Ukwazisa: Uxinezeleko Oluhlala Luhleli Kulawulo LwaseMerika

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koxanduva lwamalungelo orhulumente nolawulo lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni luye lwabumba ulawulo lwamaMelika ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Eli candelo, elaziwa njenge-constalism, lidala inkqubo enamandla apho igunya lihamba khona phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. Kubafundi nabafundisi abahlola imimandla yoluntu, ukuqonda lo mahluko ubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izigqibo zemigaqo ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. U-U.S. unika iplani, kodwa iinkulungwane zemithetho, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye nentsebenziswano yezobupolitika zisoloko ziluchaza ulwalamano. Kunomda osisigxina umgaqo osisigxina, umahluko phakathi kwamandla orhulumente nolawulo luhlala ingxoxo echaphazela yonke into esuka kwimigangatho yeklasi ukuya kumgangatho wempilo.

Eli nqaku liphelisa iingcamango ezingundoqo, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, indaleko yembali, kunye neendawo ezihamba kunye negunya lorhulumente lorhulumente. Ngesiphelo, abafundi bazakuba nesiseko esicacileyo sokuhlolisisa ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente eliphathayo kwaye kutheni le mida itshintsha maxa wambi.

Ukuqonda Iimbopheleleko Zomanyano

Iimbopheleleko zomanyano ziquka amagunya nemisebenzi eyabelwe urhulumente wesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko ubala la magunya kwiCandelo I, Icandelo 8, ngoxa amandla achaziweyo efumaneka kokufanelekileyo nokufanelekileyo kukaClaus. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, igunya lesizwe liye lanwenwa ngenkcazelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo nangezenzo zobuBuhlanga, ingakumbi ngexesha leengxaki zesizwe.

Ukhuselo lwesizwe nemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle

Urhulumente wezwe lonke unegunya elipheleleyo lokukhusela uhlanga kwizisongelo zangaphandle kunye nolawulo lolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuquka ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukudibanisa izivumelwano, nokumela i-United States kwi-foraums yomhlaba wonke. UmGaqo-siseko uyawalela amatyala okungena kwizivumelwano, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, okanye ukugcina imikhosi yawo ngexesha loxolo. Iziko lenjongo [[FLT:] linika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngendlela eliwahlula ngayo la maqela emfazweni. Umanyano luqinisekisa ukuba uhlanga luthethe ngelizwi elinye kwisigaba somhlaba wonke, luthintela iingxabano ezinokuvela kwizenzo ezithile zikarhulumente ngamnye.

Urhwebo lwangaphakathi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho

ICommerce Claus inika iKhomishini yeNkundla yoLawulo oluPhezulu yeGibbons v. Ogden [1824] imisele amandla abanzi orhulumente kurhwebo lwamazwe asemzini, kunye nezizwe zamaNanive American. Eli gunya liye laxhasa ulawulo lwamashishini lwamazwe asuka kwezothutho ukuya kwezonxibelelwano. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:] 0] Gebbons v. [[FLT] [[FLT] [42]] [194]]) yandisa ukuquka imisebenzi echaphazela kakhulu intengiso. Namhlanje, amaqumrhuqela angombuso afana neKhomishini yezoshishino kunye ne-Swenter-Spective systences procel, ithintela ukukhuthula ulwa kwemithetho yezoqoqosho.

Ukufuduka noKhuseleko loMda

Ulawulo lomanyano lokufuduka lusuka kumandla okuzenzakalela kwiSiqendu I kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. IBhunga limisela iinkqubo zemvume, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, kunye nemithetho yokugxotha, ngelixa iSebe loKhuseleko lwe Homeland lilawula ummiselo womda. INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa ngokuzingisileyo ubungangamsha besizwe ekufudukeni, ihlasela imithetho karhulumente ezama ukwenza iinkqubo zokwahlula ukunyanzeleka kwabantu abafudukayo. Arizona v. United States isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba (202) asinako ukumisela imithetho engqubana nokunga okungavisisana nenkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente yokufuduka, nangona inegunya lokusebenzisana nemigudu yolawulo.

