Iintlobo zeenkqubo zokujija

Iinkqubo zolwakhiwo lwezakhelo lomelo lwedemokhrasi, ukuguqulela izikhethelo zomntu ngamnye kwizigqibo ezidibeneyo. Ukuqonda iindlela ezisemva kwezi nkqubo kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni ubulungisa nokusebenza kwazo. Iinkqubo ezibalaseleyo emhlabeni wonke ziquka Zokuqala-Past-Post (FTP), [[FLT:], [[FLT]] [MFF]] procerportationation procementation (MMP)[FT] [[7], [[FLT:]] [4]] unyuso olubalulekileyo [FLT] [FT] [FLT] [FFFFFFFFFF] kunye nesiphumo se-ogravence: [FFFFF]

Isiphelo- Sokuqala- Sesiphelo- (FPTP)

I-FPTP yeyona nkqubo yokhetho elula nedala kakhulu esetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Kwizithili ezikwilungu elinye, umvoti onenkoliso yevoti uphumelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphumelele uninzi. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwiUnited Kingdom, i-United States, i-Canada, iIndiya, kunye namathanga amaninzi angaphambili ase Britane. I-FPP ikhetha ukubala, amaqela asungulweyo kwaye isoloko ivelisa urhulumente omninzi.

Inzuzo yeFPTP

  • [[UMTL:0] I-intengiso: ikhetha umvo omnye; inkqubo icacile kwaye kulula ukuqhuba.
  • Iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo: Ukubala kucacile, ukuvumela iziphumo kwiyure ezimbalwa.
  • [[Uqhagamshelwano: 0] Uqhagamshelwano olunxulumeneyo: isithili ngasinye sikhetha ummeli omnye, sidala unxulumano oluthe ngqo lwelizwe phakathi kwabavoti neMP yabo.
  • Uzinzo lomthetho: FP idla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abaninzi abanokudlulisa umthetho ngaphandle kokuthethana ngesivumelwano.

Ingxaki yeFPTP

  • I-Disportiality: Iqela lingazuza uninzi lwezihlalo kunye neqaqobana levoti ethandwayo, njengoko kubonwa kunyulo lwe-UK apho amavoti aphumelele khona.
  • Ivoti ezivoti: ibonelela abaphulukani nentlanganiso okanye uphumelele kwisihlalo esikhuselekileyo ayichaphazeli siphumo, idimaza ukuphuma.
  • Umthetho wobunyani: osoloko uphumelela nge phendla elingaphantsi kwe 50% yevoti, ithetha ukuba abavoti abaninzi abazange baxhase ophumeleleyo.
  • Ukubekwa kweqela elincinci: Amaqela esithathu afumana izihlalo ezincinane kakhulu kunemvume yokuvota, ukunciphisa ukhetho lovoti kunye nomelo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo ze-PR zijolise ukwabela izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ngokulingana nevoti nganye eyamkelwe liqela ngalinye. Pary-list PR, esetyenziswa eSweden, eNetherlands, naseMzantsi Afrika, luhlobo oluxhaphakileyo. Iinqanawa zikhetha uluhlu lweqela, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ngokwee-sbease ngokusekelwe kwisabelo sovoti yesizwe okanye yengingqi. uluhlu lwe-ast iinguqulelo ezivumela ivoti ukuba iphembelela inkqubo yemithetho yecawara yomthetho-yodwa ngaphakathi kwiqela. PR zikhuthaza iicalities kwaye zifuna urhulumente ezihlukeneyo.

Inzuzo yePR

  • Ukuchana okukhoyo: ukwenziwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kusipili ezikhethelo zabanyuliweyo kufutshane kakhulu, kuquka iqela elincinane namaqela amancinane.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uxanduva: Amabhinqa namaqela angaphantsi asoloko efumana izihlalo ezingakumbi phantsi kwePR kuba amaqela angalinganisa uluhlu lwawo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Urhoxiso lwevoti: Phantse lonke uvoti lunegalelo kwisabelo sesihlalo seqela, lukhuthaza ukurhoxa okuphezulu.
  • Isiqinisekiso kunye nentsebenziswano: oorhulumente bamatyala bafuna ingxubusho enqamlezayo, enokukhokelela kwimigaqo eninzi evumelanisayo.

