Yintoni Umthetho Obalulekileyo Kuyo Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?

UMthetho woMthetho usisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye imfuneko yebutho labantu elisesikweni, elizinzileyo nelichumileyo. Emongweni walo, kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla okanye amandla, omi ngaphezu komthetho. Endaweni yoko, umthetho ulawula uhlanga, unika isiseko esicacileyo, esicacileyo sokwenza izigqibo kunye nesigqibo sedemokhrasi. Lo mgaqo awuyonto nje engokomthetho engokwasemthethweni, kwaye uyinto yemihla ngemihla elawula indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo, indlela amashishini asebenza ngayo, nendlela abantu abawakhusela ngayo amalungelo abo. Xa uMthetho womelele, abemi bathemba ukuba okusesikweni kuyagcinwa, izivumelwano zinyanzelekile, yaye amandla angenangqiqo athintelweyo. Xa umgangatho woluntu uqala ukudideleka. Le ngxelo ingcambulo, imigaqo engundoqo, imigaqo eluncedo, nokubaluleka kobugcisa banamhlanje, noxandulo loMthetho, ukuxhasa imicimbi yemithetho engakumbi yenkulungwane.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Komthetho

Ingcamango yoMthetho ayibhekiseli kude lee kwilizwe langoku. Amagama ayo abhaliweyo akuqala abonakala kwimpucuko yamandulo. EBhabhiloni, iKhowudi kaHammurabi (unyaka 1754 BC) yaseka ukuba imithetho mayibhalwe kwaye iboniswe ekuhleni, ngoko bonke abemi bakhona bangawazi amalungelo abo neemfuno zabo. UAristotle, ebhala eGrisi yamandulo, waphikisa ukuba "urhulumente wemithetho, kungekhona yabantu" wayengaphakamisi iingcamango ezingeyo zabalawuli. Kamva, uMagna Carta kaKumkani ka-1215 waseNgilani u-Ilani wanyanzela ukuba avume ukuba kwanokumkani uphantsi komthetho, , , ingcamango yokuvukela, ethetha ukuba urhulumente wamandulo, utyala imbewu ngenxa yomgaqo-siseko wangoku.

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, uMthetho wavela kunye nentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Iingcinga zolukhanyiselo njengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacques Rousseau bayiphucula le ngcamango, igxininisa amalungelo endalo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, kunye nemfuneko yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso. Imvukelo yaseMerika neyobuFrentshi yazingenisa ezi migaqo-siseko ebhaliweyo. Namhlanje, uMthetho ubhaliswa zweni lonke (eintlawulo ze-Indal Universal of Human Rightss Declaration, kwaye ukhuthazwa yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe ezimanyene kunye neProjectalmental Project.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yomthetho

Nangona iingcaciso zingafani, inkoliso yabaphengululi iyavumelana ngezinto eziliqela ezisisiseko ezibumba uMthetho.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Wonke umntu nelungiselelo, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, kufuneka athobele imigangatho efanayo esemthethweni. Akukho mntu ukhululekiyo ngenxa yobutyebi, unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, okanye imeko yentlalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo, kwaye inkqubo yokusesikweni kufuneka ibaphathe bonke abantu ngentlonelo efanayo. Xa ukulingana kuvavanywa ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokusemthethweni onelungelo lokukhulula abantu, kuyaphela.

Ukuphendula kukarhulumente

Oorhulumente kufuneka basebenze phakathi kwemida yomthetho. Amagosa karhulumente, ukusuka kwiintloko zorhulumente zasekuhlaleni, ayakuphendula ngezenzo zabo. Oku kuquka ukubonakala kwizenzo zomthetho, ukuma nokunamathela kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezifana nokucaciswa okuvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethelele izenzo ezingaphaya kwegunya elisemthethweni. Ukuphendula kukwabonisa ukuba abemi banokuvavanya izigqibo zikarhulumente ngemijelo esemthethweni.

Isiqinisekiso Esisemthethweni Nobuxoki

Imithetho kufuneka icace, ifikeleleke ekuhleni, ihlale ihleli, ibekwe ngokuzinzileyo. Abantu abanakulindelwa ukulandela imithetho abangayiqondiyo okanye abangayiqondiyo. Ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni kubalulekile ekucwangciseni utyalo-mali lwezoshishino, ekulawuleni imicimbi yobuqu, nasekuxele kwangaphambili iziphumo zezenzo. Imithetho ebuyisayo, imimiselo eyimfihlo, okanye iinguqulelo eziqhelekileyo ezizenzekelayo zibangela ukuncitshiswa komthetho zize ziphule uMthetho.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Kufuneka abantu ngabanye bafumane iindlela ezisebenzisekayo, ezifikelelekayo nezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwiinkundla, abameli bomthetho, nezinye izindululo. Ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni, ijaji ezimeleyo, namandla okunyanzelisa amalungelo asemthethweni awanakuthintelwa. Ukufikelela kokusesikweni akuphelelanga nje ekubeni nenkqubo yenkundla; kukususa imiqobo efana nendleko, ulwimi, inkcaso, ucalulo, kunye nesongelo ethintela abantu ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo.