Iinkqubo zoKhuseleko loLuntu neNkxaso yeSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yentlalo equka uKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle, iMedicare, kunye neMedicaid. Ezi nkqubo zasungulwa ebudeni bexesha leNew Dec. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukubandakanyeka komGaqo-siseko kombutho woluntu kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu phantsi korhafu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegunya. UMthetho weNtlalo yoKhuseleko loMhlala-phantsi wonyaka ka-1935 wadala inkqubo yesizwe yokuthatha umhlala phantsi komhlala-phantsi, ngelinye ixesha kamva ukulungiswa kwe-inshorensi yokhubazeko-ntle yoluntu. Ulawulo lwamanyeneyo luqinisekisa imigangatho elingana kunye nokukhuthulwa komkelo oluphakathi kwamazwe, nangona amazwe ekwabelana uxanduva kwiinkqubo zolawulo olufana nolawulo olunolawulo oluphakathi kolawulo olunolawulo oluno-mthetho lorhulumente.

Uphando lwamalungelo kaRhulumente

Amalungelo karhulumente abhekisela kumagunya agcinelwe amagunya ngamanye phantsi koMphetho-mda weSihlaziyo seshumi. Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko ligxininisa ukuba amagunya awagunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente okanye awalelweyo kumazwe angamazwe akwimimandla okanye abantu. Igunya lesizwe ligubungela uludwe olubanzi lwemicimbi yasekhaya, livumela urhulumente ngamnye ukuba avumelane nemigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi, amaxabiso, nezinto eziphambili. Le ndlela ifanelekileyo yokulungisa izinto ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa nokusabela ngoxa ilondoloza ukwahluka kwengingqi.

Iinkqubo zemfundo

Imfundo ihlala ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni, kungekho mgaqo-siseko wesizwe wemfundo okanye ulawulo lwezikolo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zimisela iimfuno zokuphumelela, ukuseka imigangatho yoqeqesho, nokunika inkxaso-mali kwizikolo zikarhulumente. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni ziyawulawula umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla, ziqesha ootitshala, kwaye zenze izigqibo malunga nezifundo ezikwizikhokelo zikarhulumente. Indima yemfundo yemfundo ilinganiselwe ekuxhaseni ngemali ngenkqubo enjengeSihlomelo I sokufumana imali ephantsi kwamalungu oqeqesho kunye nokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu ngeSebe lemfundo. Imiqathangokwasemgangathweni yesizwe enjenge-Core ibala inkqulukwano eqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente kunye nolawulo lwemfundo.

Izakhiwo Zezithuthi

Amazwe azimeleyo kwaye agcine uninzi olukhulu lweendlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha zikawonke-wonke. Amasebe karhulumente eeprojekthi zocwangciso lwezothutho, amisela imida yesantya, anika imvume yokukhupha iimvume zomqhubi, kunye nezithuthi ezibhalisayo. Uqhagamshelwano oluphambili lufumaneka ngeenkqubo zenkxaso zemali ezifana noLawulo lweNdlela ePhezulu, olunika inkxaso yorhulumente yemijelo-mo yezonyango, apho urhulumente unika inkxaso-mali xa oorhulumente begcina ubumnini kunye nolawulo. Eli lungiselelo livumela ukuba kuhlaziselwe kweeprojekthi ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zothutho lwengingqini ngoxa kungenelwa kulawulo lwesizwe.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Amaziko alawula abaxhasi bonyango, oogqirha bezamayeza, kunye nokunika amanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke kwimida yawo. Amasebe ezonyango e-odolo alawula ukujongwa kwezifo, iinkqubo zokugoma, kunye namaphulo emfundo empilo alungiselelwe imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu yokuzikhusela. Phantsi koMthetho weAffordible Care Act, afumana ubuchule bokuyila ii-inshorensi zawo zempilo, andise uMdicaid inguqu ngokokukhethwa ngurhulumente. Iingxaki zempilo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana nesifo se-CHOVID se-19, zibalase igadisi yokhokelo lwesizwe kunye nokwenza izigqibo zikarhulumente, ngokukhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhaya kunye nokusasaza-lo lonyango lonyango lorhulumente lorhulumente xa kulungiselelwa ukuxhasa nokulungisa inkxaso-mali.

