Ukuqonda Umanyano: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ulwalamano oluphakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni luphawu oluchaza inkqubo engundoqo yezopolitiko yaseUnited States. Olu lwahlulo lwamandla lwaziwa ngokuba yi-songami. IFramers yayila inkqubo apho urhulumente wesizwe abawaphathisiweyo ngeli lixa amagunya onke angenawo amagunya akhethekileyo okanye anganikwanga wona. Olu lungiselelo lugunya limiselwe kumalungiselelo angundoqo emigaqo-siseko: Icandelo Ndilidwelisa amagunya eBhunga; Icandelo leSiprecy Clacesce, limisela umthetho wesizwe njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe; kwaye uLawulo lweshumi lokuHlunyusela lunganikwangagunya azimeleyo kumazwe okanye abantu. Ukuqonda esi siseko siyimfuneko ngenxa yokubamba osemthethweni nemilinganiselo yegunya elisebenzayo kumazwe orhulumente kunye noosomarhulumente.

Amandla Karhulumente Womanyano

Urhulumente worhulumente olawulayo usebenzisa igunya kwiindidi ezintathu zamagunya: adweliswe, ajoliswe, kunye namaqela akhoyo. Udidi ngalunye luchaza umda kunye nemida yempembelelo karhulumente kumazwe nakwimimandla.

Amandla Anempembelelo

UMgaqo-siseko unika iBhunga ingqokelela yamagunya adwelisweyo ku Article I, Icandelo 8. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nakwamanye amazwe, imali, ukusungula ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela, ukusungula imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokunika intlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele. Eyona ndawo iphambili kwezi yi-Classicle, enika igunya lokulawula ushishino "phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi." Ekuhambeni kwexesha, esi sigqwenga semali sitolikwa kutolikwa ngokubanziswa, sivumela urhulumente ukuba alawule uludwe lwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho eqhutywa ngurhulumente okanye achaphazela ushishino.

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Nokubaluleka Nokufanelekileyo KukaClaus

Imoedi ne Seant Claus − kwakhona kwiCandelo I, ICandelo 8(1819) uKhongolo lwamandla okwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" ekwenzeni amagunya ayo adwelisweyo. Eli lungiselelo lalisisiseko samagunya achaziweyo, okokuqala siqiniswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi McCulloch v. Maryland [1819] . INkundla yabambelela kwelokuba ikhokele ikhokele ibhanki yesizwe nangona umGaqo-siseko wawungayigunyazi ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yokuba ibhanki yayiyindlela efanelekileyo yokuthwala iiNtloko zeBhunga kunye nemali. I-Emfontsloneyo ne-Clausle isetyenziswe ukuthethelela uludwe lwemisebenzi yombuthotho, ukusuka ekumiseleni imisebenzi ye-omeli yolawulo oludiyo kudityaniswe kunye ne-omelishore.

Amandla Akhoyo NoNoklas Oneengcungela

Amagunya akhoyo ngalawo ahlanganyelwayo ngoorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente besizwe. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, ukwakha iindlela, nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Xa ukungqubana kwemithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente, iSupremacy Claus iyalela ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphumelele. Oku kuthetha ukuba akunakuwudlulisa umthetho ovumelanisa ngokuthe ngqo imimiselo okanye imimiselo yorhulumente, kwanokuba lo mba ungomnye wegunya elinye. Imfundiso yokukhulula i-$9) ichaza okanye i-intelekelelo ngolu hlobo lokumisela inyathelo lomthetho kwimimandla apho uMbutho unyule ugqibelela khona ukuba ummandla.

