqosho ezinokukoyisa ngayo ukuxhathisa okunjalo. Lo mthetho unciphisa imvula eneasidi, i-axid, i-mog yasezidolophini, kunye netyhefu engcolisa umoya.

Imvelaphi Nemigudu Yombutho

Umthetho wokuqala weCeac Air Act wadluliswa ngo1970 kwaye walungiswa ngo1971. Ngoo1980, imvula eneasidi yayisingumba ophambili wokusingqongileyo kunye nezobupolitika, ingakumbi kuMntla-mpuma neKhanada. Umongameli uGeorge H. Bush, phezu kwayo nje intelekelelo yeqela lakhe yeprophracol, wabeka umoya ococekileyo kwindawo yokuqala kwiphulo lakhe lonyaka ka-1988. Wacebisa ukuba kwenziwe uthekis-mali olubanzi ngo-1989, owabhalwa nguEPA Umlawuli William Reilly kunye nesitshixo sendlu ka-White.

IKomiti noHlahlo

Imali yendlu (H.R. 3030) yasetyenziswa ngabameli uJohn Dingell (D-MI) noHenry Waxman, owayenetyala elide lokulwa imfazwe kwimigangatho ye-octrameter. Indlu ye-Stenate (S. 1630) yakhokelwa yiNkokeli yoMkhosi uGeorge Mitchell (D-ME). Ulwakhiwo olubalulekileyo yayikukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemakethengiso ezinesiseko esisezantsi, ezifana ne-transcrate erble forsulfur dioxide. Le khathemin-gazi (igrande) ixhaswe yiingcali zezoqoqosho namaqela oshishino, incediwe yiRiphabliki. Indlu yezomthetho yadlulisela inkxaso yemali (injini). I-8911) ngoApril 3, 1990. Indlu yadlulisela uhlobo lwayo lweziintlobo-401,1,1,41,49,1991, ngoMeyi-19.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela kunye neNdlela yokugqibela

Ikomiti yenkomfa yathabatha iinyanga ukuxolelanisa umahluko, ingakumbi kwimilinganiselo yokukhutshwa kwenqwelo-mafutha kunye nocwangciso lokunyanzelisa. Impumelelo yabakho xa umphathi wabasebenzi baseBush, uJohn Sununu, wavuma inkqubo yezithuthi enobundlobongela. Ityala lokugqibela lavunywa ngevoti yamagumbi omabini ngo-Oktobha 27, 1990. UMongameli Bush walityobela ngoNovemba 15, 1990.

Utshintsho lwango 1990 lwakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwesulfur dioxide (ukuhlaziywa kwamaxhoba ngaphambi kwexesha) kwaye lwasebenza njengemodeli kwiingxoxo zenkqubo yemozulu yamva. Kwinkcukacha ezingakumbi, bona ushwankathelo lwe-[FLT: 0] luka-EPA lweziphene ze-1990.

Oko Sikufundayo KuMthetho Womoya Ococekileyo

  • Iindlela zokuphawula zingazuza imvume yebipartisan: imvume ezinokubhenela zibhenela ekukhululeni iprojekti engatshintshiyo ngexesha iphumeza usukelo lwemeko- bume.
  • [ Isibopho esiphambili siqhubela phambili unyuko: inxaxheba yoMgxuma weTshop yanika isigqubuthelo semali sezopolitiko.
  • Ubungqina obucacileyo kufuneka buchazwe ngokucacileyo: Isiganeko semvula eneasidi sabhalwa kakuhle ngophando, ukwenza ukukhanyela kungangeni.

Izifundo Ezivela Kwiibhili eziphumeleleyo

Ngoxa indleko nganye yayineemeko ezahlukeneyo, kuvela imisonto emininzi eqhelekileyo.

Ukwakha ngokulinganayo ngaphesheya kwemiGaqo-siseko

Ityala ngalinye elinempumelelo kula matyala lanenkxaso yabo bobabini namaqela ahlukeneyo abantu abanomdla. UMthetho wamaLungelo kaNoval ufuna amaRiphabliki akhululekileyo kunye namaDemocrates asemazantsi asezantsi. I-ADA yatsala abantu abanolwazi oluqhelekileyo abaxabisa isidima somntu ngamnye. Umthetho we-Ceather Air ungene kwishishini ngokubhetyebhetye-bhetye. Ukwakha isiseko esibanzi/indawo ebanzi (izinto zokukhusela ngokuzimela ngokungenalusini) ngokulingana nekamva.

Indima Yokubandakanyeka Kuwonke - wonke

Imikhosi yamaqumrhu namajelo eendaba adala imozulu entle kuMthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye neACA. IADA yanika ilizwi kubantu abasoloko bengabakhathaleli. Abenzi bomthetho baphendula kwisicelo esibonakalayo, enoba ngemibhiyozo, ngamaphulo okubhala iileta, okanye ngobungqina obungoogcisa. Ukufundisa abafundi ukuba umthetho udla ngokulandela ukulungiselela okuthandwayo kunokunika amandla abemi bexesha elizayo.

Ubuchule nokhokelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ACA yoqingqo-mali noMthetho wamaLungelo kaNovil kaRhulumente weKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimi kubonisa ukuba ubuchule bokuyila bungangcolanga, kuyimfuneko. Iinkokeli eziyiqondayo imithetho, kwaye xa zifuna ukugoba, zixabiseke kakhulu. Inkqubo yekomfa, nangona isoloko isemva kwee-93adāhooms, apho kukho ulalanisa okunzima okungakhokelwayo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokuzinziswa

Akukho mthetho uphumayo kwikomiti engatshintshanga. IziHlayiso-nkqubo zingaqinisa uxwebhu (njengeSihloko VII kuMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko) okanye iivoti ezikhuselekileyo (njengakwi-gimmicks kwi-ACA). Ukuzimisela ukunxibelelana nokwamkela iinguqulelo ezingentle kuphawu lokubekwa komthetho ophumelelayo. Ukuqwalasela okunenkcukacha ngendlela iikomiti ezibumba ngayo amatyala, tyelela inkqubo ye- Conforn.gov compution system system system[

Isiphelo: Ukunyuswa okuqhubekayo kophando lwetyala

Ufundo ngendlela amatyala anokuba ngumthetho ngayo asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Izifundo ezikwi-Afford Care Act, uMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi, uMthetho wamaMelika oNcinane weNkcitho, kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Cecsease Air unika iplani esebenzayo yabameli, abenzi-mthetho, kunye nabemi abathembisiweyo. Ityala ngalinye libonisa ukuba inkqubo yemithetho ingakwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ngokuphumelelayo qha, nangona kukho amathuba amade, ukhokelo oluzinzileyo, kunye nomanyano oluneebhulorho.

Abafundisi- ntsapho bangasebenzisa le mizekelo ukubonisa ukuba urhulumente akangomatshini ongaguquguqukiyo kodwa sisixokelelwano esiphilayo esisabelayo kwinxaxheba yolwazi. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye neendleko zembali, iziko logcino-lwazi lohlanga lobuVimba lweMpawulo-mali ukwenzela uMthetho linikela imvelaphi engundoqo, kwaye inkqubo yenkqubo yemithetho ye-witrogistiki [[FLT:]] inikeza inyathelo elingu-1bypresettle. Ngokuqonda le meko, sizixhobisa ukuba sibandakanye ngokunelisayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasitiki.