Isiseko Sembali Sokungavisisani Kolawulo Olusebukhosini

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzibopheleleni ime njengenye yeyona migaqo ihlala ihleli kwaye iphikiswayo kumthetho waseMelika. Isekelwe kumgaqo wesiNgesi samaxesha aphakathi othi "ukumkani akanakwenza nto iphosakeleyo," le mfundiso ngokwembali yayithintela nasiphi na isenzo esisemthethweni nxamnye nomlawuli ngaphandle kwemvume yomlawuli onegunya. Le ngcamango yesiseko yahamba inqumla i-Atlantiki kunye namarhamncwa yaza yanyanzeliswa kwi-American jurisprudence, nangona yayineenjongo ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa ulawulo lolawulo lwempula.

EUnited States, ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lusebenza kumanqanaba orhulumente kunye norhulumente, kodwa ukhuseleko olunikwa amaphondo lunamandla ngokukhethekileyo. UMthetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi nenye, owagunyaziswa ngo-1795, usebenza njengesixhobo somgaqo-siseko sokhuseleko lombuso lwezokhuseleko kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Isivumelwano sinika: "Amandla eejaji zeUnited States akasayi kuthathwa njengokwandisa nayiphi na isambatho somthetho okanye ukulingana, eqalelwe okanye emangalelwe komnye we-United States yiMinistern, okanye yiMithetho yaseNtshona Koloni yelinye iLizwe, okanye yiMithetho yeLizwe okanye iMigane eMazwe angaphandle." Ngoxa umbhalo ubonakala uthe mxinene ebusweni bawo, iNkuNkukhosi ePhakamileyo ayiyi-A1 akazuki mgalelo-yomgalelo-mthetho wokhuseleko oluziswe yi-yonke, ungeniselumbuso wesizwe, nakwezomthetho ezithile.

IsiHla - langa Seshumi Nenye Nenkcazelo Yaso Exhokonx ’ Iinkomfa

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesibhozo lwaqondwa njengoloyikisa kuphela imigaqo echasene namazwe akwamanye amazwe okanye amazwe asemzini. Noko ke, oku kutolikwa kwanwenwa kakhulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba. Hans v. Louisiana [1890], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iSindululo seSihlalo seshumi Elinye sikwamkele urhulumente wabemi bayo kwinkundla yephondo. Inkundla yaqiqanda ngelithi umgaqo ongundoqo wolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni othintela nasiphi na isuthwini nxamnye nemeko ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Esi sigqibo sokugonyelisa sithetha ngokunempumelelo kumatyala angokwaseburhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abemi baseluhlalo benkundla yentlalo-ntle.

Izigqibo ezilandelayo zombini zifakelwe kwaye zantsonkothile esi sakhiwo. Ex Parete Young [08], iNkundla iqingqe umahluko onzima: iisuti ezichasene namagosa karhulumente ukwenzela ukukhululeka okulindelekileyo okuqhubekayo kokuchasana nomthetho karhulumente kuvumelekile, nokokuba urhulumente ngokwakhe akanakugwetyelwa. Le mfundiso ivumela ii-partis ukuba zivavanye izenzo zikarhulumente ngokubiza amagosa karhulumente njengabakhonziswa, idala indlela ebalulekileyo yokumisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Umahluko phakathi kwesuti eziqhubekayo kurhulumente (ovunyiwe) kunye neesuti zikarhulumente (ovunyiweyo kwiimeko ezithile) ushiye uphawu olusembindini lwe-o jinibo-gstigatio.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yale mihla iqhubekile icombulula umlinganiselo wokhuseleko lombuso. Ngoo1990, iNkundla yeRehnquist yakhupha uthotho lwezigqibo ezathi zomeleza ukhuseleko lombuso kwisuti phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente. Ityala elinjenge Seminole IFole of Florida v. [1969] kunye [FLT] ne [FLT] Alden v. Maine[FLT][FLT] [[1999]] [iiiiibambe ukuba iBhunga loMgaqo-onkethisi I lingenalo phantsi kweSigqeqeqeko somthetho weBrogravise, kwana xa sisenza inyanze amalungelo eenkqubo karhulumente. [isigqibo se-Foffticentine]

