Table of Contents

Iinkundla zezomthetho zeli lizwe ziyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika, ukusingatha imicimbi emininzi echaphazela abemi yonke imihla. Enyanisweni, iinkundla zephondo zilapho ama-95% awo onke amatyala ephondo egcinwa khona; ziva amatyala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70 nyaka ngamnye. Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa ziinkundla zeli lizwe, indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye neentlobo zamatyala ezinokukunceda ukuba ulawule inkqubo yokusesikweni ngokunempumelelo kwaye uqonde indima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwa zezi zikhuthazo ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nokucombulula iimbambano.

Ziyintoni Iinkundla Zaseburhulumenteni?

Iinkundla zezomthetho zimiselwe yimithetho-siseko karhulumente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuze zilawule okusesikweni kumaphondo azo ahlukeneyo. Amagunya okugweba amagunya mazwe ngamanye adla ngokubekwa kwiinkundla ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngumgaqo-siseko karhulumente okanye (ngokungephi) umthetho. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zephondo, ezinegunya elilinganiselweyo kwiimeko ezithile, iinkundla zikarhulumente zisebenza njengeenkundla zolawulo jikelele, intsingiselo yokuba zinokuva imibandela emininzi engomthetho.

Iinkundla zephondo ziinkundla zolawulo "lwegunya lombuso". Ziva onke amatyala angakhethwanga ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Oku kwenza iinkundla zephondo zibe yindawo ephambili apho inkoliso yamaMerika iza kudibana khona nenkqubo yokugweba, enoba kungenxa yokwaphulwa kweetrato, iimpikiswano zentsapho, izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya.

Ubukhulu kunye nomqulu wamatyala eenkundla zeLizwe

Iinkundla zeli lizwe eUnited States zisingatha amatyala amalunga nama-66 ezigidi nyaka ngamnye aquka imicimbi ehlukeneyo engokwasemthethweni, ukususela kwiimbambano zentsapho ukuya kumathikithi eenqwelo-mafutha. Eli tyala likhulu libonisa indlela ezibaluleke ngayo iinkundla zikarhulumente ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni nasebuthweni liphela.

Ityala eliqulunqwe liqulethwe ziinkundla zikarhulumente lingaphezulu lee kwelo leenkundla zikarhulumente. Ngoxa iinkundla zelifa lemveli zisingatha imicimbi ebalulekileyo yomthetho-siseko neyorhulumente, inkoliso yemithetho echaphazela thina idluliselwa ngoorhulumente beli lizwe, yaye ngaloo ndlela iinkundla ezininzi zephondo zisingatha iimbambano ezilawula ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Oku kuquka yonke into esuka ekucombululeni iimpikiswano ezinzulu zabamelwane ukuya kuvavanywa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusuka ekusingatheni kuwiswa uqhawulo-mthetho kuse kwimimiselo yomtshato.

Iintlobo zamatyala Aphethwe Ziinkundla Zeli lizwe

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinegunya elibanzi lokuphulaphula iindidi ezininzi zamatyala. Iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zisingatha amatyala, kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yesizwe, intsapho, kunye nemicimbi ephambili. Makhe sihlole nganye yezi ntlobo ziphambili.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwabamangali-tyala eUnited States. La matyala abandakanya ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yamazwe kwaye aquka ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane ukuya kumatyala anzulu. IiNkundla eziPhezulu zisingatha onke amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (amatyala, amatyala angekho mthethweni, namatikiti eenqwelo-mafutha) kwiinkqubo ezininzi zenkundla yeli lizwe.

Amatyala amaninzi anjalo abandakanya izixa-mali ezinkulu zemali okanye amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abangelwa zizenzo ezinzulu ezinjengokudlwengulwa nokubulawa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amatyala aphathwa kwiinkundla zolawulo ngokubanzi, ngelixa iinkundla ezilawulayo ezingekho semthethweni kunye namanye amacala amancinane enziwe kwiinkundla eziphantsi. Esi sakhiwo sezobucukubhede siqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aviwe ziinkundla ezinobuchule obufanelekileyo kunye nobuncwane obufanelekileyo.

Amatyala eenkundla zikarhulumente aquka:

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezifana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuqhekeza, ukuqhekeza, ukuhlasela okuthe kratya,
  • Imisdemers: Amacala anzima afana nokuhlasela okulula, ubusela obuncinane, ukonakalisa, kunye nehambo engalungelelananga
  • ukwaphulwa kwe-Traffic: amatikiti akhawulezayo, I-DUI/DWI ityala, ukuqhuba ngokungakhathali, kunye namanye amatyala emoto
  • Amacala e-drug: I-ARM, unikezelo, kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto ezilawulwayo phantsi komthetho wesizwe

Urhwebo lwezithuthi luquka ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yetyala, njengokubaleka kwamatikiti, nokubekwa izityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho, kuquka ukuqhuba ngephepha - mvume elilehliweyo.

Ityala Lelizwe

Iinkundla zelinye iqela zithetha ngamatyala abantu, amashishini okanye imibutho apho elinye iqela lifuna umonakalo wemali okanye ezinye iindlela zokunyanga kwelinye iqela.