Inkcaso Enzulu Yomthetho

Umthetho ulelona gunya liphakamileyo kwelo lizwe. Akukho mntu, akukho siko, akukho mbutho, akukho qela labupolitika, namkhosi unokuthi awuyeke umthetho. Lo mgaqo usoloko uchazwa njengo "rhulumente wemithetho, kungekhona oyabantu" ufuna ukuba onke amandla asetyenziswe ngokwemigaqo-siseko, kwaneyona migaqo-siseko ithandwayo ifanele ihambelane nemithetho.

Ijedi

Iinkundla kufuneka zikhululeke kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika, ukunyoba, okanye ukoyikisa. Ukukhululeka kwezeejaji kukugcinwa koMthetho. Xa abagwebi bemiselwa ngokusekelwe kwisidima kwaye besebenzisa izindululo ezikhuselekileyo, banokunikela izigqibo zokungakhethi buso ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Kwakhona inkundla ezizimeleyo ithetha ukuba iinkundla zinokubuqwalasela ubungqongqo bomthetho nezenzo zomthetho, zinika ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo engokwamandla.

Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho Ubaluleke

Umthetho awupheleli ngokwawo, kodwa uyindlela yokufumana izinto ezininzi ezikumgangatho woluntu. Ukubaluleka kwawo kungaqondwa ngemilinganiso emininzi enzima.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Nenkululeko

Xa uMthetho woMthetho womelele, abemi banokuthetha ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni, baqhelisele unqulo lwabo, bazi ukuba urhulumente akanakubanyanzelisa. Yikhaka elikhusela abantu ekuxhatshazweni kwenkoliso okanye kwixhoba likarhulumente.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Imbali izele yimizekelo yamandla apheleleyo akhokelela kurhwaphilizo, kwingcinezelo, nakugonyamelo. Umthetho woMthetho ubeke imingcele ngokufuna ukuba zonke izenzo zibe nemvume esemthethweni, izigqibo zihlolwe, kwaye amagosa ajongene neziphumo zokuziphatha okubi. Lo mgaqo awusebenzi kurhulumente kuphela kodwa nakubadlali babucala `ezifana nemibutho emikhulu] xa besebenzisa igunya phezu kwabanye.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nokuzinza

Ukusingqongileyo okuthelekelelwayo okungokomthetho kubalulekile ukuze unyuko lwezoqoqosho. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka bazi ukuba izivumelwano ziza kunyanzeliswa, amalungelo empahla akhuselwe, kwaye imimiselo ayinakutshintsha ngokuzenzekela. IBhanki yehlabathi[[FLT: 1] ichaze ixesha elide uMthetho njengonobangela ongundoqo wokunciphisa ubuhlwempu kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Amazwe anomthetho onamandla atsala utyalo oluthe ngqo lwamanye amazwe, amava amaqondo aphezulu oshishino, kwaye afumana uvuselelo oluphezulu kwingxaki yemali.

Ulungelelwano Lwasentlalweni Noxolo

Xa imithetho icacile, isesikweni yaye inyanzelisa ngokungaguqukiyo, abantu banokucombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kokubhenela kugonyamelo. UMthetho unikela indlela yokulawula ukungquzulana, ulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zokukhuphisana, nokudibanisa imimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Ukufaneleka Korhulumente

Oorhulumente abahlonela uMthetho banokuthenjwa ngakumbi yaye banelungelo elifanelekileyo. Abahlali basengozini yokuthobela imithetho ngokuzithandela, bahlawule irhafu, baze babe nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu xa bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo ilungile.

Ukuqhelisela Umthetho

Ukuguqulela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni kwizinto eziphilayo kufuna ukuba kubekho inkqubo engokweziko nesithethe somthetho.

Imisebenzi yeFrames yomGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko wolawulo-siseko omninzi ubhale umgaqo-siseko omisela imithetho esisiseko yokulawula, ukwabela amagunya phakathi kwamasebe, namalungelo asisiseko. Umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthetho ophezulu, ofuna imigaqo ekhethekileyo yokulungisa. Kwakhona usoloko uquka amalungiselelo okuhlola okugweba, uvumela iinkundla ukuba zidele imithetho ephikisana nomgaqo-siseko.

