Xa kufikelelwa yintlekele, okanye inkanyamba, okanye isenzo sobugrogrisi esiphakamayo yile: ngubani othatha ityala? EUnited States, impendulo ayisoloko icacile ngenxa yenkqubo yelizwe elingurhulumente. Oorhulumente norhulumente bamazwe baneendima ezahlukeneyo, kodwa iimbopheleleko zabo zidibana kwaye maxa wambi ziyangqubana. Ukuqonda indlela ezi migangatho mibini karhulumente edibana ngayo ngexesha lengxaki kuyimfuneko kubaphathi bongxamiseko, abenzi bemithetho, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo. Olu hlalutyo olu lwandisiweyo lumba lugcingela kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko, uphando lokwenene lwehlabathi, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo oluchaza ukusabela kwemeko eMerika namhlanje.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuphendula kweengxaki

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States umisela ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe. Ngaphantsi kweSinyuso seTenteth , amagunya angaphathiswanga urhulumente wesizwe agcinwe kumazwe. Oku kuquka “amandla aqhelekileyo” ukukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nobuntlalo-ntle babemi. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni umgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela kwiimeko ezininzi. Urhulumente worhulumente, okwangoku, uqukelele amagunya esizwe, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolwalamano lobuzwe lwangaphandle, kunye nolwalo .

Esi sicwangciso somgaqo-siseko sidala inkqubo yokuphendula egqunywe ngomaleko. Oorhulumente bengingqi (iimfuno) ngabokuqala ukuthatha inyathelo. Xa ubuncwane basekuhlaleni boyiswa, irhuluneli yephondo ingavakalisa uxakeka kwaye ithumele amasebe karhulumente. Ukuba le ntlekele ingaphaya komthamo karhulumente, irhuluneli ingacela uncedo kurhulumente ngeli [ Act [iindawo, i-FLT] Act ka- 1988, evumela uMongameli ukukhokela oovimba borhulumente ngokungqalileyo . [kuquka i-FeMA] i-Fodmedmed synced syndreagency (uku) i-omatika karhulumente. Le ndlela icetyikisiweyo yenzelwe ukulondoloza ulawulo lorhulumente ngelixa kuqinisekisa umnatha wokhuseleko wesizwe.

Ukujonga nzulu kuMthetho weStafford, bona [[FLT: 0] FEMA Stafford Act act imfihlo yento.[[FLT: 1]

Iimbopheleleko Zorhulumente Zisengxakini

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko ephambili esemthethweni nesebenzayo yokulawula iingozi kwimida yabo. Urhulumente ngamnye unesebe lolawulo longxamiseko (njengeTexas Division of Emergency Management okanye i-Ofisi yeRhuluneli ye-Emergency Service) elungelelanisa ukulungiselela, ukuphendula nokubuyela. Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yesigqeba ngexesha lengxaki, inamagunya okukhupha imiyalelo yezolawulo, ithumela i-National Guard, kwaye icela uncedo lwaseluntwini.

Iinkonzo Zexesha Lengozi Nabaphendula kuqala

Isitatimente kunye nezokuqala iziphendu zasekuhlaleni .[police, umlilo, iinkonzo zoncedo longxamiseko, guqula umgca wangaphambili wempendulo yamanqam. Aba basebenzi baqeqeshwa kwaye baxhotyiswe ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni ayaphengulula kwaye ahlangule, ngelixesha amapolisa alawula izikhuseli kunye nolawulo lwetrafishi. umkhosi wesizwe wesizwe usisisodwa: phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, uphantsi komyalelo werhuluneli. Iiyunithi zokhuseleko zinokwenziwa ukuze zixhaswe ngokwenkxaso yemibutho, ii-logi, kunye nokhuseleko, zikhupha umsantsa phakathi kwe-omatilathi yomkhosi bomkhosi.

