Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Ixesha Nempembelelo Yemingxuma Efileyo Yezobupolitika YaseMerika
Xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli besilela ukuvumelana ngomthetho wenkxaso-mali, iziphumo [[FLT:] urhulumente wokuvala zingahlala naliphi na ixesha ukusuka kwiiyure ezimbalwa ukuya ngaphezu kwenyanga, kungekho mda usemthethweni ngexesha elide. urhulumente omde] uvalelwe phantsi e-U.[[FLT] unwenwenwela iintsuku ezingama-35 ukusuka kuDisemba 2018 ukuya kuJanuwari 201919, ubiza uqoqosho lwezigidi ze-R31 kwaye uchaphazela abasebenzi besizwe abaphoswe ngumrhumo wemali emininzi. Ukususela ngowe1976, iUnited States iye yafumana imidanga yemali engama- 22 ekhokelela ekucinyweni, kunye nemeko ekhathazayo: bayaqhubeka, benza umonakalo ongakumbi, kwaye basebenza kakhulu njengomhla-Arcland.
Ukuqonda urhulumente uvala ixesha elide kangakanani kwaye kutheni beqhubeka benceda abemi ukuba balungiselele ezi ngxaki ngeli xesha betyhila iinyaniso ezinzulu ngedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo nalo lonke olunye uhlanga oluphucukileyo , oluneenkqubo ezizenzekelayo zoqingqo-mali okanye oluxhobisa unyulo ngexesha lenkxaso-mali. . IUnited States kuphela ivumela ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko ukuba kuvale imisebenzi karhulumente ngokungenasiphelo. Olu hlalutyo luhlolisisa zonke iinkcitho ezinkulu ukususela ngo 1976, luhlolisisa oko kugqiba ixesha labo, kwaye lucacisa isizathu sokuba ukuva okude kweMerika kusenzeke konke kumashumi amathathu eminyaka adluleyo.
Yintoni Ethinjwa Ngurhulumente Yaye Kutheni Inako Ukuhlala Ixesha Elide Kangaka?
Umsebenzi Womthetho Owenza Usikelwe Phantsi
A [[NTL:0] urhulumente onegunya lokuvala uyenzeka xa iBhunga lisilela ukudlulisa umthetho onika imvume okanye isigqibo esiqhubekayo phambi kokuba igunya loqingqo-mali elikhoyo liphele. Phantsi koMthetho we-Antideficiency ka-1884, amaqumrhu karhulumente akanakuyisebenzisa ngokusemthethweni imali ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho, eliwanyanzela ukuba ayeke ukuyeka imisebenzi engeyoyoyoyo engundoqo xa iwiswa ngemali. Ngokungafani namashishini azimeleyo anokusebenza kwityala okanye kumathala emali, abameli borhulumente kufuneka bamise ngokukhawuleza imisebenzi yabo esetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ephela komsebenzi onyaka ophakathi konyaka onyaka wokubhatasa.
Akukho mGaqo-siseko okanye ngokomthetho womda wokuphela kwexesha lokuvala . Ukuvalwa kwenqanawa kuyaqhubeka de iNgqungquthela idlule kwaye uMongameli ubonisa umthetho omtsha wemali. /okanye othatha usuku olunye okanye ikhulu. Le ndalo ivulekileyo iyahlula ukuvalwa koqingqo-mali kwemiqathango yoqingqo-mali kwezinye iimeko zolawulo-melo, apho amalungiselelo okanye iindlela ezizenzekelayo zithintela ulawulo-mthetho-siseko olungagqibeleliyo.
Incopho yokujika yango1980: Ukusuka kwimephu yobuchule ukuya ekuvalweni
Ngaphambi kowe-1980, izithuba zemali zaziyingxaki yolawulo ezazichaphazela kakhulu imisebenzi karhulumente. Xa iKhomishini yaphosa ixesha lokusebenza, abameli baqhubeka nje besebenza belindele ukuphinda bafumane imali eninzi. Izithuba ezisithoba zemali phakathi kowe-1976 nowe-1979 zazingabandakanyeki zixhobo zabasebenzi neziphazamisana kancinci, kwanaxa zihlala iintsuku ezili-18.
Yonke into yatshintsha ngoluvo lomthetho lweAttorney Jikelele uBenjamin Civiletti, eyathi yaphinda yachaza uMthetho we Antideficiency Act ukuba ifune amaqumrhu ukuvala imisebenzi ngexesha lomgama wenkxaso-mali. Olu luvo lunye olusemthethweni lwaguqula utshintsho lobuchule obufutshane kurhulumente opheleleyo lwabasebenzi be- kufuna amathambeka kunye neenkonzo. Umatshini we-odoletti kamva wavakalisa ukuzisola, esithi "ayekwakhe acinge ukuba ezi zingqwenga zihlala ixesha elide ezi zivalelwe okanye zisetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokuvala ezopolitiki."