Iingozi zePR

  • [[UMTL:0] Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezidityanisiweyo: Amaqela amancinane amaninzi angangena epalamente, okwenza kube nzima ukwenza iminqophiso ezinzileyo. I-Itali ne-Israel ziye zafumana ukuwa okuxhaphakileyo korhulumente phantsi kwePR.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaqela athe tye: PR inganika iqonga kumaqela angenayo azakukhutshwa phantsi kwe FPTP. Unyuko lwamaqela asekunene kwiqela lendlela yePR yaseYurophu ibonisa lomngcipheko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uqhagamshelwano lwe-Weak: i Voters zisenokungabi nammeli wasekuhlaleni okhethekileyo omele aphendule, acuthe ukusabela.
  • Umlinganiselo: Iivota kufuneka ziqonde uluhlu lweqela, imiqobo, kunye nezixhobo ezidibanisayo, ezinokuba didanisa.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

RCV, eyaziwa ngokuba [[FLT: 0] I- Intempdant Vovoting kwimida ye-winner enye okanye eyodwa i Vote (STV) kwimimandla eninzi, ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo abangenisi ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoteki ufikelela kuninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umbathi wokugqibela wendawo uphelisiwe, kwaye amavoti abo aphinda-phinda asetyenziswe kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda-phinda de omnye umvotelelwanesonzi ufikelele uninzi. RCV isetyenziselwa unyulo lwamazwe ase-Australia nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni kwi-mincolodwa njengeSan Francisco neMinapolis.

Inzuzo yeRCV

  • [[UMTL:0] Izabelo ezinika iphulo elilungileyo: Abathathi-nxaxheba bafuna inkxaso yesibini-inkxaso evela kubavoti babachasi, ukunciphisa uhlaselo olubi.
  • Abaphumeleleyo: Oyena uphumeleleyo unenkxaso engaphezu kwe 50%, ekuphepheni ingxaki yemithetho yeqela yeFPTP.
  • Iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo: Ivoter zingaxhasa umvo oncinane ngaphandle kokoyika ukona intelekelelo ephambili ekhethwayo, kuba ibhola yabo iza kugqithisa.
  • Ukhetho olungaphezulu olufuna ingeniso: amabala abanzi anokwenzeka kuba ulwahlulo lwevoti luncitshiswa.

Iingozi zeRCV

  • [[FLT: 0] udideko lweVoter: Abanye abavoti bazama ukulwa nabavoti abaninzi abaphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinani eliphezulu leebhola zomloti ezibolileyo. Ufundo kwi San Francisco lwafumanisa malunga ne1% yeebhola zomsebenzi azisebenzi ngenxa yeempazamo eziphezulu.
  • Ukubala okuncinci: Ujikelezo luthatha ixesha elide kwaye lufuna i-software entsonkothileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iziphumo ezilibazisiweyo: Xa amavota evalekile, iziphumo zokugqibela zingesaziwa iintsuku okanye iiveki, njengokuba iiposi ezingaphakathi zifuna ukuphunyezwa kwaye zisetyenziselwe izihlandlo ezininzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvota: Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba i-RCV isenokuvelisa isimilo esibalulekileyo, ingakumbi kumasimi axineneyo.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

MMP idibanisa i FPTP ne PR ngokunika abavoti ababini: enye yevoti yezamkeli zobulali nenye yoluhlu lweqela. Uvotelwa uvotelo lwezigqibo zesithili (Ngokuqhelekileyo nge FPTP), kwaye uvotelo lweqela limisela ulwabelo lwezihlalo jikelele ukufumana iziphumo zokulungelelanisa. Izihlalo ezingaphezulu zingenzeka xa iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi zesithili kunesabelo salo somdibaniso, ezithi ngoko zihlawulelwe ngokudibanisa izihlalo ezithe kratya. IJamani neNew Zealand zingabasebenzisi abaphambili beMMP.