Utyekelo lwangexesha kwiNkxaso enguMongami weMmandla

Phezu kwako nje ukukhusela okuphangaleleyo okuye kwanikelwa yiDemendment yeshumi elinesine kunye nokucaciswa kwayo kwezomthetho, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonwa ukuguquka okuphawulekayo kwindlela amazwe asondela ngayo ekukhuseleni ulawulo lobungangamsha. Le nkqubo ibonakalisa ukuqondwa okukhulayo kokuthi ukunqandwa ngokupheleleyo kokunokuvelisa okungekho sikweni, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuziphatha okubi korhulumente, kunye neempikiswano zesivumelwano. Iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngokufanayo zibonise ukukulungela ukulinganisela phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwetyala.

Iintsontela Ezandisiweyo NesiVumelwano Sesuti

Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo kumthetho wokhuseleko-mthetho wakutshanje lulwandiso lwemithetho-mthetho. Amazwana amaninzi aye amisela umthetho ovumela ngokuphandle ukufaneleka kwiindidi ezithile zeemeko. Ezi zingxengxezo zifumaneka rhoqo kurhulumente zisithi zi-tort izenzo, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho yamalungelo oluntu. Umzekelo, urhulumente owamkela imali yorhulumente kwinkqubo ethile yocwangciso oluthile unokuthi ucingelwe ukuba unokhuseleko olukhuselekileyo ekungeneni phantsi kwemithetho elawula inkqubo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba abaxhasi bezokhuselo lwezokhuselo lwezokhuselo kufuneka babe "ukuchaza ngokuphakamisayo,"iiiintetho ecacileyo necacileyo evumela i-ssue.

Iinkundla zelizwe zikwaphumele indima ekwandiseni iimfundiso ezigqwethekileyo. Ezinye izigwebi zephondo ziye zatolika ulwimi lwemithetho oludidayo ukuvumela iisuti ngokuchasene norhulumente apho injongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho yokukhusela icace ngokusengqiqweni. Le ntsingiselo ibalaseliswa ngokukhethekileyo kumaphondo apho ijaji ithathe ungenelo oluphangaleleyo kwityala likarhulumente. Isiphumo sisenzo esidityanisiweyo solawulo lwezipheneyo kulo lonke ilizwe, namanye amazwe anikela unikezelo oluphangaleleyo kwimibutho yesizwe nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezihlala zihleli.

Ukuhlahlela Nokusikelwa Imida Kwamandla Engqungquthela

Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo inemiqathango elinganiselweyo yeNkundla elawulayo yephondo phantsi kweGatya I, iye yaqonda ukuba iNkqutyana isenokugunyazisa ukukhuselwa kwelungu elingu-55 leSigqibo soLawulo oluLawulweyo. Lo mahluko uvelise ingqwalaselo ebanzi yokuba imimiselo ethile yephondo ingukwenza uqeqesho olusemthethweni lwamandla eCandelo 5. I-Tantene [[FLT]] [2004], iNkubone ukuba iNkundleko ixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-Melika enesikhubaza eliphetheyo kwinkundla, ukufumana ukuba iBhunga lomthetho linebungqina obaneleyo bokungacaluleki ngokuchasene nabantu abaneziphene zokukhubazeko. Ngokuchasene nokungavunywa kwemvume yokunga. Ngokuchasene nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[Foctivefreat] [2001] [200]

Lo mmandla womthetho usasebenza ngokunamandla, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nobungakanani bamandla obuhlangane ukunyanzelisa uLawulo lweshumi elinesine. Uvavanyo lweNkundla "lokuququzelela kunye nokulungelelana" lufuna ukuba umthetho wokwahlula-hlula kwesizwe ulungiswe ukuze kulungiswe okanye kuthintelwe ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko ngamazwe. Lo mgaqo-siseko uye wakwenza kwaba nzima ngemithetho yokuba kubekho amatyala phantsi kocwangciso olubanzi lowiso-mthetho, lo gama uvumela ukungenelela ungenelelo lonikezelo apho ubungqina bokuziphatha okubi kukarhulumente bubhalwe kakuhle.