Ityala lezemali okanye lempahla libandakanya imicimbi emininzi engokwasemthethweni equka:

  • Ingxelo zokonzakalisa okuzenzekelayo: Ityala elibandakanya iingozi zenqwelo-mafutha, ukutyibilika kunye nokuwa kweziganeko, ukungaphili-mayeza, kunye netyala lemveliso
  • Impikiswano yekontrakthi: ukungavumelani ngeesivumelwano soshishino, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, kunye nentengiso yabathengi
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impikiswano yepropati:[ iimbambano ezingalawulekiyo, ungquzulwano lwendawo, kunye nokuthengiselwana ngefa
  • Ingqokelela yemithetho yokufumana amatyala angahlawulwayo, imali elinganayo yekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala, kunye neemboleko
  • Intengo ezincinci: Iingxabano ezibandakanya ubuncinane bemali, ezidla ngokuphathwa kwizahlulo ezikhethekileyo ezincinci
  • Ukhuseleko lwekommuni: Ityala elibandakanya ukuqhatha, uqheliselo lweshishini lokukhohlisa, kunye neempikiswano zesiqinisekiso

Ityala Lomthetho Wentsapho

Imicimbi yomthetho wentsapho yeyona tyala libalulekileyo livela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Amatyala omthetho wentsapho aqukwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente aquka:

  • Uqhawulo kunye noqhawulo-qhawulo: ukuphelisa imitshato nolwahlulo lwempahla yomtshato ngokusemthethweni
  • Ukugcina umntwana nokumtyelela: ukuchaza amalungelo obuzali kunye neembopheleleko zabantwana abancinane
  • Inkxaso yemfuza: Ukuseka nokumisa iimbopheleleko zenkxaso yemali yabantwana
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkxaso yenkxaso/i-alimony: ichaza inkxaso yemali phakathi kwamaqabane angaphambili
  • Ingxoxo yomthetho yokuseka ulwalamano lobuzali nomntwana
  • Ukhawuleziso: lokuseka ubutata obusemthethweni
  • Imiyalelo yeNkundla yokukhusela amaxhoba okuxhatshazwa kogonyamelo oluzizizo:
  • Ukhuselo lwenqanawa: Ukumisela abagcini abasemthethweni ukwenzela abantwana okanye abantu abadala abangakwazi ukwenza lutho

Ukulungisa Ifa Nemibandela

Iinkundla ezilawulayo zisingatha ulawulo lwezabelo kunye nokukhuselwa kwemimiselo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iinkundla zeprobate zikwasingatha imicimbi efana nokuchotshelwa kwetyala, izicelo zokukhusela, ukukhuliswa, njl njl.njl.

Izakhono zolwaphulo-mthetho zibandakanya:

  • [[UMTL:0] Izakuba yiprobate: ukuqinisekisa kunye nokuphumeza iimfuno zomfi
  • ulawulo lwezolawulo: Ukwahlula-hlula nokuhambisa iimpahla zomntu oswelekileyo
  • Ilandelelwano lwesiZwe: Usasazo lwezabelo xa umntu esifa ngaphandle kokuthanda
  • [[Ulawulo loTshenxiso: 0] Ulawulo lokuthemba: Ukukhangela ngaphezulu ulawulo lwentelekelelo
  • Iinqanawa zolangiso: Ukumisela umntu othile wokulawula imicimbi yemali yomntu ongakwaziyo ukwenza

Oonobumba Abancinane

Iinkqubo ezininzi zenkundla yephondo zineenkundla ezikhethekileyo zolutsha okanye izahlulelo ezisingatha amatyala abandakanya abantwana.

  • Juvenile uphazamiso: Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ngabancinane
  • Status ars: Isimilo esingekho mthethweni ngenxa yobudala bomntu, njengexesha lokuphuma okanye ukubaleka
  • Intelekelelo nokungahoywa: Ityala elibandakanya ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana okanye ukutyeshelwa
  • Ukususwa kwamalungelo obuzali: ukwaphula ulwalamano olusemthethweni lomzali nomntwana kwiimeko ezinzima

Iindima Eziphambili Neembopheleleko Zeenkundla Zephondo

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni. Umsebenzi oyintloko wesebe eligwebayo kukulungisa ngokusesikweni nokungakhethi buso iimpikiswano ngokwemithetho. Makhe sihlolisise iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zeenkundla zikarhulumente ngokweenkcukacha.

Ukutolika Nokusebenzisa Imithetho KaRhulumente

Kanye njengokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zichaza imithetho karhulumente, iinkundla zeli lizwe zichaza imithetho karhulumente. Le yenye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeenkundla zikarhulumente. Abagwebi kufuneka bafunde baze baqonde imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, baze bawasebenzise kwiingxelo ezicacileyo zetyala ngalinye.

Ngenxa yokuba amatyala emithetho yawo, iinkundla zikarhulumente zimele zitolike kwaye zigqibe imicimbi yomgaqo-siseko wazo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zinegunya lokumisela ukuba iyintoni na imithetho karhulumente nendlela ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukucombulula Iimpikiswano

Indima yeJadicary kukunika wonke umntu ungenelelo olufanelekileyo kwiinkundla ukucombulula iingxaki zomthetho ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinikela ingxubusho apho abantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente zingazisa iimpikiswano zabo ukuze zifumane isigqibo. Nokuba kukungavisisani phakathi kwabamelwane, impikiswano phakathi kwamashishini, okanye umtshutshisi wetyala, iinkundla zikarhulumente zinikela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokucombulula iingxabano.

Abantu basebenzisana neenkundla ezininzi, njengokusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, ukucombulula iimbambano, okanye ukusingatha imiba engokwasemthethweni. Oku kufumaneka kwenza iinkundla zikarhulumente zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulondoloza ucwangco lwentlalo-ntle nokuqinisekisa ukuba iingxabano ziconjululwa ngoxolo ngogonyamelo okanye ngonyango lokuzinceda.