Isizathu Sokuba Amanye Amazwe Engazivaleli
I-United States iyodwa ngokupheleleyo phakathi kolawulo-bume oluphuhlisiweyo ekufumaneni ukuvalwa korhulumente. Akukho zwe likhulileyo livumela iimpikiswano zoqingqo-mali ukuba zivale imisebenzi karhulumente kuba iinkqubo zalo ziquka:
- Iinkqubo zokongamela (UK, Canada, Australia): Ukungaphumeleli kohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali logama iinkonzo ziqhubeka
- [[UMTL:0] inkqubela-phambili ezenzekelayo (isiJamani, iJapan): Uqingqo-mali lonyaka odlulileyo lunwebela ngokuzenzekelayo
- Amandla omyalelo wePredifial [[FT:1] [France, Brazil]: Abaphathi-mikhosi bangagcina imisebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho
- Iimfuno zeCunistitution (eMzantsi Korea, eSwitzerland): Uqingqo-mali olunolungiselelo lusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo
Ezi ndlela zibonisa ukuba ehlabathini lonke abantu bavumelana ukuba iinkonzo zikarhulumente ezisisiseko azimele ziyeke kuba abezobupolitika abavumelani ngemali.
IThe Complete Timeline: URhulumente ngamnye oMakhulu wase U.S. Ucinywe Ukususela ngowe - 1976
Ixesha lokuqala: Iziphene ezifutshane (1976-1999)
Ukuvalwa kokuqala phantsi kwenkqubo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yale mihla kwakumfutshane ngokuphawulekayo:
[[UMTL: 0] Ulawulo lweFord (196):
- Septemba 30 - Oktobha 11, 1976: Iintsuku ezili - 10 (umgama oshushu, kungekho zixhobo)
[[UMTL: 0] Ulawulo loMphathi (1977- 197)[FL:1]
- Septemba 30 - Oktobha 13, 1977: Iintsuku ezili - 12 (akukho rhanisi)
- Oktobha 31 - Novemba 9, 1977: Iintsuku ezi - 8 (akukho mibala - mveliso)
- NgoNovemba 30 - Disemba 9, 1977: Iintsuku ezi - 8 (akukho rhanisi)
- Septemba 30 - Oktobha 18, 1978: Iintsuku ezili - 17 (akukho mibalabala)
- Septemba 30 - Oktobha 12, 1979: Iintsuku ezili - 11 (akukho rhanisi)
Administration (1981- 1987)
- kweyeThupha 20-23, 1981: iintsuku ezi-2 (241,000 abasebenzi bahlatywa uqalo)
- Septemba 30 - Oktobha 2, 1982: 1 usuku
- Disemba 17-21, 1982: Iintsuku ezintathu
- iintsuku ezintathu
- Septemba 30 - Oktobha 3, 1984: iintsuku 2
- kuNovemba 3-5, 1984: 1 usuku
- Oktobha 16-18, 1986: 1 usuku
- Disemba 18-20, 1987: 1 usuku
Ulawulo lweBush (1990)[[FL:1]:
- kuOktobha 5-9, 1990: iintsuku ezintathu
Ezi zithintelo zamandulo zazinqabile ukudlula iintsuku ezintathu kwaye zazidla ngokubakho kwiimpelaveki, zinciphisa ukuphazamiseka. Zaziquka ukungavisisani ngoqingqo-mali ngokucombulula ngokulalanisa okunesidima.
IXesha laNgoku: I-Olean Crisris (1995- Unyaka)
Ukuvalwa komsebenzi weDys ka-2018-2019 (Owona Mkhulu kakhulu kwimbali)
[[FLT: 0] Ithuba [[FLT:]: Disemba 22, 2018 - Januwari 25, 2019 (ientsuku ezingama 35) : uMongameli Trump wafuna i $5.7 lamawaka ezigidi kwimacangci yomda we Mexico [[FLT:] Abasebenzi bachaphazele[[FLT:]]: 800 000 000 000 000 000 000, 420 000 abasebenza ngaphandle kobhatala [ intengo ephezulu yexabiso [[FLT:]]: [1] isimbukuka-4 bhiliyoni lezigidi [3], umlinganiselo wemali epheleleyo, R3]
Oku okude kakhulu kukarhulumente ukuvalwa kwemiqathango kwakha kwaqala xa uTrump wavakalisa: "Ndineqhayiya ukuvala urhulumente ukuze ukhusele umda. Ndiza kuthatha ingubo yokwaleka. Ukuvalwa kwemitshato. Oku kubangela ukuba abasebenzi bezwe baphoswe iisheke ezimbini zomnxeba. Iibhaso zezokudla eWashington D.C. zanceda amawaka abaqeshwa bezwelonke, ngelixa uCf José Andrés evula amagumbi epop-up elungiselela izidlo zesisa.