Ukubhaliswa kwetyala leNkundla yeSizwe

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithoba lulawula ngokuthe ngqo kuphela iinkundla zenkundla yesizwe, amatyala aneemfundiso zawo ezilawulayo ezisebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Amanye amazwe aye amisela ulungiso-mthetho okanye imimiselo emisela ngokuphawulekayo umlinganiselo wokuzikhusela kolawulo kwiinkqubo zawo zokugweba. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye awawuthintela ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwezomthetho, ephantsi komphezulu wemigqomo eyingozi. Amanye amazwe aye alondoloza ukukhusela ukukhusela komthetho ongagqibekanga kodwa adala okuchasene nomthetho othile, ofana nowokusebenza kweenqwelo-moto, imisebenzi kawonke, okanye umsebenzi wezonyango kwizakhiwo zezempilo ezishushu.

Intsingiselo yeenkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente ibikukukunciphiso lokhuseleko kunye nokufumaneka okukhulayo kwemiqathango. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe kwiindawo ezinjengeKentucky, Wisconsin, neOhio zikhuphe izigqibo eziye zanciphisa ukukhuselwa komthetho, zikhuthaza iimpendulo zomthetho zokuqinisekisa okanye ezibhekele phambili ekuthinteleni imfundiso. Lo msebenzi womgangatho wesizwe usoloko ufumana ingqalelo encinane yesizwe kunezo zigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.

Utshintsho olunokuchazwa nophuhliso lomthetho

Kulo lonke ilizwe, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zimisele utshintsho olukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela ukulawulwa kweliso. Olu tshintsho lwahluka kakhulu kubungakanani nesiphumo, lubonisa impucuko yomthetho engaqhelekanga yelizwe ngalinye, impembelelo yezopolitiko, kunye namava embali. Imizekelo elandelayo ibonisa uludwe lweendlela zokungena kumazwe athathiwe.

EKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya ibisoloko iyinkokeli ekuthinteleni ukuthintelwa kolawulo. UMthetho we-Fomati yaseKhalifoniya umisela umxhasi obanzi wokonakaliswa kwezono ezibangelwa ngabasebenzi belizwe abasebenza emsebenzini. Utshintsho lwakutshanje luye lwandisa ityala, ingakumbi kwimimandla yamalungelo abantu kunye nokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi. Umthetho we-Rhulumente yaseKhalifoniya ufuna ukuba abasebenzi banikele imvume yokufaka imvume kwilizwe eliphakathi kwexesha elifutshane kodwa livumela ukululama okubanzi ukuba oko kufunwa yimpumelelo. Inkundla zelizwe i-Fair Worka kunye ne-Hollas Act (FA) zichaza ukugwetyelwa kwemisebenzi ekhutshwayo, zivumela abaqeshwa babo ukuba batshaye kwimbutho, kwimiqatha yoncedo, nakwimirhumo ye-gqhinga. Iinkundla ezininzi ze-ogcornstrinians ezithi zezo zitolike inkundla ze-oognea ityala, ithetha ukuba ityala lamkele ityala lorhulumente lonke ityala lobutho lobutho.

New York

Indlela yokungena kwe-New York kwi-sogration yokhuseleko lomthetho ivele ngokuphawulekayo ngezenzo zomthetho kunye nokutolikwa kwemithetho. Inkundla yaseNew York yamatyala imisela umxhasi wokukhusela imicimbi ethile, kuquka ezo zivela kwimiqathango yokungakhathaleli, ulwahlulo, kunye nemithetho-siseko se-torts. Iinkundla zakutshanje zemithetho yowiso-mthetho ziye zandisa izichasi-mthetho ezinxulumene nokungalawuleki komthetho, kuquka ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, ukucalucalucalucalulo, nokungakhathalelwa kwemithetho. Inkundla zakutshanje ziye zabonisa ukuvuma ukufumana izityholo ezinxulumene nokungalungisi ngokwesondo, kuquka nokungakhathalelwa, iinkalo, ingakumbi apho kungekho nyango lwezo zookonza imicimbi.