Ukuphendula kwentlekele nokulungiselela ukuchacha

Imo nganye igcina isicwangciso solawulo longxamiseko olunento yokwenza nolawulo longxamiseko oludwelisa iindima zoorhulumente (ukuguqula, impilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume) kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ezi zicwangciso zithetha yonke into ukusuka kwindlela zokufuduka kunye nemisebenzi yokukhusela ukulahla ukungcola kunye nokuphucuka kwezoqoqosho. Amazwe akwaqhuba izicwangciso kunye nemithambo yokuvavanya ukulungele kwawo. Umzekelo, iDevision of Emergency Megency Ilawula iqhuba inkqubo yonyaka neyo yoomatshini bongxamiseko, ibandakanya abaphathi bengingqi, oomatshini abasebenza kwimimandla efuna uncedo, abasebenzi, kunye necandelo labucala.

Ukugula Kwabantu Bonke

Amasebe ezempilo karhulumente akhokela ukusabela ekuqhambukeni kwezifo, njengomkhuhlane okanye i-COVID-19. Anegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yokuzifunela ngokwahlukana kunye nemiyalelo yokuhlalisana kwamalungu oluntu, aqhube amaphulo okugoma, asasaze inkxaso yezamayeza evela kwisifo se-Stectical National Stockpile. Ngexesha le-COVID-19, urhulumente ngamnye umisela imigaqo yakhe ekutshixeni, izigunyaziso zokufihla isigqubuthelo, kunye nokuvala koshishino, okubonisa ukwahlukahlukana kwesigqibo somgangatho womgangatho karhulumente kwimiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke.

Izixhobo zoMkhosi weRhulumente ezongezelelweyo

  • Ingqokelela yoncedo yoMsebenzi: Ama-United States angabelana ngezixhobo ngezivumelwano ezifana neMergency Management Affect Compation (EMAC), evumela iimeko ukuba zicele abasebenzi nezixhobo ezivela kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo solawulo.
  • Amandla kaGovernor: Irhuluneli ingamisa imimiselo, igunyazise ulawulo lwamaxabiso, okanye ilungise izabelo zoqingqo-mali zikarhulumente ukukhulula imali yoxakeka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilizwe lixhaswe iNgxowa-mali yeShelters kunye neMinikezelo: Uninzi lwamazwe angaphambili kwesethi (unikezelo lwamanzi, ukutya, iikhothi) kwindawo ezicwangcisiweyo kwaye lusebenzisa iindlela zazo zokufihla ikhusi.

Iimbopheleleko Zorhulumente Womanyano Zisengxakini

Urhulumente wengingqi akakhokeli ngokuqhelekileyo kwiziphumo zentlekele kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Indima yakhe kukuxhasa kunye nesongezo urhulumente kunye nemigudu yasekuhlaleni xa ubukhulu bentlekele busoyisa ubuchule bombuso. Umbutho ophambili wenkonzo yentlekele yasekhaya yi FEMA, kodwa amanye amaqumrhu anikela ``kuquka iSebe lezempilo nezoncedo loluntu (HS) ukwenzela inkxaso yomkhosi (DoD) kunye neSebe leSebe lezeMpi yomkhosi (DOD) ukwenzela ukukhusela izibonelelo.

Ukuhlawulwa kwezibonelelo

I-Stafford Act inika uMongameli amandla okuvakalisa “intlekele enkulu” okanye“imposiso,” uvula izibonelelo kunye noncedo olungqalileyo lukarhulumente. Imali-mali yomanyano ingagquma ukuya kuma-75% karhulumente ofanelekileyo kunye neendleko zasekuhlaleni zokususa ukungcola, amanyathelo okhuseleko olungxamisekileyo, kunye nokwakha kwakhona izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke. I-FEMA ikwasebenza nabasebenzi, iiyunithi zonxibelelwano, kunye nezibonelelo ngothungelwano lwayo. INgxowa-mali yoMnikezelo olunoMsebenzi we-Msebenzi ye-RCSPGPLD [, igcwaliswe yiKhontraktro, izikhuphiso ezisebenzayo.