Ukugqiba Ukuba Netyala Okanye Ukungavisisani

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zikarhulumente zigqiba ngokufanelekileyo ukuba nabani na omangalelwe ngetyala okanye umsulwa. Le mbopheleleko ibalulekile ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla zeli lizwe kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba abamangalelwa bavavanywe ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba ubungqina buvavanywe kakuhle, kwaye eso sigqibo sisekelwe kubungqina obungenakuphikwa.

Inkqubo yobulungisa kwinkundla yetyala yephondo iquka ukugwetywa, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukungxelelwa iingxoxo, ukuvavanywa, ukugwetywa, kunye nokugwetywa. Ngalo lonke eli lungiselelo, iinkundla zephondo kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo zoluntu ekumangaleleni ulwaphulo-mthetho namalungelo omGaqo-siseko omangalelwayo.

Ukukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zichaza imithetho zize zikhusele amalungelo nenkululeko eqinisekiswe yiMigaqo-siseko yaseKhalifoniya naseUnited States. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo omntu ngamnye phantsi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinempembelelo engaphandle kubomi bamaMerika, zikhusela amalungelo nokuhambela phambili kobulungisa phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe onokuthi ucinge phambili kunomGaqo-siseko wase-U. Imigaqo-siseko emininzi yesizwe inikela ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kunemiGaqo-siseko yesizwe kwimimandla enjengamalungelo obuqu, amalungelo emfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zidla ngokuthetha izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimibandela emininzi — ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo, ukukhusela abathengi nabasebenzi, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yokuzala, nomgangatho womoya esiwuphefumlayo namanzi esiwaselayo.

Ukuququzelela ukuhambelana neMigaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Iinkundla zelizwe zinegunya lokuhlola imithetho karhulumente kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zikhululekile ukunyanzelisa nawuphi na umthetho, umgaqo, okanye umthetho ongangqubaniyo okanye ongangqubaniyo nesiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko wezwe (okanye somgaqo-siseko karhulumente).

Oku kuhlola ngezakhono zomthetho kuvumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zibethe imithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukukhusela Ulawulo - melo

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yeenkundla zikarhulumente kukugada imigudu yokuthoba idemokhrasi. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimicimbi enxulumene nonyulo, kuquka imingeni yokuhlaziya, amatyala okuvota, kunye neempikiswano ngeenkqubo zonyulo neziphumo.

Ngo-2020, iinkundla ezininzi eziphakamileyo zayichaza kanye loo ndima, zikhupha imithetho ebalulekileyo yokukhusela ulawulo lonyulo nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kunyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe ziyaqhubeka zisebenza njengabameli ababalulekileyo kwiimbambano zokufikelela ekuvotelweni, ukuthembeka konyulo, kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Izakhiwo zeenkundla zeRhulumente

Ulawulo olwahlukeneyo luneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya iinkundla zazo. Noko ke, onke amaphondo anesakhiwo se-apiderical ngenkundla esezantsi, iinkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Ngelixesha amagama akhethekileyo nombutho wokohluka ngokwemeko nemeko, uninzi lweenkqubo zenkundla zeli lizwe zilandela isakhiwo esineziqu ezithathu ezifanayo.

Iinkundla zokuchophela ityala (IiNkundla zeQumrhu lokuqala)

Igosa elisebenza jikelele lenkundla yenkundla yeli tyala. Eli lelona qondo lisezantsi lenkundla kwaye lidla ngokuba lithuba elivela kulo ityala okanye ityala. Iinkundla zamatyala zilapho kuqalwa khona, kunikelwe ubungqina, kungqinwa amangqina, kwaye kwenziwa izigqibo zokuqala.

Kwityala okanye kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ijaji, yaye ngamanye amaxesha inkundla egwebayo, iphulaphula ubungqina kunye nobungqina igqibe ityala ngokusebenzisa umthetho kwizibakala zetyala. Lo msebenzi wokufumana isibakala nguwo owahlula iinkundla zamatyala kwiinkundla zetyala.

Iinkundla zoMgaqo-nkqubo jikelele

Iinkundla zetyala zisenokuba ziinkundla zezolawulo jikelele, njengenkundla yesiphaluka okanye ephakamileyo, okanye zisenokuba ziinkundla ezilawula imimandla ekhethekileyo okanye elinganiselweyo, njengeprobate, inkundla yabantwana, inkundla yeetrato, okanye inkundla yentsapho. Iinkundla zolawulo jikelele zinokuva phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwetyala, kuquka imicimbi enzulu yezaphuli-mthetho kunye namatyala angokwamakhaya abandakanya imali eninzi.

ezi ntendelezo zichaphazele ityala:

  • Amatyala acacileyo olwaphulo - mthetho
  • Amatyala angaphakathi ngaphezulu komqobo othile wedola
  • Ulwahlulo oluntsonkothileyo
  • Ityala elingangeni kwicala elinegunya leenkundla ezikhethekileyo

Iinkundla Ezigwetywe Ngemiqathango

Amanye amazwe adala iinkundla ezilawula imimandla elinganiselweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba anokuwava amatyala kulawulo lwawo olukhethekileyo. La matyala akhethekileyo agxininisa kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala kwaye ngokufuthi asebenzisa iinkqubo ezilandelelanayo ezifanelekileyo kumbandela wawo.