Indlela Igunya Lomanyano Elilicinezela Ngayo Isenzo Sikarhulumente

Intelekelelo yinkqubo apho umthetho wesizwe udelela khona urhulumente okanye umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Inokwenzeka ngokucacileyo ngolwimi lwe-statory okanye ngokupheleleyo xa umthetho wesizwe ubanzi kangangokuba ishiya kungekho thuba lokusebenza kukarhulumente. INkundla Ephakamileyo iqaphela iindlela ezintathu ezingundoqo zokukhulula: uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo [, xa iNgqungquthela ichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokubeka umthetho wezwe; ishiya ingena thuba lokukhutshwa , evela xa umthetho worhulumente uhamba umhlaba wonke ungena umhlaba; kunye [[FLT]] nokhuseleko oluthe lwawo, xa umthetho usenza ukuba ungabi nako lwento engqiqweqwenisiweyo okanye uthintelwe ngokweemeko-mo yezo ., kunye nokuphuma kwemeko-mo yorhwebo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho, apho kudlalwa kwentengiso, kunye nokunyuka kwemeko-oventi.

Ukuntywila okunzulu kuhlalutyo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo, bhekisa kuvavanyo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo Icandelo loLwelo lolwazi lweziko localulo lwemfundiso yokukhulula [[[FLT: 1]].

Ukusebenzisa Amandla Nemali

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla urhulumente wamazwe nengingqi uluvo luyi inyusela uClaus, enika iKhomishini amandla okuhlawula irhafu kwaye ichithe intlalo-ntle jikelele. Urhulumente wesizwe usebenzisa eli gunya ukunikezela ngesisa kumazwe, ngokufuthi udibanisa iimeko ezifuna ukuhambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Lo msebenzi, maxa wambi ubizwa ngokuba yi "fiscalism," uvumela urhulumente worhulumente ukuba alungise ukuziphatha korhulumente kwiindawo apho angenalo igunya lokulawula ngokungqalileyo.

Imiqolo eqingqiweyo.

Izibonelelo zomanyano zifumaneka ngeendlela ezimbini ezingundoqo. izibonelelo ezingundoqo zithintelwe kwiinjongo ezithile, ezifana nezibonelelo zezithuthi okanye imfundo kubafundi abafumana imali ephantsi. Ezi zinika urhulumente wesizwe ulawulo olubalulekileyo ngendlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo. izibonelelo ezithintelayo, ngokuchasene, nikeza amatyala athe tyekeleyo ukunikezela ngemali kwindawo eqhelekileyo yenkqubo, njengenkqubela phambili yoluntu okanye iinkonzo zoluntu. Ngoxa imiqobo inikela ulungelelwano oluphezulu, zidla ngokuza ngomgangatho wemali kunye neemfuno zolawulo olusezantsi.

Iimeko zoncedo kunye nemida yeGunya loManyano

IKhomishini isoloko idibanisa iimeko kwimiqathango karhulumente ukukhuthaza ukuthobela inkqubo yesizwe. Umzekelo, imali yohola wendlela imiselwe kumaphondo ekwanyuseni iminyaka encinane yokusela ukuya kwi-21, kunye nokumisela imilinganiselo yokunikwa kwegazi utywala ngo-0.0.08 ekhulwini. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ixhasa ezi meko logama nje zicacile, ezinxulumene njongo, ezinxulumene nomdla worhulumente kwinkqubo, kwaye zingabambi nkxaso. NFIB v. Sebelius (202) , iNkubonelela ukunikezelwa kweSibonelelo soMvume, isithi ithinte yonke imali ye-Medicaid ukusuka kumazwe angafuni ukunikezelwa. INkundla yalo yalo ithengeniswa nolwabiwo lwawo olubanzi lombaleko lokusetyenziswa kwemithetho enqamleleyo, ukuwela kwimigaqo-mthetho womthetho womthetho.

UClaus: Ingxelo Engokwembali

IClaus yezorhwebo iye yaba yeyona mithombo inamandla karhulumente nemimandla. Ukutolikwa kwayo kuye kwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ibonakalisa iimbono eziguqukayo ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelorhulumente.