Okusesikweni Kokwaphula Umthetho

Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bongamela uninzi lwabanyanzelisi bomthetho. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zichaza izigwebo ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, zimisela izikhokelo, kwaye zilawula imisebenzi yamapolisa kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni asingatha ukwenziwa komthetho okuqhelekileyo, ngelixa amasebe karhulumente afana noomatiloshe abajikeleza oohola beendlela kunye noorhulumente abachaza imicimbi yokhuseleko yoluntu. Indima yequmrhu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho olujongene netyala lezaphuli-mthetho, amacala empahla, kunye namalungelo asekuhlaleni. [FLT:]

Umtshato, Intsapho Nomgaqo - siseko Wasekhaya

Ngokwesiko ichaza iimfuno zomtshato, iinkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato, amalungiselelo okugcina umntwana, kunye nemithetho yokukhulisa umntwana. Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni lomtshato ofanayo obergefell v. Hodges (20) [20)], amazwe ayaqhubeka elawula iinkalo ezininzi zomthetho wentsapho ngemimiselo yawo nangenkqubo yenkundla yokugcina umntwana. Amazwe amisela kwakhona umthetho wesivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, ukubeka ityala, kunye nemithetho yezoshishino ezibumbana. Eli gunya livumela ukwahlukahlukana okungokwasemthethweni ngaphaya kwelizwe, kunye namanye amazwe asebenzisa imithetho yezemibutho esemthethweni engekho semthethweni, kunye nezinye izivumelwano ezingekho migaqo zenkundla ngoxa abanye bewamisela.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela isakhiwo sokwahlula amagunya phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente ngamalungiselelo amaninzi angundoqo. Ukuqonda esi sicwangciso kubalulekile ekuhlalutyeni umgangatho karhulumente onegunya kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo nendlela ungquzulwano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente oluconjululwa ngayo.

UClaus Oneengcungela

Inqaku le-V. Claus, 2 livakalisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente ebekwe ngokutsha, kwaye izivumelwano zingumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho wesizwe ungqubana nomthetho karhulumente, kulawula. Uhlaziyo lweSuprematy Claus aluzenzeki lungenamsebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa luchaza imithetho ephikisanayo negunya likarhulumente elisebenzayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa iimfundiso ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke ekubeni iBhunga lazichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba injongo yalo ihlala kusini na okanye kusini na. Uhlalutyo lweSixelo lufuna ukuba iinkundla zihlole umgaqo-mthetho worhulumente worhulumente zijonge ukuba ngaba ungene phi na kwiinjongo zomthetho zomthetho worhulumente.

Amandla Anempembelelo

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8 lidwelisa amagunya akhethekileyo anikwe iBhunga elinguMbutho, kuquka amandla okunika irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula intengiso, ukusungula ii-ofisi zeposi, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokunyusa imikhosi. La mandla adwelisiweyo achaza imida yangaphandle yegunya lezwe. I-Ilifane and Sent Claus egunyazisa iBhunga elifanelekileyo nelifanelekileyo lokumisela la magunya, ukwenza amandla adweliswe ngaphezulu kwalawo adweliswe ngokuphandle. Umba weNkuNkundla ephezulu Mcloch v. Maryland [18]) yamisa ukuba i-Candelo lunengqiqo yokukhetha iindlela zokuphatha la mandla adweli, ixesha elide njengoko iindlela zingavalwanga ngumthetho.

Amandla Agciniweyo

UMthetho-nkqubo weSihlalo weshumi ogciniweyo kumazwe okanye amagunya abantu anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Oku kulungisa akuwaniki gunya amagunya amatsha kodwa kunoko kuqinisekisa isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko apho urhulumente wesizwe enikwe igunya. Amagunya aseleyo aquka inkoliso yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo yemfundo, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano, i-tort, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nombutho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uLawulo lweshumi leSinyuko ukumisela amandla orhulumente kwiimeko ezifana New York v. United States, eyawisa umthetho wesizwe owise umthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezonyango owiswe yi-athonga.