Iziphumo eziquka iziphumo eziqukiweyo
- Amalungu onxweme olunogada jl-iququzelela phakathi kwemikhosi exhobileyo
- Iipaki zelizwe zachaphazeleka ngokusisigxina ngenxa yokonakalisa nokungekho mthethweni
- Ukungafumaneki kweTSA kwanda nge-55%, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kulibaziseke
- I-IRS yayingakwazi ukwenza ii-freears zerhafu, ezichaphazela izigidi
- I-FBI yasebenza amatyala amakhulu ngaphandle kwentlawulo
- Uhlolo lokutya lwehla ngama-60%
Incopho yokwaphuka yafika ngoJanuwari 25 xa iLa Guardia Airport yamisa iinqwelo-moya ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabalawuli beenqwelo-moya. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa, uTrump wavuma ukuphinda avule urhulumente ngaphandle kwemali yodonga. Ukuvalwa akuzange kufeze nto [: uTrump wafumana u-0 dollar yodonga ngeli ngexa uqoqosho lwalahlekelwa ngamawaka ezigidi.
2. Unyaka-we-1995-1999 Clinton-Ging Ukuphela Kweentsuku ezingama-21
[[FLT: 0] Ukucinywa kokuqala: Novemba 14-19, 1995 (ientsuku) SECOND : December 16, 1995 - January 6, 1996 [iientsuku ezi-1)[FLT:] Abasebenzi bachaphazeleka[[FLT:]: 800 000 ekuqaleni, 284,000 kwimibhobho yesibini yokuvala :: iimfuno zeRiphabliki zeMediareas kunye nohlahlohlo lokuchithwa kwemali.]:
USithethi uNewt Gingrich wakhokela iiRiphabliki ekufuneni izinyuko ezinkulu kwiMedicare, imfundo, kunye neenkqubo zokusingqongileyo. Ukurhoxa kwezobupolitika kwaguquka xa uGingrich wakhala ngokuhlala kwakhe eMkhosini Wokuqala woMkhosi woMkhosi woMngcwabo, emenza abonakale njengomntwana ophantsi. Uonogada bomhleli bambonisa njengosana olukhalayo, kwaye uluvo lukawonke wonke lwathi jinga ngokuchasene namaRiphabliki.
[[UMTL:0] Isiseko sesiphumo [:
- Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
- Irejista yemvume yeClinton yanyuka ukuya kuma-53%
- Iinkonzo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ezibonelelwayo
- Ukuvalwa kwamapolisa kuqinisekiswe ngoncedo lonyulo lukaClinton lowe-1996
Ukuvaleka Okungalawulekiyo Konyaka ka-2013: Iintsuku ezili-16
[[FLT: 0] Ithuba eliphakathi: Oktobha 1-17, 2013 Abasebenzi baChaphazekile[: 850 000 000 ehhayishiweyo (ekuphakame kakhulu), 1.3 yezigidi abasebenza ngaphandle kohlawula [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] I-IRTIRP[: Imfuno-'Aparti ifuna ukususa i-fffford Carect [ Intekst yexabiso [[FLT:]]: [2] izigidi ezingamawaka ezingamawaka zemali elahlekileyo imveliso yezoqoqosho
Umlathisi wesizwe uTed Cruz wakhokelela kwimigudu yokususa utyando lweObamacare kwinkqubo yokukhupha izicelo, nangona iACA ixhaswa ngemali ngokusetyenziswa kwemali ngokungathintelwa kukuvalwa kwezixhobo zokucima. Zonke iipaki zesizwe zavalwa, zasusa iindwendwe ezizizigidi ezisixhenxe. ICDC yayeka ukujongwa ngumkhuhlane ngexesha lencopho. I-NIH yazisusa izigulana ezinomhlaza kwiimvavanyo zezamayeza.
Iziphumo ezithe ngqo:
- Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
- Imvume yeGOP iyehla yaya ezantsi ngokwembali
- Umlomo uBoehner ekugqibeleni wavumela iDemocratic votion ukuba iphinde ivuleke kwakhona
- I-ACA iqaliswe ngexesha elicwangcisiweyo
Ukupheliswa Kweveki Ngo-2018: 3 Iintsuku
[[UMTLL: 0] Ithuba: Januwari 20- 22, 2018 I-ICR: Iimfuno zedemokhrasi ze-DACA ezikhuselayo [ i-ISC: Ubuncinane obungagqibekanga ngexesha lempelaveki
Oku kuvala okufutshane kwenzeka ngempelaveki xa inkoliso yeeofisi zikarhulumente yayisele ivaliwe, inciphisa ukuphazamiseka. Ama Democrat akhawuleza arhoxa xa uphando lwabonisa ukuba ayesolwa.