Iziqu ezizimeleyo kunye neenja ezigadileyo

Ngaphezu kwejaji, amaziko anjengezikhuseli, iikhomishini zamalungelo abantu, amaqumrhu alwa nokunganyaniseki, kunye namakhomishini onyulo anceda ekunyanzeleni ukuphenduliswa kwetyala. Ukuzimele kwabo ekulawuleni kwezobupolitika kubaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo, amajelo eendaba namaqumrhu akhululekileyo ebutho labantu asebenza njengeenja zangaphandle, ebhenca ukwaphulwa nokuzingela ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke.

Imfundo yasemthethweni nolwazi

Abantu abanakuwasebenzisa amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokuba bayawazi loo malungelo. Iinkqubo zokufunda nokubhala, iiparalema, kunye nolwazi olufikelelekayo olungokwasemthethweni zinika abemi amandla okulawula inkqubo yokusesikweni. Kwiminyaka yolwazi lwamanani, oovimba bekhompyutha kunye namaqonga banokuwuphelisa umthetho, bewenza ungabi nakwamkeleka ngakumbi. Umzekelo, imibutho efana i-Lexis Nexis, uMthetho we-Foundation [[FLT: 1]

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho Okunempumelelo

Amapolisa, abatshutshisi, kunye namaziko alawulayo kufuneka anyanzelise umthetho ngokusesikweni nangokwandiswa kwekhethe. Oku kufuna ukuba kuqeqeshwe ngobuchule, kuchazwe ngokucacileyo, kubekwe imigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo, kwaye kuqwalaselwe. Xa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wonakele okanye ucalucalulo, uMthetho awuphumeleli, ngokufuthi uhlasela abantu abaphantsi.

Isisombululo seNkxaso eFikelelekayo

Iinkundla asiyondlela yodwa eya kumatyala. Iindlela zokuphelisa impikiswano ezinokungephi, ````ukukhupha ityala,' ukuhlahlela, iinkqubo zokugweba' zesithethe----------eno-zinika amayeza akhawulezileyo nangabizi mali ingako. Noko ke, kufuneka basebenze phantsi kwemigangatho esemthethweni kwaye bavulelwe bonke.

Ucelomngeni Lomthetho Kwihlabathi Lanamhlanje

Nangona wawusaziwa ehlabathini lonke, uMthetho usoloko usoyikiswa.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Urhwaphilizo lunciphisa zonke iinkalo zoMthetho. Xa amagosa emkela ukunyotywa, xa izivumelwano zinikwa ngoqhagamshelwano lobuqu, okanye xa amapolisa engaluhoyi ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuhlawula, umthetho uba ligophe elingenanto. Urhwaphilizo luphelisa ukuthembana kwaye lwenza inkqubo yesibini enxulumeneyo kunye nenye. Ngokutsho i-Trand International, ukunganyaniseki kukukuhlasela okungqalileyo koMthetho.

Ukudibana Nokuziphindezela Kwezobupolitika

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulawulo-demokhrasi oluninzi luye lwafumana ukuphambuka kwedemokhrasi, apho iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo zityhalela phantsi uvavanyo lwamandla azo. Ukupakisha iinkundla kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, ukugqitha ipalamente, ukuhlasela ushicilelo, kunye nokutshintsha imithetho yokukhetha ukudibanisa zonke ezichasene noMthetho woMthetho. Iprojekthi ye-World Justice Project yoMthetho [ ibonisa utyekelo lwehlabathi lokungathobeli ekunamatheleni kuMthetho ukususela ngo-2016.

Ukufikelela Kwimida Yokusesikweni

Izigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke azinakukwazi ukuthenga igqwetha, aziqondi iinkqubo zomthetho, okanye azinakujamelana nemiqobo yokufikelela kwindlu yenkundla. Umsantsa "yobulungisa" uqatha ngakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, phakathi kwabemi abafumana imali encinane, nakumaqela ajongene nocalucalulo olufana noluncinane, amabhinqa, nabantu bomthonyama. Kwanakumazwe afumileyo, indleko yokuzimela ityala ingathintelwa.