I-Texas

ITexas igcine izithethe ezinamandla zokukhusela ukukhusela ukunqongophala kwemiqathango, kodwa umsebenzi wakutshanje wowiso-mthetho uthe wazisa ukhuselwe ngokupheleleyo. I-Tort Antiers Acts acts accessivess ngenxa yezibheno ezithile ezivela ekusebenzeni kweemoto, iziphene zezakhiwo, kunye nomonakalo obangelwa ngabasebenzi belizwe abasebenza kwimida yempangelo. Noko ke, umonakalo uncitshisiwe kwimigangatho ephantsi ngokwentelekileyo, kwaye iindidi ezininzi zemali zihlala zivalelwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle kwale inguqulelo ezi, iTexas Leglations idlulise izichatshazo eziphawulekayo ezithiweyo ezinxulumene nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini kunye nokuhlaselwa kwelizwe. Ngokubhekene nemeko ezibalulekileyo, iinkundla ze-Texas ziya kuhlala zikho xa kuthenwa i-demo-odentine

IFlorida

Isicwangciso sokhuseleko lwesoqobo seFlorida sidibanisa umkhosi jikelele kunye nezithintelo ezibalulekileyo. I-Tort Ethiyers Acts acts of theouts kodwa ifaka ipetshi eqinileyo ye-R260 000 nge-person kwityala kwaye i-R3 500 000 i-aggreate cap kwisiganeko ngasinye. Ezi zikepe ziye zaba ngumbandela wokubekwa phambili, kunye nemithetho echaphazelekayo ethetha ukuba bahlule ukhuseleko olusemthethweni ukuze bangene kwiinkundla zetyala kwaye baphumele ekunene kwityala lejaji. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaseFlorida ixhase iintambo eziphezulu kwimongongongongo ezininzi kodwa iqaphele ngaphandle apho inteko yowiso-mthetho igunyaziso olugunyazisweyo okanye apho amalungelo omthetho agunyazisweyo. Imigudu yakutshanje yokuphakamisa ii-compuluni ayiphumelanga, ishiya nenye yemeko esezantsi yelizwe elichaseneyo.

Illinois

Illinois yamkela inkqubo ebanzi yokukhusela ulawulo lwezikhundla ngokweNkundla yamatyala yaseIllinois kunye noMthetho we-Illinois weSizwe. Umthetho we-Illinois unika ukhuseleko lwezokhuseleko lwezibhengezo zetort, izivumelwano, kunye neentengiso ezithile zomthetho, kodwa zonke izityholo ezichasene norhulumente kufuneka zingeniswe kwiNkundla ekhethekileyo yamatyala kunokuba zisiwe kwiinkundla zokuvavanya jikelele. Le nkqubo iphakathi ivumela ukusetyenziswa okungaguquguqukiyo kwemithetho yokuzikhusela kodwa ingenza iingxaki zemithetho ye-offa ecacileyo ekufuneka iqhubele phambili kwimithetho ye-proccoraccual forumum. Izindululo zakutshanje eIllinois zigxininise ekufikeleleni ekufumaneni amalungelo abantu, kuquka nomthetho wokuba ngabaxhamkeli-mthetho abathe ngqo kwiimeko eziphantsi komthetho-Illinois e-Ollinois, kunye nemithetho yoluntu.

Washington

Iphondo lithathe indlela enkulu kakhulu yokukhusela ukhuseleko lwezikhundla. I-Washington Tort Ithions Act ikwaphula umlinganiselo omkhulu wokhuseleko lokonakaliswa okubangelwa ngabasebenzi belizwe, kwaye iinkundla zephondo zitolike umenzi wetyala ngokugqithisileyo ukufikelela kwimisebenzi emininzi karhulumente. IWashington ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwengozi kwiimeko ezithile ezichasene norhulumente, unyango olo amanye amazwe angaluvumeliyo ngokuphandle. Urhulumente uye wamisela abaxhasi abachasi abachasi-mkileyo ekuchaphazelweni kwezenzo ezingalunganga zamapolisa, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezonyango kwizakhiwo zephondo.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yezonyango

Indaleko yemithetho yokhuseleko lorhulumente ichaphazela kakhulu abahlali, abaququzeleli benkqubo, nabantu abaphangaleleyo. Ukuqonda indlela ebekwe ngayo ngoku esemthethweni kubalulekile kuye nabani na ocinga ngokuchasana nequmrhu lesizwe, kwanamagosa karhulumente afuna ukulawula umngcipheko wokuzikhusela.