Ukuvaleka Kweentsuku Ngobusuku NgoFebruwari 2018: 9 Iiyure
[[NTL: 0] Ithuba: Februwari 9, 2018 (ubu busuku obungaphezulu) I-ICRP[[FLT: 3]: Umlahli Womphathi u-RAND Paul ukungafuni ukuchitha unyuko [[[FLT:]] u-ISCT[[FLT:]]: Ujikelezo lobuchule olungenasiphumo
Yintoni Emisela Ukuphelelwa Lixesha Elide?
Iimeko Zezobupolitika Eziye Zawonga Okanye Zasilela Ukuzivalela
[[UMTL: 0] Ixesha lokuhla lixhomekeke kwizibalo zezobupolitika ezintsonkothileyo:
[[UMTL:0] Imisebenzi edebeselayo yokuvala :
- Urhulumente owahluleleneyo: Ukuvala kugqibezela u-3x ixesha elide ngolawulo lweqela elahluliweyo
- umgama wenzululwazi ngendalo: Ukwenziwa kwamacandelo ashinyeneyo kulingana nokuvalwa kwe-intshi ende
- Ixesha elithatha ixesha elipheleleyo: Ukuvala kude kunyulo kuqheleke ukuba kuhlale ixesha elide
- iingxelo zePublic: Iinkokeli ezithi zinconywa zifumanisa kunzima ukulalanisa
- uxinzelelo olusekelwe kwisiseko : imfuneko ye-activist "ukuma uqinile" ukwandisa iintambo ezifileyo
[[UMTL:0] Imisebenzi ecutha ukuvalwa kwenqanawa.
- [[FLT: 0] Uphazamiseko lwezoqoqosho: Imarike ye-stock ihlisa ugqibo olukhawulezayo loxinzelelo
- Ukungaphumeleli koncedo olubonakalayo: Ulibaziseko lwesikhululo senqwelo-moya, ukuvalwa kwepaki kwenza ungxamiseko
- Uluvo lwePublic : Cacisa ityala lothumo linyusa ulalaphiso
- Iingxaki ze-External: Iintlekele zemvelo okanye izisongelo zokhuseleko zifuna ukuphinda zivulwe
- uxinzelelo lwe Holiday: usondelelwano lwe Krismesi lushukumisa ulwabo olukhawulezayo
Ingxaki Yokwanda: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuvaleka Kwakutshanje Kudlule Ixesha Elide
Inkqubo yokuvala isala ihlala ixesha elide kunezembali ngenxa yentsingiselo emininzi:
- Ulungiso : Ukuvala akusekokothusa, kucutha ungxamiseko
- Ukwahlulwa koluhlu kuphinde kwaphinda-phindeka kane ukususela ngo 1980
- iziqwenga ezikhuselekileyo: Izihlalo zokhuphiswano ezincinci zinciphisa izikhuthazo zolalanisa
- Ukwahlulwa kolwahlulo: amagumbi entloko entloko aqinisa indawo zolwahlulo-malungu
- Ukujija: Uphazamiso lwenza iminikelo encinci-yomnqongo
Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uMarina Azzimonti sibonisa i-Index yakhe yePolarization yezobupolitika yafikelela ku 400 ngexesha le-2013 lokuvala/ukuphinda-phinda kane umlinganiselo wembali kwaye iphinda-phinde iqondo lonyaka ka-1995.
Iingongoma Ezaphulayo: Oko Ekugqibeleni Kuphela Kusival ’ Umlomo
Ukuvalwa kwemijukujelwa yonke into ukususela ngowe - 1995 kuye kwaphela xa iincam ezithile zoxinzelelo zazinganyamezeleki:
- 2018-2019: lilibazisa isikhululo seenqwelo- moya ekunqongopheleni kwe-athoration
- [[UMTL:0]2013: ummiselo wesicwangciso setyala osondelayo
- 19995-19996: uxinzelelo lwephulo lomongameli kwiiRiphabliki
- 0.: ixesha leveki leveki licutha isiphumo
Umlinganiselo ucacile: [[FLT: 0] uphela xa iimpikiswano zezobupolitika ezingekho ngqiqweni ziba ziingxaki zikawonke wonke ezichaphazela izigidi zobomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMelika.