Ulwazi ngendlela i-FEMA ehambisa ngayo imali, tyelela udweliso lwenkqubo yoncedo lukawonke-wonke.

Umanyano nenkxaso esebenzayo

I-FEMA i- I-Fourse Resource Fource Work [NRF] ichaza indlela abaququzeli besizwe abalungelelanisa ngayo norhulumente, nommandla wesizwe, wesizwe, kunye noorhulumente. I-NRF imisa 15 yeNDER yoMxhasi weNdlela yokuxhasa iMbetho (ESTFS), njengendlela yokuthutha, unxibelelwano, kunye nenkathalo, nganye ikhokelwa ngumbutho wesizwe omiselweyo. Ngexesha lentlekele enkulu, [[FLT:] iFOD] iFOD [FOD] Couristatizarticating [[FLT] [F:N] inikezela ngomyalelo oqhelekileyo wendlela yokusebenza ([FLT.3]) kuncedo kulawulo olufanayonke urhulumente kunye nolulo lwezolwimi. [FOD:4]

Unqabiseko Lwesizwe Neemeko Ezikhethekileyo

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo ezibandakanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe . "njengohlaselo lwabagrogrisi" okanye isiganeko senyukliya, urhulumente wesizwe angathatha indima ekhokelayo. Inkxaso yeDefense yamaGunya aBami (DSCA]) ivumela iDoD ukuba inikezele amandla angaqhelekanga (umzekelo, izibhedlele zomkhosi, izibhedlele, okanye amaqela okukhulula uluntu) kwisicelo samagunya amakhaya. UMongameli unalo igunya lokunika uRhulumente wesizwe , ewuthatha ngaphandle kolawulo lomthetho ukuba unyanzelo lwasemganganiso okanye ukusabela kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni ephakathi kwemibutho yabemi kunye nasemva kweTshone.

Imisebenzi yempilo yoluntu

  • [[NTL:0]CDC neHHHS: Iziko le-U.S. lezoLawulo lwezifo nothintelo (CDC) linika ukhangelo lwezifo, inkxaso yelebhu, kunye nokhokelo lwempilo kawonke-wonke. Ulawulo lwezentengiso ze-Critegic Lingnes and Resource (ASPR) lulawula i-Statuc National Stockpile[ ye-StockPlatence kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
  • Inkqubo yeNational Disaster Disaster Medical: Amaqela anokususwa oogqirha, abongikazi, kunye naboncedo lokuqala abongezelelayo kwisixokelelwano sonyango lwasekuhlaleni.
  • I-Vacciation kunye nemilinganiselo yezonyango: Urhulumente wezwe uthethana nokusasaza amachiza onyango, njengoko kubonwa ngezixhobo zokugonya ze-COVID-19 kunye namayeza alwa ne-antiviral emfiliba.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Yeziphene

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ityhila imidlalo edlalayo(/namanye amaxesha intlupheko) phakathi kwemisebenzi yelizwe neyoluntu.

Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005)

Ukusabela kwiSitshingitshane uKatrina kudla ngokuchazwa njengokusilela kwentsebenziswano kuwo omabini la manqanaba. Ilizwana laseLouisiana alizange liyisebenzise ngokupheleleyo ingcinga yalo yongxamiseko, kwaye isixeko saseNew Orleans sasilela ngentlekele. Irhuluneli yacela uncedo lukarhulumente, kodwa impendulo ka-FEMA yacotha, yaphazanyiswa kukungalawuleki kwegunya kunye nemigca engacacanga yegunya. Urhulumente wagxekwa ngokungafaki zixhobo ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, ngoxa urhulumente wabekwa icala ngokungawuniki umkhosi opheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba u-FEMA. Emva kokuba u-Carma, ucwangciso-mthetho lwe-operal, lwaqinisa u-National Revision France , kwaye wagxininisa ukubaluleka kocwangciso kunye noncedo loncedo.