Iingcebiso Ezifanelekileyo Ekunyuseni Ilizwe

Kwizikhuseli ezicacileyo ezicinga ngokuchasana nemeko, umbuzo wokuqala ngowokuba ngaba urhulumente uluyekele ukhuseleko lohlobo lwezityholo ezikhoyo. Oku kufuna uhlalutyo locoselelo lwemimiselo yombuso, imimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko, kunye nomthetho wemeko. Kwanalapho uthintelo luye lwalahlwa, amarhafu kufuneka asebenzisane neemfuno ezingqongqo, kuquka imiqathango yesaziso, imiqathango, kunye nokudinwa kwemiqathango yezolawulo. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna abalathayo ukuba bafake isaziso sobucala ngexesha elifutshane. Ngokufuthi 90 ukuya kwientsuku ezili-180 ngaphambi kokufaka ityala. Ukungaphumeleli kwezi mfuneko kunokubangela ukugxothwa kwanokuba oko kufanelekile ukuba oko kuthenjiwe phantsi kwemali.

Amatyala athe athe aqwalaselwa kwakhona kufuneka aqwalasele ityala apho ityala liza kubekwa khona. Kwamanye amazwe, amatyala achasene norhulumente kufuneka angeniswe kwinkundla ekhethekileyo, njengenkundla yamatyala, ngoxa kwezinye ziqhubeka kwiinkundla zokuvavanya jikelele. Ukuvela kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kuyahluka ngokwesizwe, namanye amazwe avumela iityala zabachopheli-tyala elichasene nelizwe kwaye amanye aqhubeke ngokuvavanywa kuphela ngebheji. Ekugqibeleni, amatyala acacileyo kufuneka aphendule ngeentambo zomonakalo nezinye iimfuno zokuchachacha, nto leyo enokuthi inciphise ixabiso lento enokuba yiyo kwaneengxelo eqatha.

Indima Karhulumente Ichaza Izenzo

Izenzo zetort zezomthetho ziyindlela ephambili ethi ngayo ukukhusela ukungazikhathaleli nezinye ii-arts. Le mithetho ivumela ukusetyenziswa komonakalo wobuqu, umonakalo wempahla, nokufa okuphosakeleyo okubangelwa ngabasebenzi belizwe abasebenza ngexesha lomsebenzi wabo. Noko ke, uninzi lwezibhengezo ziquka ukunqanda okukhulu okugcina ukhuseleko lweendidi ezithile zehambo, ezinjengezigqibo zobuchule, ii-torts zeqhinga, kunye nezityholo ezivela ekusetyenzisweni kwemisebenzi karhulumente efana nokunyanzelelwa komthetho okanye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Umahluko phakathi kwemisebenzi yolungiselelo neyolungiselelo ubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlalisweni kwendlela yokuzikhusela kwikhompyutha. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba zichaza ukuba ukulondolozwa kwezenzo zobulumko . Abo babandakanya umgwebo okanye ukhetho lwenkqubo (ngoxa besenza ukhuseleko lwezenzo zolungiselelo), ababandakanyeka kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo, ongowokungadiscimi. Lo mahluko ubangele ukuba kubekho uhlaziyo olunzulu, neenkundla ezizama ukugqiba ukuba ziziphi izenzo zokhuselo eziwela kudidi ngalunye. Utyekelo kumazwe amaninzi luye lwabangela ukubhitya umlinganiselo wezo zokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, nto leyo efuna abasebenzi belizwe ukuba basebenzise umgwebo phakathi kwemiqathango yemilinganiselo esengqiqweni.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Abemi