Inzuzo yeMMP

  • [[UMTL:0] Umelo oluqulunqweyo: Ivota zifumana zombini iMP yobulali kunye nomlinganiselo weqela elilungelelanisiweyo, zitshata ezona nkqubo zilungileyo zombini.
  • Irhoxisile ivoti ezilahlwayo: ivoti yeqela iqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso yamaqela amancinane isabalulekile kumelo lonke.
  • Iziphumo ze- Iziphumo ze-Fainer:[ MMP ivelisa iziphumo ezithe tye kune-FPTP ecocekileyo ngexesha ugcino umelo lwezwe.
  • Ulawulo olusemthethweni: Izahlulo zidla ngokwenza imidibaniso, kodwa ubukho be-MP yobulali bunganika uzinzo.

Iingozi zeMMP

  • Iiklasi ezimbini zeeMP: iiMP zinamaqhina obuhlobo anamandla kunoluhlu lwee-MP, zidala ukungalungelelani.
  • Ukulandela: Abavoti abaninzi abaqondi ukuba amavoti abo amabini adityaniswe njani ukumisela iipesenti zezihlalo. eNew Zealand, amaphulo emfundo evoti ayefuneka.
  • Izihlalo ezingaphezulu: ezongeziweyo zingazalisa ubungakanani bepalamente, njengokuba kubonwa kwiBoundestag yaseJamani, eye yakhula yafikelela kwizihlalo ezingaphezulu kwama-700 ngenxa yokugqithisa nokuhlisa izihlalo.
  • Ukungazinzi kokukhutshwa kwemali: Njenge PR, MMP ingakhokelela kurhulumente abangachacha--chachayo abafuna ingxubusho eqhubekayo phakathi kwamaqela.

Ukususa Ukuphumelela kweenkqubo zokuthutha imveliso

Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphina inkqubo yokuvota kungavavanywa ngokuchasene nemigangatho emine yedemokhrasi: unikezelo, ukusebenziseka, [ ukhuphiso- mali [, kunye no-'ubalo lwexabiso [[. Akukho nkqubo ingaphaya kwazo zonke ezine, kunye norhwebo lungaphepheki. Ukhetho olufanelekileyo luxhomekeke kwimpucuko yelifa lelizwe, imeko yembali, kunye nolawulo.

Umelo

Umelo lubonisa ngokuchanekileyo indlela indlu yowiso-mthetho ebonakalisa ngayo iinketho zonyulo. Iinkqubo ze-PR zifumana inqaku eliphezulu kule metric, ngokusoloko zifumana isihlalo sihlanganyela phakathi kwemilinganiselo embalwa yevoti. IGlaghher Index, umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo we-diffiationation, rhoqo ubonisa amazwe anjenge-PR yase South Africa kunye ne Netherlands anamaxabiso esezantsi esalathayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, [[FFLT:2] FTP[FFLT][3] isoloko ivelisa iproportigamentialtion, umzekelo ophezulu, kunyulo- 2019 lwaseKnanicana, i-Liberalve iphumelele 33% yevoti ye-M kodwa izihlalo ze-Greenet. [5]

Noko ke, ukumela kukwaquka ukuchaza umelo oluchazayo ngezantsi, ukuze izipili zendlu yowiso-mthetho zikwazi ukuvelisa inani lamabhinqa amaninzi kunye neqela elincinane lobuhlanga ngenxa yoludwe lwenkqubo yeqela elivumela ukuba libekho ngabom. Ngo-2021, iRiksdag yaseSweden yayingama-46%, xa kuthelekiswa nama-24% kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo ze-UK.