Iinkundla eziqhelekileyo zolawulo olulinganiselweyo ziquka:

  • Iinkundla ezithi ziNcinci: zisingatha iimpikiswano zamakhaya ezibandakanya iimali ezincinane, neenkqubo ezenziwe lula kwaye ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwamagqwetha
  • [[UMTL:0] Iinkundla zeTraffic: Inyanga nokwaphulwa kwemoto kunye namacala anxulumeneyo
  • Iinkundla zosapho: Ukujolisa kuphela kwimicimbi yentsapho enjengoqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, nenkxaso
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iinkundla zeProbate:
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iinkundla ze-juvenile: Ulwabo namatyala abandakanya abantwana
  • UMnicipal okanye iinkundla zesixeko: isingatha amacala amancinane olwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwasekuhlaleni
  • Iinkundla zokwazisa: ezizizo kwiimpikiswano zengingqi kunye nokwaphulwa kwekhowudi yezindlu

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo ezisingatha amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho zikwaneenkundla ezahlukeneyo okanye abagwebi ababelwe ukusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala, ezibizwa ngokuba yi "iinkundla ezimanyumnyezi". Iinkundla ezilawula iingxaki zeengxaki zeengxaki zemali ziyinxalenye yomgudu omkhulu wotshintsho obizwa ngokuba yimiqathango yezamayeza ezama ukusingatha imibandela ekhoyo ekhokelela kubantu abafanayo abavela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuze kuncitshiswe ubuGcisa. Imizekelo iquka iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, kunye neenkundla zamarhentelente.

IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo

Uninzi lwamazwe lunenkqubo yenkundla eqinisiweyo apho kukho iinkundla eziphakathi "zokubambisa" ezihlola izigwebo zejaji okanye izimvo zabagwebi benkundla yamatyala (ngesiseko esisikelwe umda kwaye phantsi kwemigaqo engqongqo). Ezi nkosana zisebenza njengenqanaba lokuqala lokuhlola izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla zokuvavanya.

Njengeenkundla eziphakathi, umsebenzi wazo oyintloko kukuva izibheno ezivela kwizicelo eziqhelekileyo, kumasipala nakwinkundla yamaphondo. Ityala ngalinye liviwa lize ligwetywe yiqela lejaji elinamatyala amathathu. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zamatyala, iinkundla ezilawulayo azibuva ubungqina obutsha okanye ubungqina. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo kwinkundla echongiweyo zeze ziqwalasele iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni malunga nokuba iimpazamo zenziwe kusini na.

Ukuvavanywa kwenkundla kuvavanywa:

  • Iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ekusebenziseni umthetho
  • Iimpazamo ezingokwendalo ezichaphazela iziphumo
  • Ukuphulwa komGaqo-siseko
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo ngumgwebi
  • Akukho bungqina buneleyo bokuxhasa esi sigqibo

Ukuba iNkundla yeZibopho ifumanise ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenze impazamo, ingasibuyisela isigqibo okanye isithumele kwiNkundla yetyala ukuze kuthathwe enye inyathelo. Le nkqubo yokuhlola inceda ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokulungisa ekusetyenzisweni komthetho.

IiNkundla Eziphakamileyo Zelizwe

Urhulumente ngamnye unenkundla ephakamileyo. Le nkundla yinkundla yokugqibela yezibheno kuzo zonke izinto ezingaphakathi kwelo zwe. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe ihleli phezu kwequmrhu lenkundla yenkundla yezorhulumente kwaye inesithethi sokugqibela kwimicimbi yomthetho wesizwe.

Kukho nenkundla ephakamileyo yokubhenela, inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe, ejonge inkqubo yenkundla. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zinegunya elisesikweni, oko kukuthi zinokukhetha amatyala ezimele ziwaphulaphule, zibhekise kumatyala abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo engomthetho okanye iimbambano ezingomthetho.

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo:

  • Izigqibo zokuphendula eziphakathi
  • Isisombululo songquzulwano phakathi kwezigqibo zenkundla ezahlukeneyo
  • Azitoliki amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente
  • Ukumisela imizekelo esemthethweni ebopha zonke iinkundla ezingaphantsi kwiphondo
  • Ukuzilolonga kolawulo lokuqala kwiintlobo ezithile zezimo
  • Ukubona ulawulo lwenkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yephondo
  • zincwadi

Iinkundla ezininzi eziphakamileyo zikwanegunya eliqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yephondo. Kulo gunya, umzekelo, zibophelelekile ekwenzeni izicelo zoqingqo-mali nezigqibo zolawulo kwinkqubo yenkundla iyonke.

Zonke iinkundla eziphakamileyo zingumthetho ophantsi wemithetho omiselwe onke amagqwetha kwiphondo lawo yaye zigqiba ukuba ngubani onokuthi asebenzise umthetho na xa amagqwetha evunywa ukuba aphule imithetho yezomthetho, edla ngokubekwa njengemithetho yenkundla.

Indlela Iinkundla Zelizwe Ezahluke Ngayo Kwiinkundla Zomanyano

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na oqhuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Njengoko umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. udala inkqubo karhulumente karhulumente apho igunya labelana khona phakathi korhulumente worhulumente norhulumente. Urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngamnye norhulumente ngamnye uneenkqubo zenkundla zabo.

Isiqinisekiso: Umahluko Oyintloko

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente kukulawula. Ilitye libhekisela kwiintlobo zamatyala anokuviwa yinkundla ethile ize igqibe. Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo umisela ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo yenkundla eza kusingatha ityala elithile.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zidla ngokuba negunya elibanzi kuneenkundla zikarhulumente. Ngoxa iinkundla zelifa lemveli zinokuwava amatyala agunyaziswe ngokukhethekileyo ngumGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo karhulumente, iinkundla zikarhulumente zinokuphulaphula phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwetyala olungagcinelwanga iinkundla zikarhulumente kuphela.