Amandla Akhoyo

Oorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente basebenzisa amagunya athile ngexesha elinye, abizwa ngokuba ngamagunya akhoyo. Oku kuquka ukuhlawula irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, ukuqesha iibhanki, nokumisela imithetho. Xa omabini amanqanaba karhulumente elawula umsebenzi omnye, iSuprematy Claus elungisa iingxabano ezixhasa umthetho karhulumente, kodwa amagunya ahlala enegunya lokumisela imimiselo eyongezelelekileyo logama nje engaphikisani nemigaqo karhulumente. Urhulumente ohlawula irhafuzo, umzekelo, akakwaleli ukubeka irhafuthelo lwawo, iirhafuno zempahla, okanye irhafuthengiso. Amandla akhoyo abangela ukulawulwa kwemeko-ok anokukhuselwa komthetho elungele ukukhusela okulawula okulawula okunokukhuthaza kodwa abangele ukuthotyelelwa kweminyaniswa kwemiqathango yabantu ngabanye kunye namashishini.

Imeko

Ulwalamano phakathi kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente namalungelo karhulumente luye lwavela ngeziganeko zembali, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo nokutshintsha kweembono zikawonke wonke. Uhlolisiso olukhoyo lwendaleko lutyhila indlela amandla alungelelene ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha nesizathu sokuba imibandela ethile isoloko iphikiswa.

Ukusekwa Nokuqalisa KweRiphabliki

IiNkqutyana zoMbutho zadala urhulumente wesizwe obuthathaka onegunya elilinganiselweyo, eshiya igunya elininzi kumazwe. IConvention yomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yazama ukucombulula ezi ngxaki ngokudala urhulumente onamandla onamandla ombuso obewahlula ngeli xesha ukhusela ulawulo lolawulo lweSihlalo seshumi elinambi. Iingxoxo zangaphambili phakathi komanyano, ezaxhasa igunya lesizwe elinamandla, kunye neAnti-Federalist, eyaxhasa urhulumente, wasungula uxinzelelo lwesiseko oluqhubekayo namhlanje. Inkundla ephakamileyo phantsi kogwebo lukaJohn Marshall yandisa amandla ombuso kwimicimbi engqikelelekileyo enjenge [[FLT:]. [FLT]

Imfazwe Yamakhaya Nokwakhiwa Kwakhona

Imfazwe yamakhaya yamela olona ngquzulwano luphawulekayo phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nolawulo lukarhulumente. Amazwe aseMazantsi aqinisekisa ilungelo lokubeka isiseko esisekelwe kwiingxoxo zolawulo lukarhulumente, ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe waqinisekisa ukuba i-Union yayihlala ikho kwaye loo magunya ayengenakuwuphelisa umthetho karhulumente. Emva koloyiso lwe-Union, ukuHlaziyanisa kwandisa amandla orhulumente okukhusela amalungelo abantu. ISindululo seshumi elinesithathu, ishumi elinesine neSihlaziyo seshumi elinesihlanu sawalela ukuvalwa kobukhoboka, iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa nokufanelekileyo okufanelekileyo, inika igunya le Komiti yeBhunga-Rhulumente lokunyanisa laloo malungiselelo ukuba inyanzele ngokuchasene nesenzo sikarhulumente. Eli xesha lamisela amandla orhulumente okuphelisa amalungelo omgaqo-mthetho omgaqo-siseko.

Isenzo Esitsha Nolwando Lwegunya Lomanyano

Udandatheko Olukhulu lwabangela ulwando oluphawulekayo lobutyala bezwe njengoko uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal wathetha neenkqubo zezoqoqosho zesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala ukuwisa umthetho we-New Develop njengomthetho wezorhwebo ongaphezulu kwegunya lesizwe, kodwa emva koxinzelelo lwezopolitiko kunye nempikiswano yeNkundla, iNkundla yaqalisa ukuxhasa igunya elibanzi lesizwe lokulawula umsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Amatyala anjenge-NTSLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1977] [197] nemithetho yezentlalo yezentlalo-ntle yoluntu, nemithetho yezentlalo, yezemali, yezentlalo, yezentlalo, yezentlalo.[FLT.]