Ucelomngeni Lobugcisa Nolwazi

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwadala imida emitsha apho uMthetho kufuneka uzenzekele khona. Iingxaki ezifana nokuhlola nge-intanethi, ukwenza izigqibo ze-algorithm, ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi, kunye nolawulo lobuntlola obungeyomfuneko ziphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko. Ngubani ozakuphendula xa i-algorithms? Ingaqinisekiswa njani inkqubo efunekayo kwizigqibo zikarhulumente ezizenzekelayo? Imithetho esoloko iphelelwa emva kobugcisa, yenza i-atmocrast enokusetyenziswa. Imithetho ye-data efana ne-GDPR imela ukuzama ukuzisa ulawulo lwamanani phantsi koMthetho woMthetho, kodwa i-galelo ihlala ingalingani.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nolwaphulo - mthetho Lwamazwe Ngamazwe

Iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisekelwe kwimimandla ethile, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ukuphangwa kwemali, ubugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi obusebenza kwiikhompyutha, iinkqubo zesithethe ezilucelomngeni ezisekelwe kwimimandla ethile. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe iyimfuneko, kodwa ukuthanda kwezobupolitika nokulungelelaniswa okusemthethweni kusoloko kulahlekile. UMthetho woMthetho ufuna iindlela ezisebenzayo ezizweni lonke, ezifana nezivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni kunye nezivumelwano ezithe kratya, ukuze abantu abadlalayo baphendule.

Indima Yobuxhakaxhaka Bobuxhaka Bokuqinisa Umthetho

Ngoxa ubugcisa bubangela iingxaki, bukwanikela izixhobo ezinamandla zokuhambisela phambili uMthetho. Iiplatifomu ezisebenzisa amanani zinokuphucula ukubonakala, ukufumaneka nokusebenza kwenkqubo yokusesikweni.

Vula Okusesikweni Nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukupapashwa kwemithetho, izigwebo zenkundla, uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zokufumana ityala kwandisa ukuthembeka. IMissinei iyakwazi ukulandelela iinguqu zomthetho, ukuqwalasela iindleko zemali nokuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa asemthethweni.

Ukufikelela Kwamanani Kubulungisa

Iiplatfomu zesigqibo soluvo kunxibelelwano, ii-portal zolwazi olusemthethweni, kunye nee-apples ezihambayo zingazisa iinkonzo ezisemthethweni kubemi abangaphantsi kwexabiso. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezivumela izikhalazo ezinyuliweyo ze-electal, ucwangciso lwendlela yokuva, okanye ukufikelela kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni zinciphisa imiqobo yomgama nexabiso.

Ukunikwa ityala kogcino-lwazi-olune-Drive

Ukuchanaba kuyakwazi ukuchaza indlela yokugweba, ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye urhwaphilizo. Iiqonga ezikhuselekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokunikela ingxelo zinceda abemi ukuba baxele ukunganyaniseki. Kodwa ke, ezi zixhobo kufuneka zenzelwe ukukhusela abantu ukuze baphephe ukusetyenziswa kakubi.

Ubugcisa Obusemthethweni Bamagqwetha Neenkundla

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwetyala, i-e-film kunye nophando oluncedisiweyo olusemthethweni luphucula isantya kunye nokungaguquguquki kobulungisa. Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganceda iinkundla zilawule iziqobo, ziqinisekise ukuba amatyala avalwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, qha, inkalo engundoqo yoMthetho.

Kwimibutho ephethe ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo olungokwasemthethweni nolulawulayo, izixhobo ezifana ne Directus]."indawo evuliweyo engenantloko ye-CMS/i-acan ukunceda ukwakha izikhombisi zesiko zokupapasha imithetho, ukulandelela, okanye ukulawula inkundla yamadokisi. Ngokukwazi ulawulo lwento equlethweyo ngeemvume eziqinileyo kunye nokufikelela, iDetractarus ixhasa ukubonakala nokufumaneka ngexa ukhuseleko. Ubuchule obunjalo buyinxalenye yemeko-methothotho efunekayo ekusebenziseni uMthetho ngexesha lamanani.

Isiphelo

UMthetho woMthetho asiyonto iphambili .Into engundoqo yenkululeko, ukulingana, nesidima somntu. Ikhusela abantu kwigunya lobuqu, ilungiselela ukuhlalisana ngoxolo, kwaye idala iimeko zenkqubela yezoqoqosho nentlalo. Kodwa ayithath'ethe-ntle kwaye ifuna ukuhlala iphaphile. Izakhamuzi, inginginya, amagqwetha, amagqwetha, kunye namagosa karhulumente onke anendima ekuyixhaseni. Kwixesha lenguquko ekhawulezileyo yobugcisa, ukulingana, nokungalingani, nokungalingani, ukukhusela koMthetho woMthetho kungxamisekile kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yawo, ukuyiqonda, ukusongela, nokuphatha okuyomeleza, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlala ukho ulawulo lwebutho elinamandla.