Abafaki-zicelo baseka inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe enokuva amatyala kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo. Ekubeni iinkundla zelifa lemveli zinokuva kuphela iintlobo ezithile zamatyala, inkoliso yamatyala emini yonke anokuxoxwa ngawo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Iindidi zamatyala kwiNkundla yeLizwe

Iinkundla zomanyano zinolawulo olulinganiselweyo kwaye zinokuphulaphula kuphela iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Iinkundla zoManyano ziva amatyala aphakamisa "umbuzo wetyala" obandakanya uRhulumente waseUnited States, umGaqo-siseko wase-United States, okanye eminye imithetho yesizwe; kunye namatyala abandakanya "ukungahlangani kwabemi," abandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela amabini angaveli kwilizwe elinye okanye kwilizwe elinye, nalapho amatyala adibana khona nomqobo omiselwe ngemali ukwenzela ilahleko.

Imizekelo yamatyala karhulumente iquka:

  • Ityala elibandakanya imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho (ukuphanga ebhankini, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi kurhulumente)
  • Imingeni yoMgaqo-siseko kwimithetho
  • Iingxabano phakathi koorhulumente
  • Amatyala abandakanya amaziko
  • Izenzo zebhanki
  • Amatyala kaPatant kunye nogunyaziso
  • Imicimbi yokufuduka
  • Ityala lomthetho

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha inkoliso yemibandela engokwasemthethweni engabandakanyekiyo kwimibuzo karhulumente, kuquka ukumangalelwa kwamatyala eenkundla, imicimbi yomthetho wentsapho, amatyala okuzilolonga, iimbambano, imicimbi yokwenzakala kobuqu, neempikiswano zempahla.

Isandi semeko

Umahluko phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente nezorhulumente ubalulekile. Iinkundla zikarhulumente ziva malunga nama-98% etyala, zibonisa ukuba iinkundla zephondo zilapho inkoliso yamaMelika iza kunxibelelana nenkqubo yokugweba. Iinkundla zoMazwe, ngoxa zibalulekile kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala, zisingatha ipesenti encinane kakhulu yeempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zelizwe.

Ukhetho lwejaji

Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo karhulumente — apho abagwebi betyunjwa nguMongameli, beqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, baze baphile ubomi babo bonke — ukukhethwa kwesigwebo kuxhomekeke kwimimandla yorhulumente kuyahlukahluka yaye kunokudida.

Ngeli xesha abanye abagwebi benkundla yeli lizwe bemiselwa, abaninzi banyulwa. Abagwebi abagwebi abagwetyiweyo bangabonakala ngeendlela ezintathu: (1) abavoti-voteli abavela kwiqela; (2) abathe abathathi-nxaxheba; okanye (3) abanyuli-voti abanyulweyo abanyuki, apho kuphela umvoti novoti bagqibayo ukuba banikele elinye igama.

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhetha ezifanelekileyo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-"Missouri Plan") apho abagwebi bamiselwa okokuqala ngokusekelwe kwiimfaneleko baze bajongane nonyulo olugciniweyo. Amanye amaphondo anikwe abalawuli okanye izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zimisela abagwebi ukwenzela amagama asisigxina okanye de bathathe umhlala-phantsi.

Inkqubo Yezibheno KwieNkundla Zelizwe

Ilungelo lokubhena lukhuseleko olusisiseko kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ukuba omnye wabameli akanelisekanga sisigqibo senkundla esezantsi, lo mcimbi ungathathwa kwisibheno. Noko ke, kukho imiqathango ebalulekileyo kweli lungelo.

Ukugwetywa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho akunakubhetyebhetye ngenxa yokhuseleko loMphetho-mthetho wesihlanu kwingozi ephindwe kabini. Olu khuseleko lomgaqo-siseko luthintela urhulumente ukuba angammangaleli ngokuphindaphindiweyo umntu ngetyala elifanayo.

Ukuba umntu unesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba isigqibo esikhutshwe ngabachopheli-tyala okanye ijaji siphosakele, angabhenela esi sigqibo kwinkundla egwebayo. Noko ke, inkundla egwebayo ayinyanzelekanga ukuba iliphulaphule elo tyala. Kumaphondo amaninzi, kukho ilungelo lokubhenela, kodwa ukubhenela okubhekele phaya kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe kusoloko kusenziwa ngesigqibo.

47 yamazwe kunye norhulumente wesizwe uvumela ubuncinane ukuba kubhenelwe isibheno esinye esisuka kwisigwebo sokugqibela, okuthetha ukuba inkundla eyamkela isibheno kufuneka igqibe isibheno emva kokuba sifunyanwe kwaye sixambuliswe ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abangeni-mthetho banethuba elinye lokuba baphinde bahlole izigqibo zenkundla ezivavanyiweyo ngenxa yeempazamo.

Oko Kuhlolisiswa Yinkundla

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba iinkundla ezigwebayo aziwachaphazeli amatyala okanye zive ubungqina obutsha. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo engokwasemthethweni evela kwinkundla yamatyala ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo zenziwe ezichaphazela iziphumo. Iinkundla zezicelo zigxininisa kwimibuzo yomthetho kunokuba zijongene nemibuzo yenyaniso.

Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka:

  • Imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-mthetho
  • Ukuvuma okanye ukulahla ubungqina obungafanelekanga
  • Akukho bungqina buneleyo bokuxhasa esi sigqibo
  • Iimpazamo ekusebenziseni umthetho
  • Ukuphulwa komGaqo-siseko
  • Ukuziphatha okubi okanye ikhethe
  • Umonakalo ogqithiseleyo okanye ongafanelekanga

Imiphumo Enokwenzeka Yesibheno

Xa inkundla echaphazelekayo ihlola ityala, isenokuthi:

  • [[FT:0] Isiqinisekiso: Ukuxhasa isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo
  • Umva: jika ngaphezulu isigqibo senkundla egwebayo
  • [[UMTL:0] Remand: Thumela eli tyala emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela ingcebiso ezithe zaqhutyelwa phambili
  • [[UMTL: 0] tshintsha inxenye yesigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo ngexesha uxhasa amanye amalungu

Isigwebo: Ukuqonda Igunya Lenkundla

Igunya eliqhelekileyo lenkundla lokuva kunye/okanye "lokugweba" umbandela womthetho ubizwa ngokuba yi-"divsion". EUnited States, igunya linikwe inkundla okanye inkqubo yenkundla ngommiselo okanye ngomgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ifanele ukuva nokugqiba kuphela amatyala aphantsi afanele inkundla.