Unqabiseko

Ubuchule bubhekiselele kubuchule borhulumente bokulawula ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kotshintsho oluqhelekileyo. FTP ngokwembali ivelisa ezona zixhobo zorhulumente abazimeleyo, ezinexesha elide kwi-PR. Umzekelo, i-UK ibinonyulo oluqhelekileyo kuphela ukususela ngo 1945, nexesha elipheleleyo elipheleleyo kwixesha. PR kunye neMMP isoloko iphumela kurhulumente olungelelanisiweyo onokuthi awenalo ukuba iqabane lomtshato lirhoxe inkxaso. Phakathi ko 1945 no-2010, i-Itali ibinorhulumente engaphezu kwama-60. Kodwa zonke iinkqubo zePR ziyadityaniswe, ii-PLT, ezinamavandlanawo amanani aphezulu e-Sweden.

Ukuzinza kuxhomekeke kwingqeqesho yeqela, inani lamaqela, kunye neenkqubo zombutho ezifana nezivoti zokungathembi (esetyenziswe eJamani naseSpeyin), ezifuna ukubuyiselwa kubizwa phambi kokuba urhulumente asuswe. Oku kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki nakwiinkqubo zolungelelwaniso.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba

Ujiko lungumlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokuthabatha inxaxheba. Amazwe ane [[FLT: 0] PR iinkqubo zithambeka ngokuba nojiko oluphezulu kunalawo ane FTP][. Ngokwendlela ye-'FLT' ye-ID [FLT] yehlabathikazi' esezantsi[[[FLT:]], i-avarejiji ye-PR ijikeleze i 77%, ithelekisa ne 65% kumazwe e FPTPP. Umahluko ubangelwa yimeko ngenxa yokuba iPR inciphisa ukuvota kwaye inika amaqela amancinane amathuba okwenyaniso okuphumelela, abonakala evelisa ingeniso. [FLD: FT][FFFF]

Imithetho yokuvota enyanzelisayo, njengase-Ostreliya (esebenzisa i-RCV kwiNdlu), ityhala ngaphezulu kwe-90%. Noko ke, ukunyanzeleka yinkqubo eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yokuvota ngokwayo. Inxaxheba ikwaquka inani lamaqela kunye nokhetho olukhoyo. Iinkqubo ze-PR zinika ukhetho olungakumbi, olunokwenzeka ukunyuka komanyano.

Umbuzo

Ukunika ingxelo kuqinisekisa abavoti ukuba banokufumana umvuzo okanye bohlwaye. FTP inika ityala elicacileyo: isithili ngasinye sinommeli onyuliweyo othe wakhethwa endaweni yaso. Olu qhagamshelwano lwelizwe lucacile. [ PR , ukuphendula kukhutshelwa kuba abakhethi amaqela kunokuba abantu ngabanye basetyenziswe (ngaphandle koluhlu oluvulekileyo). Oorhulumente abanoxanduva olucacileyo abanokubekwa ityala, njengoko amaqela enokuthi abeke ityala omnye nomnye kwimigaqo engathandwayo. [[FLT.[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [5], ukuqinisekisa okulungele aba babiniyo ngokugcina i-MP ngexesha elinye lomlinganiselo we-MP, kodwa besebenzisa uluhlu oluthe ngqo kwi-mp.

RCV uphuculo loxanduva lokuziphendulela ngokunyulwa kwabatshayeli abanoninzi lwenkxaso, kodwa inkqubo yokufudusa ingadida abavoti malunga nokuba ngubani onoxanduva lweziphumo zenkqubo. Kwizithili ezininzi ezisebenzisa i-STV, ukuphendula kunzima ngakumbi kuba abameli abaninzi abasuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo bakhonza indawo enye.

Iinkqubo Ezimanyeneyo Nemikhwa Yotshintsho

Amazwe amaninzi ahlola okanye amkela iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo kunye nezitsha ukudibanisa amandla emodeli ezikhoyo. Ezinye ezidluliselweyo Vote (STV) kwimimandla emininzi, esetyenziswa eIreland naseMalta, zidibanisa ii-choce ezidityanisiweyo nePR. Abathathi-nxaxheba basebenzisa i-odoli kwimimandla ekhoyo, kwaye i-quotations isetyenziswa ukuvelisa iiziphumo ezithelekisayo ngexesha logcino lokhetho lomntu kunye nomelo oluqhelekileyo.