Inqaku Lomntu Nelezoqoqosho: Amabali Okwenyaniso Asuka Kwezona Zixa Zide Zisithele
Abasebenzi Abamanyeneyo: Amaxhoba Akhawulezayo
Ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemini ezingama-35, abasebenzi bengingqi bajongene neengxaki zemali:
[[NTL:0] Josse Santiago, igosa leTSA eHouston, yakhumbula: "Ii-Imagine ekukhonzeni abantu baseMelika kuphela ukuba kufuneka afune ukutya." Waphulukana nekhaya lakhe ukuze afumane intelekelelo emva kokulahlekelwa yimali yendlu ngexesha lokuzimela.
Sara Chan, isazinzulu se-EPA, wachaza uxinzelelo lwengqondo: "Ngenye imini ndibalulekile, ndisebenza ekuhlalutyeni ukhuseleko lwamanzi. Ngemini elandelayo ndisebenza ngokugxeka uphando lokhuseleko lwamanzi. Ngemini elandelayo andinaluvo lwasemthethweni, andivumelekanga ukukhangela i-imeyili. Isatya se-ssfish silfectal.
[[FLT: 0] Iintsapho zokhuselo lwekomkhulu zajamelana nobunzima obungaqhelekanga njengelo kuphela isebe lomkhosi elisebenza ngaphandle komvuzo. Elinye iqabane eAlaska lathi: "Sihlala apho ukutya kubiza khona kabini kwilizwekazi, kwaye umyeni wam uhlangula abantu kulwandle oluqaqandisiweyo ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba linini ixesha lokufumana irhafu elandelayo.
Abahlali: Ababulawayo Abalityelweyo
Ngokungafaniyo nabaqeshwa bakarhulumente abafumana umvuzo, 4.1 lezigidi zezindlu zamazwe ngamazwe ziphulukana nengeniso ngokusisigxina:
- Ukhuseleko kwizakhiwo zelizwe lwalahlekelwa zii-R34 000-8 000 ngexesha lokuvalwa kwezakhiwo
- Abaqhubi beSmithsonian abazange bafumane umvuzo olahlekileyo
- IKOMITI yaphulukana nezivumelwano ezixabisa izigidi
- Amashishini amancinane alungiselela iinkonzo kumaziko angaphumeleliyo
[[FLT: 0] Maurie Williams, abacoca iiofisi zesebe, baxelela abacholacholi-ndaba: "Abasebenzi basemkhosini ekugqibeleni bafumana intlawulo. Asifumani nto. Ndaphulukana nendlu yam kuba ndandingakwazi ukuqesha iinyanga ezimbini.
Ibutho Loluntu: Imiphumo Eyingozi Ezweni Lonke
ipaki yelizwe yoluntu olunoluntu olunoluntu olunoluntu oluneendawo zokungena ibandezeleka ngoko nangoko xa iipaki zikufuphi:
- IGatlinburg, eTennessee ilahlekelwa zii - R2 000 zezigidi ngosuku xa iiNtaba Ezikhulu ZeSmoky zivalwa
- ITusayan, eArizona (uluntu olungama-600) ibone ilahleko yengeniso engama-90% ngaphandle kweendwendwe eziGrand Canyon
- Bar Harbor, amashishini aseMaine ahlalisa abasebenzi xa kuvulwa iAcadia
[[UMTHETHO: 0] Imimandla exhomekeke kwiFederal ifumana iimeko ezifana nokurhoxa kododobala kolwandle:
- Imetro yaseWashington D.C. ilahlekelwa zii-R39 zezigidi ngeveki
- IHuntsville, eAlabama (NASA/defense) ibone ukuhla kwemali echithwayo engama-30%
- IColorado Springs (ibutho) lijongene nokuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza
Umonakalo wexesha elide: Ukuwohloka kweziko
Uphando lubonisa abasebenzi abafumana amathambeka [[FLT: 0]] kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba bashiye inkonzo yesizwe , bedala umphunga ophazamisa ubuchule borhulumente kangangeminyaka:
- INkonzo yeSizwe yePaki yaphulukana nama-25% abasebenzi abasisigxina ukususela ngowama-2019
- IMITHETHO ENGABALUNGISELELI ABANCWADI
- IFDA ijongene nolibaziseko lokuvumela amayeza asindisa ubomi
- Isifo esibulalayo se-CDC silungisiwe sibuthathaka
Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Isizathu Sokuba Kukuphela KweMerika Ivaleke
Indlela Ezinye Iingxaki Zoqingqo - mali Eziyisingatha Ngayo
Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi njenge UK ithatha ukungaphumeleli koqingqo-mali njengokuphulukana nentelelo yePalamente:
- Urhulumente kufuneka arhoxe okanye abize unyulo
- Iinkonzo ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oludlulileyo
- Iingxaki zobupolitika zicombulula ngedemokhrasi
- I-OFS ibonise ukuba abahlali abakwazi
Indlela yesiJamani [ ibonisa ulawulo olusebenzayo:
- UMgaqo-siseko uyalela ukuba uhlaziywe lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluzenzekelayo
- Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwangaphambili lungaboleka ama-25%
- Ulibaziseko lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluqhelekileyo kodwa lubangela ukuphazamiseka
- Umgaqo: Iinkonzo ezijoliswe kubemi azinanto yakwenza nezobupolitika
Inkqubo yomongameli waseMzantsi Korea iquka izikhuseli:
- Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olulungiselelweyo lusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo
- Umlinganiselo wobungakanani bokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunyaka odluleyo
- Inqanda naluphi na uphazamiso lwenkonzo
- Iyafana neU.S. kodwa ikhuselekile
Udideko lwababukeli behlabathi
Amajelo eendaba akwamanye amazwe achaza indlela engaqhelekanga ngayo imiqobo yaseMerika ehlabathini lonke:
BBC: "Kwihlabathi elininzi, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kuthetha ukuvukelwa, ukuhlaselwa, okanye intlekele. Kwanorhulumente wase-Syria uhlawula abasebenzi ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya."