Umthetho wokongamela ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo kumthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu nxamnye noorhulumente bamazwe. Ummiselo wamalungelo abantu wesizwe, 42 U.S.C. 76, uvumela abachaphazelekayo ukuba bamangalelwe ngurhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kodwa umthetho awuthinteli ukuthintelwa kwesizwe ngokwaso. Phantsi kolawulo UEx Parte Young imfundiso, amarhafu asenokufuna ukupheliswa kwamagosa asekuhlaleni, kodwa uthetha ukuba umonakalo nxamnye norhulumente uthintelwe ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uthintelo olungenayo. Lo mqathango uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kubantu abafuna intlawulo lwemali ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imimiselo yawo yamalungelo abantu yokuba ukukhusela ukhuseleko lomonakalo, ukwenza indlela efanayo yokukhulula kwinkundla yelizwana. UMthetho weKhalifoniya ne-Illinois kaNoval Rights Act yimizekelo yemithetho yomgangatho karhulumente enika umgaqo-nkqubo wokonzakalisa abadlali bakarhulumente ngenxa yokuphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Le mimiselo yesizwe iye yabaluleke ngakumbi njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iye yamisela imiqathango elinganiselweyo yokufumaneka komonakalo ngaphantsi konyaka ka-1901 ngokhuseleko nezinye iimfundiso. Unxulumano phakathi korhulumente kunye namalungelo abantu basekuhlaleni ludala ummandla onobugocigocigogogogo apho oorhulumente kufuneka bakhethe ngocotho kwiingcamango zabo kunye neengcamango ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Umthetho wokhuseleko olulawulayo lwaseburhulumenteni uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yenkqubela entsha engokwasemthethweni, yentlalo neyobugcisa.

Ukuziphatha Okubi Kwamapolisa Nokuphendulelwa Kurhulumente

Intshukumo yesizwe yokulungisa iinguqu zamapolisa iye yazisa ingqwalasela entsha kwiimfundiso zokukhusela ukulawulwa komthetho ezisikel ’ umda ukubekwa ityala ngenxa yokugcinwa komthetho. Phantsi kwemigaqo-siseko yokuzikhusela ekuziphetheni ngokwesithethe, amaphondo asoloko engachatshazelwa kwiziphumo zomonakalo ezibangelwa kukunganyaniseki ngengozi kwamagosa amapolisa, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uye wawathintela ngokucacileyo amaxhoba okuzikhusela ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa, ukubanjwa ngobuxoki, nezinye iintlobo zokungalawuleki. Noko ke, umonakalo kunye nezinye iimfuno zentelelo ziyaqhubeka zithintela ukuchachachanaba amaxhoba okuziphethe ngokwesondo kwamapolisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwelahleko yemiqathango yemali ekwarhulumente kuhlala kuthintelwe kakhulu.

Ukuvavanywa komgaqo-siseko okucel ’ umngeni ukulinganiselwa kwezi zithintelo kuye kwafunyanwa kwamanye amazwe. Abachasi-mthetho baye baphikisa ngelithi umonakalo wemiqathango kunye nemithetho elawulayo epheleleyo iyawaphula amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko oqinisekisa ukufumaneka kweenkundla, ilungelo lokuchophela ityala, kunye nenkuselo efanayo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe ziye zakhupha imithetho edibeneyo, ezinye zixhasa imiqathango njengemiqathango esengqiqweni yemithetho yowiso-mthetho, ezinye ziwabetha njengemiqobo engekho mthethweni ekuncedeni.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, imfihlo yogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuthembeka kwemeko

Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kobugcisa ngurhulumente kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ephathelele ukukhusela ulawulo lomntu ngeminyaka yamanani. Njengoko amazwana eqokelela, egcina, ehlalutya intabalala yolwazi lobuqu, ubungozi bokwaphuka kogcino-lwazi kunye nokungathobeli ulwazi ngasese kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo. Amachaphazelekayo afumana umonakalo kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente ajongene nombuzo wokuba ngaba urhulumente uthintelo lwezono lwezokhuseleko logcino-lwazi lungabonwanga, ukwaphulwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye neengxelo ezinxulumene nalo. Izenzo ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ziqululwe ngaphambi kokufika kwe-computing, kwaye isicelo sawo sokusetyenziswa kolwazi olunxulumene nomonakalo akuqiniseki.

Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho ekhethekileyo yokuba ukukhusela ukuchanava kogcino-lwazi, ngelixesha amanye aye aphikisa ukuba oko kuthethwa kungene phakathi kwemiqathango yesithethe engaqhelekanga ukwenzela imisebenzi ecacileyo okanye ii-torts. Isiphumo sale meko siya kuba nentsingiselo ephawulekayo kwintshukumisa karhulumente yokutyanda ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi nokufumana ukhuseleko olunamandla lwasese. Njengoko ubuchule bokuzenzela kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo esizenzekelayo kuxhaphakile ngakumbi kumsebenzi karhulumente, umlinganiselo wokhuseleko oluphezulu lweziphene zemithetho engekho semthethweni kunye neziphumo ezibuqhetsebayo ziya kuvela njengembambano egxekayo.