Inkqubo ezimbini ezingqukuva (TRS), ezisetyenziswa kunyulo lomongameli waseFransi nolomthetho, zibandakanya umjikelo wokuqala apho nawuphi na umbhaptizi anokuwufanelekela khona umjikelo wesibini ukuba ugqitha kumda. Oku kukhuthaza imidibaniso ephakathi kodwa inokuba nexabiso eliphezulu kunye nexesha-ukuqokelela. Kumanye amazwe, njengoMali kunye neUkraine, iTRS ithathelwe indawo ngenxa yokujika phantsi kwimijikelezo yesibini.

Ukuvota okungqubanayo kunye Ukuvota (okubizwa ngokuba kukhetho loluhlu]] kuzuza umdla wemfundo. Ukuvota okugunyazisiweyo kuvumela abavoti ukukhetha abaza kukhetha abaninzi njengoko bevumela; umvotelwa ngenkoliso yokuphumelela. Ukuvota kuvumela abavoti ngamnye athathe isantya somvotisi kwisikali. Ezi nkqubo azimkelwa ngokubanzi kodwa ziye zavavanywa kwiminye yonyulo yasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho yabucala.

Utshintsho luyasebenza kumazwe amaninzi. [[FFLT:0] I-Canada, ikomiti yepalamente yonyaka 2016 yancomela ukuba kubekho utshintsho oludityanisiweyo lwenkqubo yeqela, kodwa urhulumente weLiberal waluyeka utshintsho. [ [[FLT:] [FLT]] waba ne- 2011 ekwamkeleni [[FLT:] i-ARC] i-Altern Vote (AVT) [[FT:5] kwindlu Yoompulazo, eyahlulwa ka-32.[FFFFFT:6] [evoct:], utshintsho oluphumelelayo [[10], RVC] ukuquka ukuquka unyuko olungundoqo, ukuquka unyuko olungundoqo (onyuko , ulungele uhlanga oluninzi lwelizwe, [FT][5]] [FT]]

Isiphelo

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokuvota akuze nanini na kuthathi-nxaxheba; impembelelo evakalayo, indlela oorhulumente ababunjwa ngayo, nendlela abemi abadibana ngayo nedemokhrasi yabo. FTP isoloko ixhaphakile ngenxa yokuthamba kwayo nokuzinza, kodwa iintsilelo zayo zibhalwe kakuhle. R[FLT][FLT] [MP:3] inika ulungelelwaniso oluphezulu kunye nokungalungelelanisekiyo okuphakathi kwexabiso kunye neziphumo ezithenjiweyo. RCV [FLT] ibonelela uninzi lwabaphumelele nokunciphisa iimpembelelo eziphangaleleyo kodwa lungabhidityanileyo. [FLT:] [FFLT]] [FLT]] [5] iziphumo ezidityaniweyo kunye neenkqubo eziphakathi kwendlela ezithenjiweyo, kufuneka zidityaniswe kwimbali, neemeko ezitheneyo, neenjongo zobuzwe, kunye nezinga.

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kubalulekile kubafundisi-lwazi, abaququzeleli benkqubo, kunye nabemi abatshayelelayo. Imigudu eqhubekayo yotshintsho kumazwe amaninzi ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvota azimi ndawonye . Ziyaguquka njengemibutho ephinda ijonge iinjongo zedemokhrasi kwakhona. Ukuqhubeka ifunda, i-ACE Ectoral Knethwele Ulwazi olunzulu [[ inikezela ngolwazi oluthelekisayo, kunye nezifundo zemfundo ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwayo yoomatilo-data, Iinkqubo zovota: A Confection Instruction [ [Factrell], 2011) inikela uhlaluko olunzulu. Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphi nayiphi inkqubo yokuvota kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekusebenza ngayo kakuhle, ezifuna zokwenziwa ngayo zoomatiso oluluko, ezifuna zozibinizo zozibini zomsebenzi.