I-Spiegel engundoqo: "Iintetho ze-America malunga nolawulo ngeli xesha uphinda-phindiwe ungaphumeleli ukwenza owona msebenzi ungundoqo karhulumente: ukuhlala uvulekile.
I-Economist : "Idemokhrasi eninzi yehlabathi iyayeka ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kwiholo yezopolitiko, ingenza nto ngexesha lokonakalisa yonke into
Umlinganiselo kunye nezixelo: Oko Imbali Ikufundisayo Ngexesha Lokuvaleka
Uhlalutyo lobuntlola bobude bokuvala
Intsingiselo egotyelweyo kwixesha lokuvala [[FLT: 1]:
- [[UMTL:0][[UMGAQULA]: I-avareji yeentsuku ezintathu, iintsuku 2 zesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi
- (1995- 2013: I-avareji yeentsuku eziyi-13, iintsuku ezi-16 ze-media
- [[UMTL:0] 2013- umhlaba: I-avareji yeentsuku eziyi-18, iintsuku ezi-16 ze-media
- [[UMTL: 0] I-Trathike: Icacile ukuba yolula ngexesha
[[UMTHLL:0] Izinto zodibaniso:
- Urhulumente owahluleleneyo: +12 umlinganiselo wentsuku
- Unyulo lonyaka wobuMongameli: -8 umlinganiselo wentsuku
- Umongameli wexesha lokuqala: +6 umlinganiselo weentsuku
- Ucwangciso lonyaka kaDisemba: +5 iintsuku (uxinzelelo lwemini)
Uqikelelo Lwexesha Elizayo Lokucinywa
Isiseko sembali kunye nomgangatho okhoyo we-Orientation:
[[UMTL:0] Abasebenzi abacebisa ukuvala ixesha elide ngexa elizayo :
- Ukuthatyathwa kweepolitiki kwindawo ephakamileyo yembali
- Ukunciphisa ungxamiseko lokucima okuqhelekileyo
- Ingingqi ezikhuselekileyo ezikhusela amalungu kuxinzelelo
- Izixhobo zokukhuthaza izikhundla
- Ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali
[[UMTHL:0] Izixhobo ezinokulinganisela ixesha :
- 2019 umthetho oqinisekisa ukuba umqeshwa unika
- Ukubonelela okuthe kratya ngeendleko zezoqoqosho
- Ingcinezelo yoluntu
- Inkqubo yokuhlasela
- Inkxalabo yomlinganiselo wetyala
Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziveza ukuvalwa kwenqanawa kwixesha elizayo zingahlala iintsuku ezingamashumi amane-50 ukuba iziphumo zangoku ziyaqhubeka, nangona ukuphazamiseka kwenqwelo-moya kudala isilingi esiluncedo malunga neentsuku ezingama-35-40.