Isigqibo esisemthethweni esenziwa yinkundla engenagunya lifanelekileyo sibonwa siphuthile kwaye singabotshelelwanga kwiligigi. Oku kwenza ulawulo lube ngumba womqobo kwimeko nganye ("phambi kokuba inkundla igqibe ngezizathu zokuphikisana, kufuneka kuqala iqinisekise ukuba inegunya lokuva elo tyala.

Iintlobo Zomjuxuzo

Iinkundla zinokuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo:

  • Igunya leSihloko ulawulo lwento: Igunya lokuva iintlobo ezithile zezimo (ezecala, zelizwe, zentsapho, njl.njl.)
  • Igunya lomntu ngamnye: phezu kwamaqela abandakanyekileyo kwimeko
  • Phezulu lommandla: Igunya kummandla othile womhlaba
  • Phezulu lombuso: Igunya lokuva imeko okokuqala
  • Igunya lokuhlola izigqibo zeenkundla ezincinci
  • ulawulo oluqukunjelweyo: kuphela inkundla enye evayo le meko
  • Ulawulo lwangoku: Ngaphezu kokuba inkundla ingenakuliva elityala

Inkundla nganye yephondo inegunya kwimida yelizwe layo. Ityala limmandla welizwe apho inkundla inegunya lokugqiba amatyala.

Umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zenkundla yeLizwe

Ukungaguquguquki okubanzi, ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente, kwesakhiwo kunye nenkqubo ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yenkundla kungenxa yokulondolozwa kwala mandla azimeleyo kumazwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Esi sakhiwo sorhulumente sithetha ukuba urhulumente ngamnye unenkululeko eninzi yokulungiselela inkqubo yenkundla ngendlela ayibona ifanelekile ngayo.

Umbuso ngamnye umisele inkqubo yawo yenkundla, eye yakhokelela kumahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zenkundla yenkundla yelizwe. Ngelixesha onke amazwe elandela isakhiwo esingundoqo esizii-3, amagama akhethekileyo, umbutho, kunye nenkqubo zingahluka ngokuphawulekayo.

Iintlupheko ezihambelanayo

Amagama eenkundla ahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente. Oko omnye urhulumente akubiza ngokuba yi "Inkundla yeSiphaluka" okanye "Inkundla Yephondo" kwelinye ilizwe. Amanye amaphondo anamatyala ahlukeneyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ngoxa amanye edibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatyala kwiinkundla zamatyala ezimanyeneyo.

Ngokomzekelo, amanye amazwe aneenkundla zamatyala ezahlukeneyo, ngoxa amanye aneenkundla ezilawulayo ezilawula zombini. Amanye amaphondo aneenkundla zemigangatho yephondo, ngoxa amanye elungelelanisa iinkundla zawo zamatyala ngamaphondo anokuquka izixa-mali ezininzi.

Imisebenzi

Iinkqubo zenkundla yephondo nazo ziyahluka. Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe yenkqubo yamakhaya, inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nobungqina. Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi eye amkela imithetho efana neMimiselo yeNkqutyana yeNtshona Koloni, kusoloko kukho umahluko ophawulekayo kwiinkcukacha ezifana nethi:

  • Imisebenzi engxamisekileyo kunye nemimiselo yemiqathango
  • Imigaqo efunyenweyo kunye nemiqathango
  • Uqheliselo lwentshukumo
  • Iinkqubo zovavanyo
  • Iinkqubo zokukhetha i Jury
  • Imigaqo neenkokhelo zokutyala

Umahluko kwiNgxongo-mali noLawulo

Omnye umahluko ungokuba iinkundla zokuchophela amatyala zikarhulumente, ingakumbi iinkundla zolawulo olulinganiselweyo, zisungulwe zize zixhaswe njengenxalenye karhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kukho iinkqubo ezininzi ze-projekthi ezikhoyo phakathi kwazo.

Iinkundla zikarhulumente ezisebenza njengenxalenye karhulumente zisengozini yokuba nolawulo lwenkundla olusembindini kunye nolawulo, olukhuthaza ubucukubhede kunye nokufana kweenkqubo. Iinkundla zoluntu ezisebenza njengamalungu oorhulumente basekuhlaleni zidla ngokuzibona njengeziyinxalenye yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni, kunokuba zibe ngabameli bakarhulumente abangakhethi buso abasebenzisa umthetho karhulumente.

Ukufikelela kwiiNkundla zeLizwe namalungelo akho

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zenzelwe ukuba zifikeleleke kubo bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bazi mali kangakanani okanye bayazi kangakanani na umthetho.

Ilungelo Lokumela Umthetho

Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ilungelo kwigqwetha. Unelungelo lokuba negqwetha elikumelayo ngendleko kawonke-wonke ukuba umangalelwe ngetyala okanye ngempazamo kwaye awunamali yokuqesha igqwetha. Eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba kwanabamangalelwa abangenamdla umva bafumana umelo olusemthethweni kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Noko ke, kumatyala asekuhlaleni, akukho lungelo lomGaqo-siseko kwigqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla. Ukuba ukhetha ukungaliqeshi igqwetha, kufuneka wenze lonke uphando lwasemthethweni, wenze amaxwebhu akho, ifayile yakho kwaye usebenzise amaxwebhu akho, kwaye unikele ubungqina obukhoyo. Oku kunokuba lucelomngeni kubantu ngaphandle koqeqesho olungokwasemthethweni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iinkundla ezininzi zinike uncedo noncedo lobuqu.