Ulwando Olutsha

Phambi koo1930, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayinembono encinane ngamandla eBhunga, ilinganisela ukuhamba kwempahla kwiintambo zombuso. Udandatheko olukhulu lwabangela ulwando oluphawulekayo. Kwiimeko ezifana Wickard v. Filburn (1942)[FL:1], iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba iCongress ilawule kwanomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni, ongengomkhomi-omlimi okhulayo wengqolowa ukuze asebenze ngokobuqu, "/i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-odolone-e-ekusebenza [[[Flkt] i-ickdated . Oku kutolikwa-obanzi kunika urhulumente kufuphi-plenayi-omatila.

Imvukelo Yenkundla Yokubulala

Ukususela ngo-1990, iNkundla yeRehnquist yaqalisa ukubeka imida yezorhwebo kuClaus. United States v. Lopez (1995] , iNkundla yabetha phantsi iSivumelo seGun-Sikhululo seSikolo soMdanga, iphethe ukuba umpu ophethe kufutshane nesikolo wawungeyomisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwaye awuchaphazanga kakhulu kurhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. United States v.Morion (2000) walandela isuti, egxeka iinxenye zezenzo zobuGwalw ’ Agist Act. Ezi zigqibo ezi ziphawulwe lutshintsho olubalulekileyo, ukubuyisela ukuba kukho imidaba ye-ogracraliti kulawulo olungeyokungango-othe-o-om, imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni.

Imfundiso KaClaus Yanamhlanje Yorhwebo

Isakhiwo se-Proftware-Lopez sifuna ukuba iNkundla ilawule umsebenzi phantsi kwe-Chwetheza Claus, umsebenzi kufuneka uquke imijelo yezorhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, izixhobo zorhwebo lwamazwe, okanye imisebenzi enxulumene kakhulu norhwebo lwamazwe. Ngoxa urhulumente eququzelela igunya elibanzi kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho, iNkundla ibonise ukuba iya kusebenza xa iNkundla ifikelela kumazwe ngokwesithethe, njengomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, imfundo, kunye nolwalamano lwentsapho. Uhlalutyo lwezona meko zakutshanje zeClauslaus, kuquka [[FLT:] G.[200] Inkundla yezomthetho yezomthetho yezorhwebo] ibonise ukuba iya kulawula umda xa i-FLT [[FLD][2005] [iK]

Amagunya Karhulumente Nohlaziyo Lweshumi

UHlaliso lweshumi elinesihlanu lusebenza njengesiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lukarhulumente, lunika ukuba "amandla anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinelwe iUnited States ngokwahlukeneyo, okanye abantu." Lo mqathango wamagunya utolikiwe ukukhusela igunya lorhulumente elibanzi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Amagosa Namandla Agciniweyo Emfundiso

Amandla omtshato ligunya elingokwemvelo lorhulumente lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nokuziphatha kwabemi bawo. Oku kubandakanya imimandla emikhulu: ulawulo lwempilo kawonke-wonke, ulawulo lommandla kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukukhupha imiyalelo yezifundiswa, imithetho yomtshato, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemfundo. Urhulumente wesizwe udla ngokubalula ngemisebenzi yesithethe, nangona enokubaphembelela ngokusebenzisa okanye ukukhutshwa kwetyala. Isifo seCHOVID sabala ubalaselisa umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente, njengoko amabamba ekhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala kwikhaya, imiqathango yemimiselo yokufihla iimpahla, imiqathango, kunye nemiqathango yezo yezoshishino phantsi kwegunya lawo elingxamisekileyo.