Intlangano yaMalungelo aBami kunye noMbutho woKhuthazo

IZiko lamaLungelo elikwiSizwe labalaselisa iimeko apho oorhulumente begunyazisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, befuna ungenelelo lwamagunya orhulumente ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. UMthetho wamaLungelo wamaPolitiki ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamagunya we-Voting Rights ka-1965 wasebenzisa igunya lorhulumente ukunqanda ukuchotshelwa kohlanga, ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi nakwizindlu zikawonke wonke, nemiqobo yokuvota. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa le mithetho phantsi koMnyango woLawulo lwezentengiso noMphembelelo we-14, imisela loo mandla orhulumente anokuwuphelisa imithetho echasa amalungelo asisiseko. Eli xesha lalo liqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo wokukhuselwa kwemithetho yesizwe akhuselwa phantsi kwemithetho ebekelwe okanye akhanyelwe ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo.

INew Federalism Neendaleko

Ukususela ngo1970 kwaye iqhubekeka kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, imibutho yezobupolitika yazama ukubuyisela igunya kumazwe ngentanda-bulumko ebizwa ngokuba yiNew Federalism. INkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji ePhakamileyo uWilliam Rehnquis yakhupha izigqibo zokusikela amandla entengiselwano yorhulumente kunye nokuqinisa ulawulo lukarhulumente, kuquka iUnited States v. Lopez[[FLT:]] [FLT] [19595]] [195]], eyathi yawisa umthetho woburhulumente wompu onamandla angaphaya kwamandla orhwebo, kunye ne-Pristz v. United States[FLT] [1997], eyaye yanciphisa izimfuneko zemithetho elawula isimilo somthetho. Ingqungquthela yabangela ulungiso lwentlalo lwentlalo lwentlalo kulawulo olukhulu kwiinkqubo zoncedo eziqhutywa ngonyaka wamawaka. [19996.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidlulileyo

Namhlanje, iingxoxo ezininzi zemigaqo zibonisa uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente namalungelo karhulumente.

Utshintsho Nokwanda Kwempilo

UMthetho we-Afford Care Care onamandla wavusa ungquzulwano oluxhaswe ngokusemthethweni nangolawulo lwezopolitiko kurhulumente kunye nolawulo lwezonyango. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa elisikelwe umda ngolawulo olungenakunyanzeleka ukuba amaphondo andise uMdicaid phantsi kwesiso sokuphulukana nemali ekhoyo. Esi sigqibo salondolozwa ngurhulumente apho amanye amazwe andisa ukufezeka ngoxa abanye bengazange. Isiphumo sibalase indlela umanyano lwesizwe olunokuvelisa ngayo umahluko xa kusetyenziswa igunya lawo lomthetho-omthetho-siseko xa kusetyenziswa ukhuseleko lwezomthetho-oomasebe.

Ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo nokhokelo lukaRhulumente

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo isoloko ifaka imilinganiselo karhulumente echasene nolwakhiwo lwesizwe. Umthetho ococekileyo we-Othermonety uvumela iKhalifoniya ukuba ifune izithinteli kwi-Arhente yeNkcubeko yokuKhusela izithuthi ukuba zimisele imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha, kwaye amanye amazwe angayamkela imigangatho yeKhalifoniya. Eli lungiselelo liye ladala imigangatho emibini yemithetho apho amanye amazwe afuna imigaqo yemozulu enobundlobongela ngelinye indawo. Ulawulo lwemeko-Trump lwemeko-mo yemeko-bume yesizwe lukhuthaza ukuqhuba imithetho yezongalo lwemekobume nokusebenzisa imithetho yawo engqongqo, ebonisa indlela asebenza ngayo njengeedemokhrasi xa kuthelwe ulawulo lwamagunya. [[FLT.0.]

Ulawulo lwemipu nohlaziyo Lwesibini

Umthetho wemipu ubonisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwemigangatho efanayo karhulumente kunye negunya elifanelekileyo lorhulumente. UMthetho wesibini woHlaziyo umisela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibekwe kwi- i-Diverdificity of Columbia v. Heller (2008), kodwa ulawulo lugcina igunya lokumisela imimiselo ehambelanayo naloo lungelo. Imithetho karhulumente iyahluka kakhulu, ukusuka ekuthwaleni imithetho engqongqo kumazwe athile ukuya kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zokuhlola nokuhlola ezinye iimfuno zemva. Umthetho olawula isiseko somthetho osisiseko sokuphatha imipu ngabagwetyiweyo nabaqhubi bogonyamelo, ngoxa ithetha ngemiqathango eyongezele okanye izivumelwano zomsebenzi wolawulo.