“ UKatrina wasifundisa ukuba xa amandla oluntu norhulumente wobulali oyisikekile, impendulo karhulumente kufuneka ikhawuleziswe kwaye ilungelelaniswe. Kwaye kwaboniswa ukuba amazwe akanakuxhomekeka kuphela kwiWashington/-amele akhe uhlalutyo oluqinileyo lwawo.” – I-Congressionional Research Service

I-COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Isifo esingubhubhani sabalaselisa indlela yokusebenzisa ipesenti. Ama-United States asebenzisa amanyathelo onyango oluluqilima oluqilima olubekwe kuluntu, amanye ahlala evulekile. Urhulumente wengingqi, esebenzisa iCDC neHHHS, wakhupha imigaqo enika imiqathango kodwa akazange ayalele ukuba isohlwayo sizwenibanzi. IHouse eWhite House yalungelelanisa i [ Isantya se-Warp uphuhliso lwe-chinithi, kunye nengqungquthela yemithetho ye-Candelo idlulise iindleko ezininzi ezinika iindleko ezitheneyo ezinika uncedo oluthe ngqo kumaphondo, amashishini, nabantu ngabanye. Noko ke, ukunqongophala kwemithetho yezopoliti ekhokelela ekuguquleni iisigqubuthelo kunye nemichiza, ukuquluko. Izenzo ze-CMT]

Inkanyamba uHarvey (2017)

I-Texas yabonisa intsebenziswano esebenzayo kurhulumente. I-Texas yaqhelisela uqheliselo olunzulu lwenkanyamba yaye yaba nolwalamano oluqinileyo ne-FEMA. Urhulumente wakhawuleza wacela isibhengezo esikhulu sentlekele, kunye noncedo olubekwe kuqala. Ukhuselo lonxweme noloMgaqo-mkhosi weSizwe lwaqhuba amawaka abantu abahlangulayo. Le ntlekele yabonisa ukuba xa omabini amanqanaba enxibelelana kwaye elungelelaniswa ngenkqubo yoMyalelo we-Incident System, ukusabela nokuchachacha kunokwenziwa ngokuphumelelayo.

Imililo yaseNtshona (2020-2022)

Imililo yemililo ekwisibhaka-bhaka eKhalifoniya, e-Oregon, naseWashington ibonisa imida yoovimba belizwe. Inkonzo yeQela lase-U.U.S. ilawula imimandla emikhulu yelizwe lamahlathi, kodwa imililo ayiyeki kwimida elawulayo. EUnited States kufuneka icele ii-injini zokulwa umlilo, iinqanawa zokuthutha inqwelo-moya, kunye namaqela abaphathi bemeko. INational MultâgeAgency Coordinatifinding Group[ inikezela ngezi zinto zikhoyo ezinqabileyo. Ngexesha lonyaka womlilo, ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamazwe ezoqoqosho lwempahla yorhulumente luba lukhulu, lubhenca ubugobo obunamandla, lubonakalisa ubuthathaka kwinkqubo yolwano lwemali.

Ukusabela Kwiingxaki

Phezu kwako nje ukucaca komgaqo - siseko namava angamashumi eminyaka asebenzayo, urhulumente ujamelana nemiqobo engapheliyo.

Umanyano Nokuwohloka Konxibelelwano

Umgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente usoloko usebenzisa iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo kunye namagama ahlukeneyo. Kwanakwi-NIMS, ukusebenzisana kuhlala kulucelomngeni. Umzekelo, ngexesha leSitshingitshane uMichael ngo-2018, amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni azama ukufikelela kwii-ofisi ze-FEMA kumasimi ngenxa yokubethana konomathotholo. Imithambo yamalungu adityanisiweyo kunye nobuchule bokudibanisa izithuba kufuneka zifakwe kwibhulorho.