Imfundiso Echasene Nomyalelo

Ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lolawulo lukarhulumente luyi- i-anti-yala imfundiso, ethintela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba afune iindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye amagosa aphetheyo ukuba alawule iinkqubo zolawulo lwamagunya. Lo mgaqo wamiselwa kwi New York v. United States Bookie[FLT][FLT] [3], apho iNkubekqulu lweNkuhla khona umthetho karhulumente ofuna ukuba kuthathiswe igatyathwe lityala lenkunkuma yeathomfa, kwaye uqiniswe kwi-propati engoomatilo-omthetho, apho ingenakuqinisekisa ukuba i-okn

Ulawulo lwe-Dillon kunye neGunya loMmandla woMkhosi wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente bendawo (-amanani, izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo) azikhankanywanga kuMgaqo-siseko. Phantsi [[FLT: 0]] Umthetho we-Dillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banawo kuphela amandla anikwe ngumgaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo, kunye namagunya athe athatyathwayo asuka kwezo mvume. Oku kuthetha ukuba amadolobha kunye nezintlu-manani zizidalwa zelizwe, eziphantsi kokulawula ngaphandle kokuba umgaqo-siseko wezwe unike ulawulo lwekhaya . Kumthetho wasekhaya, iindawo zinolawulo oluphezulu ukuqhuba imigaqo-mthetho nokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna imvume ekhethekileyo yomthetho. Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, lungaguquguqungaguquguqungamazwe akunika igunya lasekuhlaleni namanye amazwe oluntu.

Izibhedlele zomanyano lwexesha elizayo

Impikiswano eziliqela zangoku zenkqubo zibonisa imfazwe yodokolwana eqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente norhulumente.

Ukwenziwa komthetho kweMarijuana noMthetho woManyano

Phezu kwayo nje into yokuba urhulumente akaluvumeli umyansi weSebe leMithetho eLawulayo, urhulumente ulubhalise ngokwasemthethweni ulawulo lwe-Cannabis olusebenzisa unyango okanye ukuzonwabisa. Oku kudala ukungavisisani okuthe ngqo phakathi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe uye wasebenzisa indlela yokusebenzisa izandla ngokuyalela ukunyanzelisa okukhutshwa liSebe leMithetho, kodwa uxinezeleko olusemthethweni lusaseleyo. Umsebenzi wezibonelelo zemali ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente eziqeshiweyo, iibhanki ezisebenza kumashishini e-cannabis, kunye nabasebenzi abasebenzisa umyayisebenzisa yonke into enokwenzeka ukwaphula umthetho karhulumente. URobaccebchier-Father Sour Resmeter uyalela iSebe lokusebenzisa iindleko zokuchitha imali ekuphazamisaneni neenkqubo zezonyango zombanje, kodwa oku kumele kuhlaziswe rhoqo ngonyaka yaye kunganyusenwa ukuze kusetyenziswe kwizo.

Umanyano lomanyano

Inkqubo yokuhlalisa ngokwesithethe ingummandla wesizwe, kodwa amazwana asebenza ngokuqhubekayo kulo mmandla. Amanye amaphondo aye adlulisela imithetho efuna ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni usebenze kunye namagunya okufuduka karhulumente, lo gama amanye efumene imigaqo "yokungavumelani" yemithetho emisela intsebenziswano. INkundla ePhakamileyo idla ngokuwisa imithetho karhulumente ezama ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo ukufuduka, njengaku Arizona v. United States (202), ehla imigaqo emininzi ye-S.B. 1070. Noko ke, ichaza ukuba igunya elibalulekileyo ngemisebenzi yabaphambukeli, ukungenisa iinzuzo zikawonke wonke, kunye nokukhokelwa kwelayiselo-layisensi yomqhubi, ukukhomba-mthetho wolawulo lwelizwe lokufuduka.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kunye negunya loRhulumente

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo lelinye icala apho igunya lesizwe nelaseburhulumenteni lidibene khona. UMthetho we-Eatmor, iCanean Water Act, neminye imithetho engundoqo yokusingqongileyo imisela imigangatho karhulumente kodwa isoloko ithumela imimiselo yokulawula ngemodeli karhulumente wentsebenziswano. Amazwe angakwamkela imimiselo eqinileyo kunemiqathango karhulumente, njengokuba iKhalifoniya iyenzile ngemigangatho yenqwelo-at ekhupha umphunga phantsi kwe-Ceaily Air. Eli gunya le-raverave liye laba yindawo ecacileyo, urhulumente ofuna ukuphelisa ukulawulwa kweKhalifoni neKhalifoni ekhuthaza ukulawulwa ngokungqongqo kongcoliso. Uxinekiso lwemeko lweziko lorhulumente lusoloko luqhubeka njengenkqubo yemozulu.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