Imigangatho yemfundo noLawulo lwezakhono

Ingxoxo ngeMigangatho yeSizwe eQhelekileyo saseCore ibonisa ungquzulwano phakathi kokhokelo lukarhulumente kunye nolawulo lwesizwe kwimfundo. ICore eqhelekileyo yavela kumanyathelo karhulumente aqhutywa ziirhuluneli kunye neekhomishinala zemfundo, kodwa iintshukumisa zikarhulumente ngohlanga ukuya kwimiqathango yasePhezulu ekhuthaza ukukhutshwa, ikhokelela abagxeki ukuba bathi bangabaqhathi bakarhulumente. Abanye bathi ekuqaleni bamkele iCore Core eQhebekileyo kamva okanye bathabathela indawo imigangatho, bamisela igunya kwizigqibo zokufundisa. I-All Scessievects Act ka-2015, ibuyisela igunya elibalulekileyo lokujongela ityala isikolo, libuyisela ulawulo olubalulekileyo xa igcina iimfuno zikarhulumente zokuvavanywa nokuxelwa kwemfundo phakathi kokusebenza nolawulo lorhulumente. Le ndaleko ibonisa indlela imigaqo yemfundo ebonakalisa ngayo phakathi kokusebenza kolawulo nolawulo lorhulumente.

Ukwenziwa komthetho kweMarijuana noMthetho woManyano

Impikiswano phakathi kokugunyaziswa komjumba ngokomthetho kunye nokwalelwa kwesizwe kunika omnye weengxaki ezimandundu zesizwe zanamhlanje. Ngowama-2025, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa umya wezonyango, kwaye amaninzi aye agunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa kwabantu abadala, ukanti umyayi uhlala uyiShedyuli endilawula phantsi komthetho karhulumente. ISebe Lezobulungisa likhuphe iPhondo eliyalela abatshutshisi bephondo ukuba bathintele ukugcinwa komthetho okuchasene nomthetho ophambili, kodwa ukungqubana nokubekwa kwemithetho-mthetho kuyaqhubeka nokungaqiniseki kwemithetho-mthetho.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nolawulo lokhetho

Ngokuyintloko, imisela iiyure zokuvota, ukubeka iindawo zokuvota, iimfuno zokonyulwa, kunye nokufumana imithetho yokufikelela kwimida yesiseko somGaqo-siseko. UMthetho wokuBonga amalungelo onyaka ka-1965 uyalwalela umgaqo-mthetho wokuvota kwaye ufuna amagunya nembali yocalulo ukuze afumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yonyulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iSinyuko ePhakamileyo iphumele isigqibo [ku- iShelby County v. [[FLT] [[FLT] [2013]) yawisa umthetho wokumisa imigaqo yokumisela imithetho efuna ukuma phambi kwemithetho efuna ukuvota, ngokunelisa imigaqo yokuqinisekisa imigaqo yokuvota ngaphandle kwemvume.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente kunye namalungelo karhulumente uhlala uluphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwamaMelika. UmGaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo eyahlulayo igunya, kodwa imida engqalileyo iyaqhubeka iguquka ngomthetho, ukucaciswa kwezomthetho, kunye nengxoxo yezobupolitika. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ekuququzeleleni inzala yequmrhu kubani abami bamazwe kuba igunya elilawulayo kuba igunya elilawula imicimbi karhulumente linokusingatha imicimbi yabo nendlela yokuxhasa utshintsho olunokwenzeka. Ukunyamezela uxinezelelelo phakathi kobuzwe kunye nolwahluka-mazwe kudala iingxubeko kunye namathuba. Igunya elingurhulumente liqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko oluzinzileyo lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye neengxaki ezingaphaya kwemidali yemithetho-ogxandumasi, imvume yokusabela, inkqubo yezomthetho-democrali yezolawulo-othobacrali ekufikeleleni kwendlela efikeleleka ngokunokwenzeka ngayo. Abafundisicalamkelo olukhoyo, injongo yokucombulula ezikhoyo, ayikusombululo kodwa isebenza ngokusisigxina kwamathuba okusebenza ngokusisigxina kwenkqubo