Ubalo Lwexabiso: Oko Kuthethwa Lusuku Lonke Lokuvaleka
Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Yemihla Ngemihla
suku ngalunye lokuvala amaxabiso :
- I-R250-300 lezigidi ukulahlekelwa yimveliso
- Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwemali oluzizigidi ezingama-100
- Ukuphazamiseka okuncinane kweshishini
- I-R250-80 lezigidi kulahleko lokhenketho
- I-$30-50 ezigidi ekulibaziseni ukulungiselela irhafu
- [[UMTHL:0] Iqumrhu: $400-500 ezigidi ngosuku[[UMTL:1]
Umonakalo Obangelwa Kukukhula Ekuhambeni Kwexesha
[[FLT: 0]: Ukuphazamisa okuncinci, isiphumo sokhuseleko esigciniweyo Week 2: Kuqala ukuphoswa kweheckck yomhlawulo, iinkonzo zicoceke [[[FLT:]] Week 3: ungqubano lwetyala, iibhanki zokutya ezongezelelweyo : uweek 4 [[FLTY:7]: umonakalo lwezoqoqosho luqokelelwe [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] 5 [FLT] [FL:] iingozi zenkqubo zokonakala, isantya se-teletskieting]
ICongressgational Uhlaziyo lweSebe Loqingqo - mali lwafumanisa ukuba emva kweentsuku ezingama - 30, malunga nama - 30 ekhulwini elahleko yezoqoqosho aya kuhlala ihleli, yaye ayisayi kuze ibuye nasemva kokuba urhulumente ephinde wavula.
Izicombululo Nokhuseleko: Indlela Yokulinganisela Ixesha Lokuphelelwa Ngumdla
Izandi zomthetho zokukhusela ukuvaleka okululiweyo
[[UMTL: 0] Izigqibo eziQhubekayo ezizenzekelayo zingaxhasa urhulumente kwimigangatho engaphambili:
- Isusa izivingco njengezixhobo zezobupolitika
- I-Ofisi yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko
- Isetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwamanye amazwe
- Inkxaso yeBhartisan kodwa ayimiswanga
[[UMTHETHO: 0] Imisebenzi yokuthintela ukuhla phantsi [ ecetyiweyo iquka:
- Akukho mbuyekezo weBhunga ngexesha lokuvalwa
- Isigqibo sokunqumama de kube sekusombululweni
- Imali eninzi esetyenziswayo
- Iiseshoni ezifunekayo imihla ngemihla de kube sisivumelwano
Iinguqu zeSizwe ngexesha lokuvala kwengingqi:
- Imali ye-Utah efumaneka kuqingqo-mali lwephondo
- INew York igubungela iMithetho yeLiberty
- IArizona igcine iGrand Canyon ivulekile
- Uboniso lokuvala urhulumente lungaphepheki
Isizathu Sokuba Imigudu Yokuthintela Isilele
Phezu kwayo nje isivumelwano sehlabathi esivala imali ize ingenzi nto:
- Amaqela amancinane abona isixhathiso sokuvala isisongelo
- Abavoti bokuqala bafumana inkxwaleko ngokuyekelela
- Ukukhutshwa kwamajelo eendaba kuyakhula xa kuvinjwa
- Ukuxhotyiswa kwemali ngexesha longquzulwano
- Akukho nto ilandelayo ilandelayo ebangelwa zizobupolitika
Kude kubekho utshintsho olukhoyo kwiinkqubo, ukuvalwa kwezinto kuya kuqhubeka yaye kusenokusiba mbi ngakumbi.
Ukulungiselela Ukuvaleka Kwexesha Elizayo: Ukuceba Ixesha Elisebenzisekayo
Kubantu Abahlukahlukeneyo
Ukuba udityaniswe nozwelonke, lungiselela ukuvala ixesha elingapheliyo:
- [[UMTLL:0]30+ iintsuku[[UMKCU]: Yakha ingxowa-mali yexesha kaxakeka
- Umltiples Dable: Cinga omnye rhoqo kwiminyaka 2-3
- Ucwangciso lokulungisa : Cinga ngomngcipheko wokuvalwa kumsebenzi wequmrhu
[[UMTL_HAWU] kubahambi [[UMKROPE]:
- Kuphephe ukuchitha amajelo karhulumente uSeptemba 25 - Oktobha 10 (utshintsho lonyaka)
- Izindlu ezithengwayo kufutshane neepaki zesizwe
- Zilungiselele ukulungiselela ukhenketho lweD.C.