UMthetho we-Affordicure Care ubangele ukuba kubekho utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwe-construmentism, oluphawuleka kakhulu kwi-NFIB v. Sebelius. Ngaphaya komba wolwandiso lweMedicaid, iACA yadala isiseko apho amazwana enokuba neenketho: angasebenzisa ii-inshorensi ze-inshorensi zonyango okanye axhomekeke kwintengiselwano yesizwe; angandisa uMicaid okanye alahle ukwenza njalo (njengoko amazwe amaninzi ayenze ekuqaleni). Oku "ukukhetha okuqulungela" kubonakalisa utyekelo kwimigaqo yorhulumente enika ulungelelaniso olunika ulungiso lolwano lohlanga. Ukuqhubeka okusemthethweni kungenelo lwemeko lwemeko-A kunye nolwezwe kuqhubekela ukuvavanisa imida yamandla orhulumente.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla kwinkqubo enamandla

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente wengingqi alumi ngaxesha nye. Luyatshintsha ukuphendula iinguqu zobupolitika, ukumiswa kwekomiti egwebayo, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nokuthuthumela okungaphandle okufana nesifo esimandundu okanye iingxaki zezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda olu lwelo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekulawuleni, ekulawuleni, ekulawuleni, okanye kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Impembelelo yezobupolitika idlala indima ephambili. Xa iqela elinye lilawula zombini iiKhonkxa nomongameli, amandla karhulumente athambeka ekwandiseni njengoko urhulumente okanye inkcaso yomgangatho karhulumente yahlulahlulwe isenokukhokelela ekuvuselelweni kwegunya likarhulumente. Ukumiselwa kwejaji, ingakumbi kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo, kungaguqula ukubekwa kwemithetho karhulumente kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ukumiselwa kwabagwebi abaxhasa ulawulo okanye amandla karhulumente kungaphelisa ulungelelwano kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo.

Intshukumo yoluntu nayo iqhubela phambili utshintsho. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wee-1960 waxhomekeke kumandla karhulumente okuphelisa urhwaphilizo. Kutshanje, imibutho yokugunyazisa umya, ukulingana komtshato, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume iye yasebenzisa omabini amalungiselelo orhulumente norhulumente ukuze ifikelele iinjongo zawo. Ubuchule bamaphondo ukusebenza njenge "imisebenzi yedemokhrasi" buvumela ukuvavanya okunokuthi kamva kwazise inkqubo yesizwe.

Ukuyiqonda kakuhle indaleko karhulumente, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures yeSizwe inika iinkcukacha zeFAQ kwimithetho yorhulumente elandela uphuhliso lwangoku kulwalamano lombuso.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente kunye namaphondo kunye nemimandla luphawu olusembindini noluhlala luhleli lolawulo lwaseMerika. Urhulumente wengingqi unegunya elibalulekileyo ngebala lakhe, eliboniswa, kunye namandla akhoyo, asetyenziswa ngamandla kakhulu nge-Claus, i-Pallaces, kunye neSuprematy Claus. Okwangoku uHlaliso lweshumi kunye nemfundiso echasene nomyalelo ochasene nolawulo lweziko loburhulumente. Kodwa imfundiso engundoqo ikhusela ulawulo, ingakumbi kumandla amapolisa kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwala mandla, i-Classigne, i-acconetic , i-eactivestion, kunye nesenzo sezobupolitika soburhulumente baseMelika. Njengoko uhlanga lujongene nemingeni emitsha, ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwemozulu yobugcisa ukuya kwimeko yemozulu, i-migculo-odmigracreatton, ihlala ingundal ingunday ingumbili yemithetho yomthetho yomthetho.