Impembelelo Yezonyango Nezonyango

Isifo se-COVID-19 ibangele ukuba kubekho ukhuphiswano olunzulu nxamnye noorhulumente belizwe, iphakamisa imibuzo engokukhusela ukuthintelwa kwezigqibo zempilo kawonke-wonke, imiyalelo yokuhlaliswa kwabantu, kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo zezonyango ezilawula impilo karhulumente. Amaphondo amaninzi aphikisa ngelithi izenzo zawo zazikhuselwe kukukhuselwa yinkqubo yokuzikhusela ngokwendalo okanye phantsi kwemimiselo yolawulo kaxakeka enika ukuthintelwa okulinganiselweyo kwimpendulo yentlekele. Iinkundla zifikelele kwizigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngokuxhasa ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo lwezigqibo ezinxulumene nezifo ezinxulumene nezifo nabanye abavumela ukuqhuba apho izenzo zikarhulumente zisuka kwimithetho emiselweyo okanye kwimigangatho yobugcisa.

Amava akhoyo abangela iingxoxo zomthetho ezimalunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokhuseleko lwempilo yoluntu. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela utshintsho olumisela ukuthintelwa kwezigqibo ezenziwa ngexesha longxamiseko, eqonda ukuba oorhulumente bafanele baphendule ngezenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezingenangqiqo kwanangamaxesha amanqam. Amanye amaphondo aye andisa ukukhusela amagosa karhulumente ekukhuseleni anyanzelekileyo ukuze enze izigqibo ezinzima phantsi kweemeko zokungaqiniseki nokungaqiniseki kweziboneleli. Ukulinganisela okubangelwa ngurhulumente ngamnye kubonisa ukujongwa kwawo kwentengiso phakathi koxanduva okanye imfuneko engokokubandakanyekileyo kwemeko karhulumente.

Indima Yeenkundla Zomanyano

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iza kuqhubeka isenza indima ephambili ekuchazeni imida engaphandle yokhuseleko lombuso. Ukuqulunqwa kweNkundla nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwemithetho yolawulo kuza kuphembelela izigqibo ezingobungakanani boLawulo lweshumi elinesine, amandla eBhunga kwi-brouted kukhuselo lweziphene phantsi koMphetho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine, kunye nokufumaneka kwe- Ex Pare Young ngaphandle. Ukumiselwa kweNkunye incopho kucebisa ukuba kuqhubekeke ukuzinikela ekukhuseleni ulawulo lukarhulumente, kodwa iNkundla ikwabonise ukuvuma ngaphandle kokuba izicwangciso ze-mthetho-mthetho ziceliwe ngokucacileyo ukuba kunyanzelwe amalungelo omthetho-mthetho.

Amatyala akhoyo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi aphakamisa imibuzo ngokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuzikhusela kwimiqathango elawulayo, amaqumrhu olawulo oluninzi, kunye namaqumrhu asebenza imisebenzi ewiselwe isithethe esisemthethweni kurhulumente. La matyala aza kuvavanya imida yemfundiso kwaye asenokuvelisa ukhokelo olutsha olubalulekileyo kumaqumrhu kunye nabenzi bemithetho. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, iBhunga, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho-mthetho wamazwe ziya kugqiba ukuba kumelelwe umthetho wezobugosa, kunye nesebe ngalinye likarhulumente elinikela ngolungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-mali kunye nabaphathi-tyala.

Njengoko amazwe eqhubeka ecombulula imimiselo yawo yokuzikhusela ekuzimelani kunye neenkundla ezichaza umlinganiselo wokhuseleko olukhoyo, umthetho kule ndawo uza kuhlala unamandla kwaye uphikisene. Kubenzi-mthetho, abachaphazeli bemigaqo-mthetho, kunye nooogqirha abasemthethweni, ukuhlala benolwazi ngenkqubela kurhulumente nakumanqanaba karhulumente kubalulekile ekuqhubeni phambili unxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kokhuseleko olulawulayo kunye nelungelo lokufuna iimpendulo ngokuchasene norhulumente. Isiphumo sale ndaleko iqhubekayo ingokwezeyo siya kubumba ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe nabemi bawo amashumi eminyaka azayo.