Oovimba boncedo lobuqu

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo zivelise uninzi lwezibonelelo zoncedo ukuncedisa abantu abazimelayo (ababizwa "pro se" okanye "ozinikel' i-"ligistrants). Ezi zixhobo zingaquka:

  • ezisemthethweni neefomu zemali
  • Iziko loncedo lobuqu
  • Imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni
  • Iinkqubo ze-probo bono zegqwetha
  • Iinkqubo ezilula zeentlobo ezithile zamatyala
  • Isalathisi senkundla esinokunika ukhokelo

Iimpukane Ezibhabhayo Nee Waivers

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo zikhupha iindleko zetyala ukuze kuqaliswe amatyala. Noko ke, iinkundla zinemigaqo yokuhlawula okanye yokunciphisa iindleko kubantu abangakwaziyo ukuthenga. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela kokusesikweni akukhatywanga ngokusekelwe ekungakwazini ukuhlawula iindleko zenkundla.

Ukubaluleka Kweenkundla Zelizwana Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Iinkundla zelizwe zichukumisa phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Ukususela kwixesha ofumana ngalo ilayisensi yokuqhuba (enokuthi ibekwe kwinkundla yenkundla) kumthetho wokunyanzelisa izivumelwano, isigqibo sokuphikisana nabamelwane, ukukhuselwa kwabantwana, nokulawulwa kwemimandla emva kokufa, iinkundla zeli lizwe zinendima ebalulekileyo.

Khawuqwalasele ezi meko zemihla ngemihla apho kusenokubandakanyeka iinkundla zikarhulumente:

  • ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yequmrhu: Ukuba ufumana itikiti elibalekayo, ungakhuphisana nalo kwinkundla yelizwe
  • Iimbambano zoshishino ezincinci: ukungavisisani phakathi kwamashishini kusoloko kusombululwa enkundleni yephondo
  • Imibandela yelizwe elinamandla: iziphumo kunye nokhuseleko lokugcina iimpikiswano ludlule kwiinkundla zikarhulumente
  • Utshintsho lwentsapho: uqhawulo-mtshato, amalungiselelo okugcina umntwana, kunye nokumka nomntwana womntwana wonke zifuna ukubandakanyeka kwenkundla yenkundla
  • Ukhuseleko lwekonssumer: Ingqumbo namashishini kunemveliso okanye iinkonzo ezinesiphene
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo wobuqu: ukuba woniwe engozini, ungafuna imbuyekezo kwinkundla yelizwe
  • Ucwangciso lwelizwe: IMivulo namathemba zinikezelwa ngeenkundla ze-probate
  • Ityala lobulungisa: Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ayenzeka kwiinkundla zikarhulumente

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neenkundla Zaseburhulumenteni

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kusenokukunceda abemi baqonde ukuba intlupheko yenkqubo yokugweba inzima yaye kufuneka inkxaso nobuncwane obufanelekileyo.

Ubuninzi bemeko kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo

Ityala elininzi liqatshelwa nyaka ngamnye, iinkundla zeli lizwe zisoloko zitsala nzima ngenxa yokuthwaliswa kwetyala elinzima kunye nezinto ezisemngciphekweni. Abagwebi benkundla yezorhulumente bahlawulwa kancinci, banabasebenzi abancinane, kwaye basingatha ityala elikhulu kunezabo kwisebe lejaji. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulibaziseni ukuphunyezwa kwetyala kunye nocelomngeni ekulungiseleleni imigaqo-mthetho ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Inani elandayo labaziboneleli abazimeleyo

Abantu abangakumbi bazimela ngokwabo kwiinkundla zenkundla, ingakumbi kumatyala omthetho wamakhaya nawentsapho. Ngoxa iinkundla ziye zavelisa ubuncwane bokunceda abathathi-nxaxheba abazimeleyo, aba bantu badla ngokujamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezintsonkothileyo nokuqonda amalungelo neemfuno zabo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokwenziwa kwale mihla

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisebenzela ukuphucula imicimbi yazo ngobugcisa, kuquka iinkqubo ze-elektroniki, ividiyo egunyazisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwiingxelo zenkundla. Kodwa ke, ukuzalisekisa ezi nkqubo kudinga utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwaye kunokubangela iingxaki kubantu abangenazo iinkcubeko zobugcisa okanye ubuchule bokufunda.

Ukulondoloza Inkululeko Yogwebo

Iinkundla zeli lizwe kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuphendula uluntu ngokubanzi nemfuneko yokuzimela geqe. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zilungele ukuphindezela nokusebenzisa imigaqo-mthetho. Ngo-2021, abamisi-mthetho bamazwe baya befuna ukuhlaziywa kweenkundla zeli lizwe ukuze balwenze buthathaka inkululeko yabo baze bagqwethe iziphumo zonyulo oluzayo. Ukukhusela inkululeko yokugweba ngoxa ukulondoloza intembelo yoluntu kwiinkundla kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Indlela Yokuqhuba Iinkundla Zelizwana

Ukuba kufuneka unxibelelane neenkundla zikarhulumente, enoba ungummangalelwa, unikela ubungqina, okanye ugwebi, nazi ezinye iicebiso ezisebenzisekayo:

Ukuqonda Nguwuphi Inkundla Emangalelweyo

Qwalasela ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya phezu kwetyala lakho elisekelwe kuhlobo lwetyala, isixa sempikiswano, nendawo yendawo. Ukuhamba kwinkundla engalunganga kungaphumela ekugxothweni okanye ekuthunyelweni kwetyala lakho, kubangele ukuba ulibaziseko kunye nendleko eyongezelelekileyo.