Umahluko kavimba

Amaphondo afumileyo aneziseko zerhafu ezinkulu angayithenga ngokungcono iinqobo zolawulo longxamiseko, abasebenzi abangakumbi, kunye nemali eshicilelweyo. Amahlwempu, ingakumbi lawo aseGulf Coast naseAppalachia, asenokungabi nazibonelelo kunye nokukwazi ukuphendula ngokunempumelelo. Iindlela zoncedo ezisekelwe kubemi kunye nengeniso yomgangatho we-76capita elungiselelwe ukucutha ibala lokudlala, kodwa urhulumente we- ­bynqq

Uqhekeko Olungokwasemthethweni Nolwezobupolitika

Ngexesha leengxaki, iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zingavela kwimida yegunya likarhulumente. Umzekelo, i- Possitus Comitatus Act ithintela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi osebenzayo 76duthy kumsebenzi womthetho, okungabangela ukuba inkxaso yesizwe ekuphazamisekeni kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Umkhosi wangaphambili wemithetho yempilo karhulumente uphinde wacinywa, kunye neenkundla ezixhasa igunya likarhulumente ngexesha longxamiseko ngaphandle kokuba umgaqo ocacileyo usebenze. Ingxubengo zepolitiki zingokokuba irhuluneli yeqela elinye lala uncedo lwesizwe olunikelwa ngumongameli weqela elinye.

Ukulindela Kwaseburhulumenteni Kuyaphikisana.

Abami abaninzi balindele ukuba urhulumente wephondo athathe inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na intlekele enkulu, kodwa inyaniso engokwasemthethweni yeyokuba kukho isikhokelo. Xa iFEMA ingadluliseli mpahla okanye abasebenzi ngoko nangoko, uluntu lusoloko lutyhola urhulumente worhulumente. Oku kungaqondakali kulindelwe kusenokuphelisa ukuthembana kurhulumente.

Indlela Enokuphuculwa Ngayo Inkqubo

Utshintsho oluninzi lungaqinisa ubudlelane borhulumente beengxaki:

  • Sebenzisa iMithetho ePhakamileyo yoMncedi: Yandisa iMemorge Management Consolation kwaye yenze ibe lula kumazwe ukucela uncedo ngaphaya kwemigca yombuso.
  • [[NTL:0] Imali eDasaster eyandisiweyo: Investice yonyuso ngakumbi kwimeko yemiqathango enika izinikezelo, njenge Prever precifiniaster Mitigation Program, enciphisa iindleko zexesha elide.
  • [[Uqeqesho:0] Ukuqeqesha ipetroli: Kufuneka imithambo eqhelekileyo yemigangatho emininzi ebandakanya urhulumente, ummandla, kunye norhulumente osebenzisa iinkqubo ezifanayo zomyalelo.
  • Inkqubo yobhengezo lwentlekele yoManyano loManyano: Lifutshane ixesha elifunekayo kwirhuluneli ukufikelela uMongameli, ingakumbi ukucotha kwentlekele ezifana nembalela okanye isifo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ugcino-lwazi olunentengiso oluXhasa: Yenza umfanekiso wokwenyani osetyenziswayo ngexesha elifutshane ofikeleleka kuwo onke amanqanaba, usebenzisa i-GIS kunye ne-alytics ezixelwe kwangaphambili.

Isiphelo

Ukusabela kwemeko embi eUnited States asiyonto ilula “yokulwa nomthetho.. ngumsebenzi osekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, ocociweyo ngamashumi eminyaka amava, kwaye uvavanywa ziziganeko ezisuka kwinkanyamba ukuya kwizifo ezimandundu. Oorhulumente bangamagunya angemiyo, besebenzisa ulwazi lwawo lwasekuhlaleni kunye negunya elisemthethweni, ngoxa urhulumente ulungiselela iziphumo zemali ezibalulekileyo, ezoburhulumente, ezobunzululwazi, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa xa umlinganiselo wentlekele ufuna ukuba injalo. Ukuphumelela kwalo manyano kuxhomekeke kwimimiselo ecacileyo, uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, kunye nokuzinikela ekusebenzeni ngaphaya kwemiqatha yomgangatho ngamnye. Ngokuqonda indima yomgangatho ngamnye.