- Jonga ubume bokuvala ngaphambi kokuhamba
ISebe
[[UMTHL:0] Izakhiwo zezeenkonzo kufuneka zicebe:
- Ulibaziseko lwentlawulo lweentsuku ezingama-35
- Akukho mbuyekezo wangasemva ngomsebenzi olahlekileyo
- Imfuno yemigca yokuthenga ngetyala egubungela imihla engama-60+
- Ukwahlula ngokwengeniso karhulumente
[[UMTL:0] Ishishini lobuThwaliselwano kufutshane namanxuwa orhulumente:
- Gcina iziqulathi zeefayili ezigciniweyo zovalwa kweentsuku ezingama-40
- Uphuhliso lwezibonelelo ezingezozentengo
- Cinga nge-inshorensi yokuvala inqanam
- Ulwakhiwo lwemeko/intsebenziswano lwangaphakathi
Inkcitho
[[UMTHL:0] Imimandla exhomekeke kwi-Federal kufuneka:
- Uncedo olukhawulezileyo
- Ukuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphucula izoqoqosho
- Ukwakhiwa kwebhulorho yenkxaso-mali yemeko
- Lungisa ukuba ukutya kuvele njani
- Ucwangciso lwemini eziphazamisayo ezingama-40+
Isiphelo: Inkcitho ephazamisayo Yozinzo lwaseMelika
Ixesha elide kangakanani urhulumente evala ixesha elidlulileyo? Imbali ibonisa ukuba akukho mda ngaphandle kokuthanda kwezobupolitika, kwaye elo qondo lihlala lisongezwa. ubude obugqithisileyo bokuvalwa kwimbali[ iintsuku ezingamashumi amabini anamashumi amabini anesithandathu [ientsuku] kunyaka 2018-2019]. Inokwenzeka ukuba igqithise kakhulu njengendawo ehambayo kwaye inqanda ukuba zizenzeke izixhobo zezobupolitika. Oku kwaqala njengeengxaki zempelaveki ezifutshane kwinyanga yowe-8080 ithengenwa ngamaxabiso angamawaka ezigidi ngexa kungekho nto.
Umlinganiselo ucacile: ixesha ngalinye lokuvala lihlala ixesha elide kunexesha elidlulileyo. Iminyaka yonyaka ka1980 yaba neentsuku ezimbini ngokwesiqhelo. Iminyaka yowe - 1990 yatsibela kwientsuku ezingama-21. Iminyaka yowama-2010 yafikelela iintsuku ezingama-35. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zinika iprojekthi yokuvala izakhiwo kwixesha elizayo zinganyusa iintsuku ezingama-40-50 njengoko ukuhla kwencam yomhlaba kuqhubeka kunyuka kwaye izikhuseli zolawulo zolawulo zingekaphumi.
Esi sixhobo siphambili kufuneka silumkise wonke umntu waseMelika. Xa idemokhrasi engcungelayo yehlabathi iphinda ingaphumeleli ukwenza owona msebenzi usisiseko karhulumente . "ukuhlala isebenza" kubonakalisa ukungasebenzi okusisiseko. Akukho hlanga luphule uqingqo-mali oluvumela iimpikiswano zokuvala urhulumente ngokungenasiphelo. Ziye zakhiwa iziphakamiso zesiphaluka: ukuqhubekeka koqingqo-mali okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota okuxhobisa unyulo, okanye ubuchule bokubonelela ngemali. IMelika kuphela ivumela imidlalo yemidlalo yezopolitiki ukuba yolo loyise kwinkonzo kawonke wonke.
Inkcitho yabantu ithatha ixesha elide. Usuku ngalunye olongezelelekileyo lokuvalwa kwenqanawa luthetha ukuba abanye abasebenzi abangama-80 000 bajongene neengxaki zemali, ezinye izigidi ezine zenkomfa ziphulukana nengeniso ngokusisigxina, yaye abantu abaninzi bachaphazeleka ngokwezoqoqosho. Ngaphandle kweziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ukuvalwa kwezithuthi ezinamachule kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke, ukudodobala kolawulo lwezizukulwana.
Ukuqonda ixesha lokuvala akuyonto ibalulekileyo nje yemfundo kuphela ukuze kucetywe ubuchule bokwenza umsebenzi womsebenzi womntu ngamnye noqoqosho kwixesha apho urhulumente evalweyo efana nesiqhelo. Ukuba ungumsebenzi wengingqi, uyinkomfa, umnini weshishini, okanye ummi oxhomekeke kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente, umbuzo asingokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba omnye umsebenzi uza kuvala kodwa ukuba uza kuhlala ixesha elide kangakanani.
Imbali icebisa ukuvalwa kwenqanawa okulandelayo kuza kubande kuneko yokugqibela. De iMelika iphumeze utshintsho oluqwalaselwe yiyo yonke idemokhrasi, abemi kufuneka balungiselele ikamva apho urhulumente evala ixesha elingapheliyo ama-40, 50, okanye kwaneentsuku ezingama-60 ziba yinto entsha. [ ubude borhulumente wokuvala [ irekhodi] izakuphulwa kwakhona de inkqubo yezobupolitika igqibele ukuvuma oko kusele kukwazi: urhulumente ozivala ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngurhulumente oyekile ukusebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo [].
Ngomongo owongezelelekileyo kwiziphumo zokuvala nokulungiselela, bona [[FLT: 0] uhlalutyo lwe-ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo-mali kunye ne-Prom Government Accomptification Office iingxelo ze-ofisi yokuzimela [ kwiindleko zokuvala nokucima nokuthatha ixesha elide.