Bazi Abafi

Iinkqubo zenkundla ziquka ixesha elingqongqo elimiselweyo. Ukungalilandeli ixesha lokugcina ifayile kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni lilungelo lakho lokufuna okanye ukunikela ukhuseleko.

Sebenzisa Oovimba Abakhoyo

Zisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo ii-website zenkundla, iziko loncedo, nemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni. Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela iifomu, imiyalelo, kunye nezinto eziluncedo ekuncedeni abantu basebenzise indlela. Musa ukuthandabuza ukucela abasebenzi benkundla ukuba bafumane ulwazi olululo, nangona bengenakuwakhumbula amacebiso asemthethweni.

Qwalasela umelo olusemthethweni

Ngoxa unelungelo lokuzimela, ukuba negqwetha kungawaphucula ngokuphawulekayo amathuba akho empumelelo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima. Ukuba awunako ukulifumana igqwetha, uphando olufana noncedo lomthetho, iinkonzo ze-probono, okanye umelo olusikelwe umda apho igqwetha linceda ngenkalo ethile yetyala lakho.

Lungiselela Ngokucokisekileyo

Enoba unegqwetha okanye uzimele, kubalulekile ukulungiselela ngenyameko amaxwebhu akho. Lungisa amaxwebhu akho, qonda imithetho neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, lungiselela amangqina akho, uze ulindele iimpikiswano ezinokwenziwa kwelinye icala.

Izenzo Zenkundla Yentlonelo Neenkokeli

Iinkundla zinemithetho engqalileyo ephathelele indlela yokuziphatha, indlela yokunxiba, ukufika ngexesha, ukunxiba ngendlela efanelekileyo, ukucima izixhobo ze-elektroniki, ukubiza ijaji ngentlonelo nokulandela yonke imithetho yenkundla. Ukungaluthobeli kakuhle umgangatho wenkundla kunokuliphazamisa ityala lakho.

Ikamva Leenkundla Zeenkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zephondo ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zoluntu nokuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa.

Iinkundla ezicombulula ingxaki

Amazwe amaninzi andisa iinkundla ezijongene neengxaki ezikhethekileyo ezisingatha iimbambano ezisisiseko ezifak' isandla kwiingxaki zomthetho. Iinkundla zezonyango, iinkundla zempilo, amavalente, neenkundla ezingenamakhaya zisebenzisa indlela yonyango, zidibanisa abathathi-nxaxheba ngonyango neenkonzo kunokuba zisohlwaye.

Enye impikiswano

Iinkundla ziya zibandakanya ezinye iindlela zesigqibo ezifana nokukhupha ityala nokuphelisa ingxabano. Ezi nkqubo zingacombulula iimbambano ngokukhawuleza nangokungabilulekanga kakhulu kunezo ziqhelekileyo, ngeli lixa zinika amaqela ulawulo olungakumbi kwisiphumo.

Uqikelelo lobuxhakaxhaka

Iinkundla zezobugcisa zisebenzisa ubugcisa ukuze ziphucule indlela yokufikelela nokusebenza.

Jolisa Ingqalelo Ekufikeleleni Kokusesikweni

Kukho ukuvunywa okukhulayo "kwesithuba sobulungisa"" umahluko phakathi kweemfuno ezisemthethweni eziphantsi neziphakathi ezifumana abantu kunye noovimba abakhoyo bokuhlangabezana neemfuno. Iinkundla zelizwe kunye neemanyano zebhari ziphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokwandisa ufikelelo kubulungisa, kuquka iinkqubo ezenziwe lula, abahambi ngenqanawa, kunye neemodeli zenkonzo ezintsha.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zephondo zisisiseko senkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika, ukusingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni nokuchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka ekugqibeni amathikithi ezithuthi ukuya kugqiba ngemibuzo entsonkothileyo yezomGaqo-siseko, ukukhusela abantwana ukuya kumgangatho wolawulo, iinkundla zeli lizwe zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni umthetho nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kokusesikweni.

Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente .(ulawulo lwazo, isakhiwo, iinkqubo, nokubaluleka kwazo) abemi ukuba balawule inkqubo yomthetho ngokunempumelelo kwaye bathathe inxaxheba ngokuzeleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Ukuba ngaba nikwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, nifaka ityala, nikhusela izityholo, okanye nje nizama ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yethu esemthethweni esebenza ngayo, ulwazi lweenkundla zikarhulumente luyimfuneko.

Njengoko iinkundla zikarhulumente ziqhubeka ziguqula izinto zijongene nocelomngeni olutsha namathuba, umsebenzi wazo obalulekileyo awutshintshanga: ukulungiselela bonke okusesikweni okufanelekileyo nokufanelekileyo. Ngokuxhasa nokuqonda la maqumrhu abalulekileyo, sinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba idinga lokusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho liyinto eyenzekayo kuye wonke umntu.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngenkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelizwe lakho, tyelela i-website esemthethweni yenkundla yenkundla yelo lizwe lakho okanye jongana ne- Iziko lohlanga lweeNkundla zelizwe, elinika ubuncwane nolwazi ngeenkundla zikarhulumente kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ungafumana iinkcukacha eziluncedo malunga nomahluko phakathi kwenkundla yesizwe neyorhulumente kwiwebhsayithi ye-United States Courts.